The authors acknowledge National Science Foundation grant CHE- 1214068 for supporting this research project.

1. Preparação de GMS <ol><li> Use todos os produtos químicos no processo seguinte como recebidos. </li><li> Preparar 75 ml de 2 M de solução de ácido clorídrico (HCl). Pesar 2,0 g de poli (etilenoglicol) -bloco-poli (propileno glicol) -bloco-poli (etileno-glicol) (P123, PM = 5800) e transferir para o preparado 75 ml de solução 2 M de HCl. À TA, aplicar agitação magnética à solução a uma velocidade de 350 r / min, até que esteja completamente dissolvido P123. A solução ficará claro. </li><li> Pesar 4 g de tetraetoxissilano (TEOS, PM = 208,33) num pequeno vaso de reacção e transferência de 180 uL de cloreto de bis [3- (trietoxissilil) propil] -tetrasulfide (TESPTS, PM = 538,94) para dentro do frasco. Lentamente agitar o frasco para misturar os dois produtos químicos. Num outro frasco, pesar 38 mg de ácido cloroáurico (HAuCl 4, 99,90%) e dissolver em 1 ml de água Dl. </li><li> Aumentar a temperatura da solução P123 a 35 ° C num banho de óleo com temperatura controlada por termopar. </li><li> Adicione toda a mistura de TEOS eTESPTS preparado no passo 1.3 para a solução P123, e manter a solução em agitação magnética vigorosa de 700 r / min. Manter a solução agitar durante 2 min, depois adicionar toda a solução de HAuCl 4, preparado no passo 1.3, gota a gota dentro de 30 seg. </li><li> Manter a solução em agitação a 700 r / min durante 24 horas a 35 ° C. </li><li> Após 24 horas, transferir a solução para um frasco e armazenar selado num forno regulado a 100 ° C durante 72 h. Isso é chamado de processamento hidrotérmico. </li><li> Após o processamento hidrotérmico, filtrar a solução com um papel de filtração # 1 e sob uma pressão negativa de um funil, em seguida, lava-se com água duas vezes e etanol três vezes para remover o HCl restante. Durante cada processo de lavagem, adicionar água ou etanol 1 cm acima sólido e esperar que o material secar. </li><li> Transferir precipitação a partir de filtração para um cadinho de material cerâmico e calcinado a 550 ° C durante 4 h. Definir o programa de rampa como se segue: 25 ° C a 550 ° C durante 2 horas, manter a 550 ° C durante 4h, depois deixar a amostra permanecer no forno com a porta fechada até que a temperatura desce abaixo de 40 ° C. </li><li> Após calcinação, transferir o produto para um frasco de vidro com uma espátula de plástico. O material sintetizado tem uma cor vermelha. </li></ol> 2. A reacção catalítico, a oxidação do álcool benzílico <ol><li> Uma vez que a oxidação do álcool benzílico é uma reacção em fase líquida sem um solvente separado, medida 5 ml de álcool benzílico (99,8%) e transferi-lo para um balão de 25 ml de três tubuladuras, em seguida, pesar 10 mg de catalisador de GMS e adicionar a benzilo álcool. </li><li> Defina-se um banho de óleo com temperatura controlada com agitação magnética para garantir um controlo preciso e uniforme da temperatura da reacção. </li><li> Colocar o balão com álcool benzílico e o catalisador para o banho de óleo, em seguida, ajustar a temperatura para 100 ° C e agita-se a 150 r / min. </li><li> O caudal de gás de oxigénio com 99,9% de pureza para o balão a 2 ml / min controlados por um controlador de fluxo de massa. </li><li> Quando otemperatura do banho de óleo atinge 100 ° C e estabilize, introduzir gás de oxigénio para o balão de três tubuladuras. </li><li> Manter constante a taxa de fluxo de oxigénio e de temperatura, e deixar a reacção prosseguir durante 6 horas. </li><li> Após a reacção, filtra-se o produto com um papel de filtração # 1. Recolher a fase líquida e transferência de uma alíquota para um frasco de cromatografia em fase gasosa (GC). No frasco de GC, misturar ácido acético quatro partes para HPLC, para cada uma parte de amostra (Por exemplo, use 36 amostras ul e 144 ul de ácido acético.) Coloque o frasco em um amostrador automático cromatógrafo a gás para análise. Lavar o precipitado sólido no papel de filtro com água desionizada e etanol, em seguida deixar secar ao ar. Recolhe-se o sólido seco com uma espátula de catalisador reciclado. </li><li> Repetir o mesmo procedimento experimental do passo 2.3 a 2.7 com catalisador reciclado três vezes. Em cada repetição, ajustar a quantidade de álcool benzílico para coincidir com o rácio descrito no passo 2.2. </li></ol> 3. Thermal Tratamento de GMS para Teste de Estabilidade térmica <ol><li> Pesar três porções de 300 mg separadas de GMS sintetizados, e armazená-los em frascos de vidro. Estes são marcados como lote 1, lote 2 e 3. Mantenha lote lote 1 como grupo controle, e colocar em lotes 2 e 3 de lote em uma fornalha para o processamento térmico. </li><li> Programa do forno como se segue para o processamento a 400 ° C: rampa de 25 ° C a 400 ° C em 0,5 horas, mantida a 400 ° C durante 4 horas, deixar a amostra permanecer no forno com a porta fechada até que as quedas de temperatura abaixo de 40 ° C. Coloque lote 2 em um cadinho e iniciar o programa. </li><li> Programa do forno como se segue para o processamento a 650 ° C: rampa de 25 ° C a 650 ° C em 0,75 horas, manutenção a 650 ° C durante 4 horas, deixar a amostra permanecer no forno com a porta fechada até que a temperatura desce abaixo do 40 ° C. Coloque lote 3 em um cadinho e iniciar o programa. </li></ol> 4. CaracterizaçãoMateriais de GMS 21,22 <ol><li> No instrumento fisiossorção, desgaseifica GMS materiais com o seguinte programa: 90 ° C durante 60 min e, em seguida, a 350 ° C durante 480 min. Executar análise completa-isotérmica sobre os materiais desgaseificados para obter dados fisiossorção. </li><li> Dispersar amostra GMS em uma grade TEM carbono holey 200-mesh e observar a amostra sob um microscópio eletrônico de transmissão. Restringir ampliação sob 44,000X para proteger o material. </li><li> DRX correr com Cu Ka radiação (λ = 1,5418 Å). Set tensão de tubo de 45 kV e corrente do tubo de 40 mA. Recolhe intensidade na gama 2θ entre 10 ° e 90 ° com um tamanho de passo de 0,008 ° e um tempo de medição de 5 segundos em cada passo. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Liguras, D. K., Kondarides, D. I., Verykios, X. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+hydrogen+for+fuel+cells+by+steam+reforming+of+ethanol+over+supported+noble+metal+catalysts.">Production of hydrogen for fuel cells by steam reforming of ethanol over supported noble metal catalysts.</a> Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 43 (4), 345-354 (2003).</li><li>Gelin, P., Primet, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+oxidation+of+methane+at+low+temperature+over+noble+metal+based+catalysts:+a+review.">Complete oxidation of methane at low temperature over noble metal based catalysts: a review.</a> Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 39 (1), 1-37 (2002).</li><li>Lu, S. F., Pan, J., Huang, A. B., Zhuang, L., Lu, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alkaline+polymer+electrolyte+fuel+cells+completely+free+from+noble+metal+catalysts.">Alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells completely free from noble metal catalysts.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (52), 20611-20614 (2008).</li><li>Ma, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+oxidation+of+benzyl+alcohol+on+Au+or+Au&#8211;Pd+nanoparticles+confined+in+mesoporous+silica.">Catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol on Au or Au&#8211;Pd nanoparticles confined in mesoporous silica.</a> Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 92 (1-2), 202-208 (2009).</li><li>Bamwenda, G. R., Tsubota, S., Nakamura, T., Haruta, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+the+preparation+methods+on+the+catalytic+activity+of+platinum+and+gold+supported+on+TiO2+for+CO+oxidation.">The influence of the preparation methods on the catalytic activity of platinum and gold supported on TiO2 for CO oxidation.</a> Catalysis Letters. 44 (1-2), 83-87 (1997).</li><li>Brown, K. R., Walter, D. G., Natan, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeding+of+colloidal+Au+nanoparticle+solutions.+2.">Seeding of colloidal Au nanoparticle solutions. 2.</a> Improved control of particle size. 12 (2), 306-313 (2000).</li><li>Niesz, K., Grass, M., Somorjai, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precise+control+of+the+Pt+nanoparticle+size+by+seeded+growth+using+EO13PO30EO13+triblock+copolymers+as+protective+agents.">Precise control of the Pt nanoparticle size by seeded growth using EO13PO30EO13 triblock copolymers as protective agents.</a> Nano Lett. 5 (11), 2238-2240 (2005).</li><li>Yuranov, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pd/SiO2+catalysts:+synthesis+of+Pd+nanoparticles+with+the+controlled+size+in+mesoporous+silicas.">Pd/SiO2 catalysts: synthesis of Pd nanoparticles with the controlled size in mesoporous silicas.</a> J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem. 192, 1-2 (2003).</li><li>Brinas, R. P., Hu, M. H., Qian, L. P., Lymar, E. S., Hainfeld, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticle+size+controlled+by+polymeric+Au(I)+thiolate+precursor+size.">Gold nanoparticle size controlled by polymeric Au(I) thiolate precursor size.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (3), 975-982 (2008).</li><li>Zhu, H. G., Liang, C. D., Yan, W. F., Overbury, S. H., Dai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+highly+active+silica-supported+Au+catalysts+for+CO+oxidation+by+a+solution-based+technique.">Preparation of highly active silica-supported Au catalysts for CO oxidation by a solution-based technique.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 110 (22), 10842-10848 (2006).</li><li>Gabaldon, J. P., Bore, M., Datye, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoporous+silica+supports+for+improved+thermal+stability+in+supported+Au+catalysts.">Mesoporous silica supports for improved thermal stability in supported Au catalysts.</a> Top. Catal. 44 (1-2), 253-262 (2007).</li><li>Li, F. B., Li, X. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+enhancement+of+photodegradation+efficiency+using+Pt-TiO2+catalyst.">The enhancement of photodegradation efficiency using Pt-TiO2 catalyst.</a> Chemosphere. 48 (10), 1103-1111 (2002).</li><li>Sakthivel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+photocatalytic+activity+by+metal+deposition:+characterisation+and+photonic+efficiency+of+Pt,+Au+and+Pd+deposited+on+TiO2+catalyst.">Enhancement of photocatalytic activity by metal deposition: characterisation and photonic efficiency of Pt, Au and Pd deposited on TiO2 catalyst.</a> Water Res. 38 (13), 3001-3008 (2004).</li><li>Jia, C. G., Wang, Y. P., Feng, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+Catalytic+Properties+Of+Polymer-Supported+Fe-Co-Cu+And+Fe-Co-Au+Pentametallic+Clusters.">Preparation and Catalytic Properties Of Polymer-Supported Fe-Co-Cu And Fe-Co-Au Pentametallic Clusters.</a> React. Polym. 18 (3), 203-211 (1992).</li><li>Yu, X. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+graphene+oxide+supported+Au+nanoparticles+as+an+efficient+catalyst+for+aerobic+oxidation+of+benzyl+alcohol.">Reduced graphene oxide supported Au nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.</a> Appl. Surf. Sci. 280, 450-455 (2013).</li><li>Xu, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Au@Pt+core-shell+nanoparticles+supported+on+multiwalled+carbon+nanotubes+for+methanol+oxidation.">Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for methanol oxidation.</a> Catal. Commun. 13 (1), 54-58 (2011).</li><li>Baker, C. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+Control+of+Gold+Nanoparticles+Grown+on+Polyaniline+Nanofibers+for+Bistable+Memory+Devices.">Size Control of Gold Nanoparticles Grown on Polyaniline Nanofibers for Bistable Memory Devices.</a> ACS Nano. 5 (5), 3469-3474 (2011).</li><li>Wei, G. -. T., Yang, Z., Lee, C. Y., Yang, H. Y., Wang, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aqueous&#8722;Organic+Phase+Transfer+of+Gold+Nanoparticles+and+Gold+Nanorods+Using+an+Ionic+Liquid.">Aqueous&#8722;Organic Phase Transfer of Gold Nanoparticles and Gold Nanorods Using an Ionic Liquid.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (16), 5036-5037 (2004).</li><li>Gadenne, B., Hesemann, P., Moreau, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supported+ionic+liquids:+ordered+mesoporous+silicas+containing+covalently+linked+ionic+species.">Supported ionic liquids: ordered mesoporous silicas containing covalently linked ionic species.</a> Chemical Communications. 15, 1768-1769 (2004).</li><li>Yang, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+preparation+variables+in+the+synthesis+of+Au/Al2O3+using+EXAFS+and+electron+microscopy.">Understanding preparation variables in the synthesis of Au/Al2O3 using EXAFS and electron microscopy.</a> Applied Catalysis A: General. 291 (1-2), 73-84 (2005).</li><li>Chen, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intercalation+of+aggregation-free+and+well-dispersed+gold+nanoparticles+into+the+walls+of+mesoporous+silica+as+a+robust+&#8216;green&#8217;+catalyst+for+n-alkane+oxidation.">Intercalation of aggregation-free and well-dispersed gold nanoparticles into the walls of mesoporous silica as a robust &#8216;green&#8217; catalyst for n-alkane oxidation.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131, 914-915 (2009).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale+gold+intercalated+into+mesoporous+silica+as+a+highly+active+and+robust+catalyst.">Nanoscale gold intercalated into mesoporous silica as a highly active and robust catalyst.</a> Nanotechnology. 23, 294010-294018 (2012).</li><li>Chen, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+synthesis+of+nanoscale+icosahedral+gold+particles+at+room+temperature.">Controlled synthesis of nanoscale icosahedral gold particles at room temperature.</a> Chemcatchem. 4, 1662-1667 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Dentro do protocolo de síntese, a atenção a concentração de agente tensioactivo, pH da solução e a temperatura de reacção é crítica para o sucesso da formação de GMS. Os passos críticos são 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 e 1.6. Os parâmetros acima mencionados controlar o parâmetro de embalagem crítico e fase de micelas formadas a partir de surfactante. A fase e a morfologia das micelas determina o estado final de matriz de sílica, que serve como o quadro de GMS. Também importante no processo de formação é a sequê...

Como uma tecnologia emergente que tem um grande potencial em aplicações de catálise, materiais em nanoescala receberam interesse de pesquisa intensiva nas últimas décadas. Entre os catalisadores nanoescala relatado, os catalisadores de metais nobres, tais como Au, Ag, Pd e Pt têm atraído a atenção mundial 1-3. Seleccione reações catalíticas incluem a oxidação de monóxido de carbono pesquisadores em Au, Heck reacção em catalisadores de paládio, e divisão de água com Pt. Apesar do potencial promissor catalítica, ouro escala nano é limitada na sua aplicabilidade devido à desactivação do envenenamento, coque, degradação térmica, e sinterização. Tem sido relatado que o ouro, como um representante para os metais nobres, tem uma selectividade elevada e é menos propenso a lixiviação de metais pesados, a sobre-oxidação e auto-envenenamento 4. No entanto, a performance catalítica de ouro depende fortemente do tamanho da partícula. Haruta et al., Relatou a relação entre o desempenho catalítico e irdiâmetro aglomerado ld, demonstrando a maior atividade de catalisadores de ouro com tamanho de partícula ~ 2,7 nm 5. O tamanho das partículas dos metais nobres pode ser controlada pelo método de preparação 6-9; no entanto, o grande obstáculo para uma aplicação ampla permanece a agregação e perda de actividade. Para resolver o problema de sinterização, é um método comum para imobilizar as partículas em nano-escala sobre um material de suporte. Vários materiais de apoio foram aplicadas incluindo sílica porosa 10-11, óxidos metálicos semicondutores 12-13, polímeros 14, o grafeno e os nanotubos de carbono 15 16. Entre os materiais utilizados, a sílica porosa é de um material atraente como um apoio, porque é apenas levemente ácida, relativamente inerte, termicamente e quimicamente estável, e podem ser preparadas com muito bem definido meso / micro-porosidade. A estrutura porosa oferece um bom suporte para partículas de metal, mas também dá acesso tamanho do substrato seletiva paraos catalisadores de metal. Esta selectividade é particularmente promissora devido à capacidade de afinação relacionado com estes materiais porosos. Muitas vezes, as partículas de ouro são encontrados para ser extremamente móvel em superfícies de sílica e 17-18 formam facilmente muito grandes (50+) nm partículas não reactivos quando exposto a altas temperaturas, tornando assim difícil para preparar nanopartículas de ouro em sílica 19. Mukherjee et ai. Relataram a imobilização de nanopartículas de ouro sobre mesoporosa de sílica monodispersas MCM-41 de 3-aminopropil-trimetoxi-silano e 3-mercaptopropil-trietoxissilano, e as nanopartículas de ouro apoiados foram encontrados como sendo altamente activo para reacções de hidrogenação e não lixiviação de ouro foi encontrado 20 na reacção. Seguindo o relatório de modificação da superfície de sílica mesoporosa, que relataram um método para preparar ouro intercalado na parede de sílica mesoporosa (GMS). Além disso, a abordagem de sílica mesoporosa suportada oferece um ap escaláveldagem para alterar potencialmente o catalisador e independentemente ambiente poroso. Desde processos catalíticos são de vital importância económica, os benefícios poderiam ser de grande alcance. A capacidade de desenvolver catalisadores &quot;verdes&quot; teria um profundo impacto positivo sobre o meio ambiente e melhorar a viabilidade e recurso econômico eficiência dos processos industriais importantes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>435465-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tetraethoxysilane</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>201-083-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-tetrasulfide</td>
			<td>GELEST</td>
			<td>SIB1825.0-100GM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroauric acid</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>520918-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>benzyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>305197-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nitrogen physisorption</td>
			<td>Micromeritics</td>
			<td>Tristar II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-ray diffraction</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>X&#39;Pert Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transmission electron microscopy</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>CM200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gas chromatography</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>GC-2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and catalytic performance of gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous silica

Como um promissor reactor nano cataliticamente activo, intercalados em nanopartículas de ouro mesoporosa de sílica (GMS) foram sintetizados com êxito e propriedades dos materiais foram investigados. Usamos uma abordagem sol-gel um pote de intercalar nano partículas de ouro nas paredes de sílica mesoporosa. Para começar a síntese, P123 foi utilizado como molde para formar micelas. Então TESPTS foi utilizado como um agente de modificação da superfície para se intercalam nano partículas de ouro. Seguindo este processo, TEOS foi adicionado como uma fonte de sílica que foi submetido a um processo de polimerização em meio ácido. Após o processamento hidrotérmico e calcinação, o produto final foi adquirida. Várias técnicas foram utilizadas para caracterizar a porosidade, morfologia e estrutura do intercalada sílica mesoporosa ouro. Os resultados mostraram uma estrutura estável de sílica mesoporosa após intercalação ouro. Através da oxidação de álcool benzílico como um valor de referência de reacção, os materiais de GMS mostraram alta selectividade e reciclagem.

Este método foi utilizado para comparar os níveis de síntese do heme em condições normais (HBEC30KT) vs cancerosas (células de pulmão HCC4017). A Figura 2 mostra um nível mais elevado da síntese de heme em células de cancro (HCC4017) do que as células normais de pulmão (HBEC30KT). O nível de síntese do heme foi medido também em células normais e cancerosas, na presença de cianeto de carbonilo mitocondrial desacoplador 3-clorofenilhidrazona (CCCP). As células foram tratadas com 10 mM de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

Síntese e desempenho catalítico de ouro intercalados nas paredes de mesoporosos Silica

As a promising catalytically active nano reactor, gold nanoparticles intercalated in mesoporous silica (GMS) were successfully synthesized and properties ...

synthesis-catalytic-performance-gold-intercalated-walls-mesoporous

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.9K visualizações.  Colorado School of Mines. Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

Vídeo: Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the face of turgor pressures several atmospheres in magnitude. Across the diverse shapes and sizes of the bacterial kingdom, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by short peptides. Peptidoglycan&#8217;s central importance to bacterial physiology underlies its use as an antibiotic target and has motivated genetic, structural, and cell biological studies of how it is robustly assembled during growth and division. Nonetheless, extensive investigations are still required to fully characterize the key enzymatic activities in peptidoglycan synthesis and the chemical composition of bacterial cell walls. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a powerful analytical method for quantifying differences in the chemical composition of the walls of bacteria grown under a variety of environmental and genetic conditions, but its throughput is often limited. Here, we present a straightforward procedure for the isolation and preparation of bacterial cell walls for biological analyses of peptidoglycan via HPLC and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), an extension of HPLC that utilizes pumps to deliver ultra-high pressures of up to 15,000 psi, compared with 6,000 psi for HPLC. In combination with the preparation of bacterial cell walls presented here, the low-volume sample injectors, detectors with high sampling rates, smaller sample volumes, and shorter run times of UPLC will enable high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition and fundamental bacterial cell biology in most biological laboratories with access to an ultracentrifuge and UPLC.

The bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by peptides. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography provides high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition. We present a procedure for the isolation of cell walls (sacculi) and their subsequent preparation for analysis via UPLC.

Isolamento e Preparação de Paredes Celulares Bacterianas para Análise Composicional por Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Desempenho

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the ...

Química

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans. De-starched wheat endosperm cell walls were isolated as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR)1 and sequentially extracted with water (W-sol Fr) and 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4 (KOH-sol Fr) as described by Ratnayake et al. (2014)2. Two different approaches (see summary in Figure 1) are adopted. In the first, intact W-sol AXs are treated with 2AB to tag the original RE backbone chain sugar residue and then treated with an endoxylanase to generate a mixture of 2AB-labelled RE and internal region reducing oligosaccharides, respectively. In a second approach, the KOH-sol Fr is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to first generate a mixture of oligosaccharides which are subsequently labelled with 2AB. The enzymically released ((un)tagged) oligosaccharides from both W- and KOH-sol Frs are then methylated and the detailed structural analysis of both the native and methylated oligosaccharides is performed using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and ESI-MSn. Endoxylanase digested KOH-sol AXs are also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that also provides information on the anomeric configuration. These techniques can be applied to other classes of polysaccharides using the appropriate endo-hydrolases.

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the structural characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans by tagging the RE with 2 aminobenzamide prior to enzymatic (endoxylanase) hydrolysis and then analysis of the resultant oligosaccharides using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Sequenciamento de parede planta heteroxilanos Usando enzimática, química (metilação) e físico (espectrometria de massa, ressonância magnética nuclear) Técnicas

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

Síntese de Bioconjugados de proteínas<em&gt; via</em&gt; Química cisteína-maleimida

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the synthetic methods for the preparation of gold nanorods are still not fully optimized. In this paper we describe a new, highly efficient, two-step protocol based on the use of hydroquinone as a mild reducing agent. Our approach allows the preparation of nanorods with a good control of size and aspect ratio (AR) simply by varying the amount of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and silver ions (Ag+) present in the "growth solution". By using this method, it is possible to markedly reduce the amount of CTAB, an expensive and cytotoxic reagent, necessary to obtain the elongated shape. Gold nanorods with an aspect ratio of about 3 can be obtained in the presence of just 50 mM of CTAB (versus 100 mM used in the standard protocol based on the use of ascorbic acid), while shorter gold nanorods are obtained using a concentration as low as 10 mM.

This paper describes a protocol for the synthesis of gold nanorods, based on the use of hydroquinone as reducing agent, plus the different mechanisms for controlling their size and aspect ratio.

Hidroquinona baseada Síntese de ouro Nanorods

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. Detailed and generalized protocols are also presented for testing the catalytic activity of such complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Representative results are shown for the catalytic activity of the four complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura type reactions. For each of the reactions investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction, qualifying them as promising candidates for catalysis of many carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The protocols presented are general enough to be adapted for the synthesis, purification and catalytic activity testing of new palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. The complexes were tested for catalytic activity in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. For each reaction investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction.

Complexos de paládio N-heterocíclicos de carbeno: síntese a partir de sais de benzimidazólio e atividade catalítica em reações de formação de ligações carbono-carbono

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

Síntese de nanofios de níquel e platina e otimização de desempenho de redução do oxigênio

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of NixNb1-xO nanoparticles with different atomic compositions (x = 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20) have been prepared by chemical precipitation. These NixNb1-xO catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study revealed the sponge-like and fold-like appearance of Ni0.97Nb0.03O and Ni0.92Nb0.08O on the NiO surface, and the larger surface area of these NixNb1-xO catalysts, compared with the bulk NiO. Maximum surface area of 173 m2/g can be obtained for Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived compounds using the synthesized Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts have been investigated.

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

A protocol for the synthesis of sponge-like and fold-like Ni1-xNbxO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation is presented.

Método de precipitação química para a síntese do Nb2O5 modificado catalisadores de níquel em massa com alta área de superfície específica

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity and convenient colorimetric readout. However, high densities of nanoparticles are typically needed for detection. The available synthesis-based enhancement protocols are either limited to gold and silver nanoparticles or rely on precise enzymatic control and optimization. Here, we present a protocol to enhance the colorimetric readout of gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoprobes. It was observed that the colorimetric signal can be improved by up to a 10000-fold factor. The basis for such signal enhancement strategies is the chemical reduction of Au3+ to Au0. There are several chemical reactions that enable the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. In the protocol, Good&#39;s buffers and H2O2 are used and it is possible to favor the deposition of Au0 onto the surface of existing nanoprobes, in detriment of the formation of new gold nanoparticles. The protocol consists of the incubation of the microarray with a solution consisting of chloroauric acid and H2O2 in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6 buffer following the nanoprobe-based detection assay. The enhancement solution can be applied to paper and glass-based sensors. Moreover, it can be used in commercially available immunoassays as demonstrated by the application of the method to a commercial allergen microarray. The signal development requires less than 5 min of incubation with the enhancement solution and the readout can be assessed by naked eye or low-end image acquisition devices such as a table-top scanner or a digital camera.

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

In this work, a protocol for signal enhancement of nanoprobe-based biosensing is presented. The protocol is based on the reduction of chloroauric acid onto the surface of existing nanoprobes that consist of gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles.

Sinal de nanossondas rápida realce pela síntese de nanopartículas de ouro em Situ

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

Síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de ouro Anfífilos

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...

Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) that are ~12 nm in diameter were synthesized by rapidly injecting a solution of 150 mg (0.15 mmol) of tetrachloroauric acid in 3.0 g (3.7 mmol, 3.6 mL) of oleylamine (technical grade) and 3.0 mL of toluene into a boiling solution of 5.1 g (6.4 mmol, 8.7 mL) of oleylamine in 147 mL of toluene. While boiling and mixing the reaction solution for 2 hours, the color of the reaction mixture changed from clear, to light yellow, to light pink, and then slowly to dark red. The heat was then turned off, and the solution was allowed to gradually cool down to room temperature for 1 hour. The gold nanoparticles were then collected and separated from the solution using a centrifuge and washed three times; by vortexing and dispersing the gold nanoparticles in 10 mL portions of toluene, and then precipitating the gold nanoparticles by adding 40 mL portions of methanol and spinning them in a centrifuge. The solution was then decanted to remove any remaining byproducts and unreacted starting materials. Drying the gold nanoparticles in a vacuum environment produced a solid black pellet; which could be stored for long periods of time (up to one year) for later use, and then redissolved in organic solvents such as toluene.

A protocol for synthesizing ~12 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) in an organic solvent is presented. The gold nanoparticles are capped with oleylamine ligands to prevent agglomeration. The gold nanoparticles are soluble in organic solvents such as toluene.