This work was supported by an Australian Research Council Grant DP110100642 (to PT) and National Health and Medical Research Council Grants APP1002520 and APP1059426 (to PT and HYG).

NOTA: Todos os presentes experimentos foram realizados de acordo com procedimentos de ética de animais locais da Universidade de Queensland (aprovados pela Universidade de Queensland, Comitê de Ética Biociências anatômica). 1. Isolamento Islet <ol><li> Preparação de reagentes <ol><li> Mistura de enzimas <ol><li> Para a digestão pancreática, utilizar uma mistura de Liberase e colagenase tipo IV. Diluir TL Liberase (termolisina baixo) 1 frasco de 5 mg com 26 ml de DMEM (Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium). </li><li> Prepare a colagenase de tipo IV, em tampão de Hank com uma concentração de 0,5 mg / mL, suplementada com 5mM de HEPES, 0,5 mM de CaCl 2, 0,1 mg / ml de DNase e 1 mg / ml de albumina de soro bovino. </li><li> Misturar o TL Liberase e soluções de colagenase em uma proporção de 4: 1 (em volume), ou seja, 4 ml Liberase TL + 1 ml de colagenase. Alíquota da mistura de enzimas para cada 2,5 ml e armazenar a -20 ° C. NOTA: Os tempos de incubação tecido vary um pouco entre os lotes de enzima (30 s a 1 min diferença). Portanto, um lote de ensaio pode ser necessária. </li></ol></li><li> RPMI Isolamento de mídia <ol><li> Dissolve-se um frasco de meio RPMI 1640 em pó em 1 litro de água à temperatura ambiente e completar com 2 g de NaHCO3, 4,02 g de HEPES. </li><li> Combinar a meios de isolamento RPMI num grande frasco cónico, misture com agitador magnético, ajustar o pH a 7,4 com NaOH, filtro esterilizar e armazenar a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> RPMI Meios de Cultura </li><li> Utilizar o meio de cultura RPMI, com 10% de soro fetal bovino e 1% de antibióticos (isto é, penicilina 100 U / ml, estreptomicina 100 ug / ml). </li></ol></li><li> A cultura e isolamento de ilhotas <ol><li> Sacrifício de Animais <ol><li> Sacrifique ratos por deslocamento cervical ou asfixia com CO2 de acordo com procedimentos de ética da instituição local. Pulverizar o corpo do rato cuidadosamente com etanol a 70%. </li></ol></li><li> Perfusão pâncreas <ol><li> VOCÊse duas longas cortes lateralmente através da pele abdominal e do peritoneu para fazer uma aba em forma de V. Puxe a aba da pele até descobrir toda a cavidade abdominal, pôr de lado o intestino e manter o fígado no lugar por um lenço de papel dobrado para revelar o ducto biliar comum (Figuras 1 e 2). Coloque o animal de modo que a cabeça na direção do cirurgião e da cauda longe do cirurgião. </li><li> Aplicar uma pinça vascular na ampola na parede do duodeno para bloquear as enzimas injectados de entrar no duodeno (Figura 1). NOTA: Este é um passo importante, pois determina se as enzimas injetadas vai para o ducto pancreático e perfundir o pâncreas ou refluxo no local da injecção (mais de pinça) ou ir para o duodeno (sob braçadeira). </li><li> Canular do ducto biliar comum com uma agulha G 31 perto da junção do ducto hepático comum e ducto cístico (Figura 1) e deixar espaço para uma segunda injecção se the pâncreas não para perfundir a primeira vez. Lentamente (mais de ~ 10 seg) injetar cerca de 2 ml de mistura de enzimas frio para o rato do ducto biliar comum. NOTA: Os pâncreas perfundido será rapidamente se a braçadeira está na posição direita. </li><li> Ajuste a posição da braçadeira se a agulha está dentro do ducto biliar comum, mas não pode perfundir o pâncreas (ie., Mover para cima a braçadeira um pouco longe do fígado se sobre apertada ou movê-lo um pouco para baixo para o fígado se sob apertada). NOTA: A agulha, por vezes, vai para dentro da cápsula, em vez de em torno do lúmen da conduta. Um sinal útil para verificar se a agulha está dentro do ducto biliar comum é a dilatação do duto, aquando da injecção. Se falhar o pâncreas para perfundir, uma alternativa é a mistura de enzimas pode ser injectado para múltiplos sítios do pâncreas com menor rendimento esperado. A perfusão do local esquerda do pâncreas (lóbulo esplénica) é importante para a maximização do rendimento da ilhota. </li><li> Depois do pâncreas é perfused, remover rapidamente o pâncreas, colocá-lo em um frasco (~ 20 ml, vidro) e incubar durante ~ 19 min num banho de água a 37 ° C. NOTA: O tempo de incubação pode variar um pouco dependendo da estirpe do mouse e idade. </li><li> Após o tempo de incubação, parar o processo de digestão por adição de ~ 20 mL de meio de isolamento frio. Agitar suavemente o frasco para interromper o pâncreas e derramá-lo através de um peneiro normal chá (diâmetro de poro de 1 mm) em um tubo estéril de 50 ml. Encher o tubo com meios de isolamento e centrifugar a 400 xg durante 1 min a 4 ° C com freio fora. </li><li> Dissolve-se o sedimento no meio de isolamento e transferir novamente para dois tubos de 15 ml, em seguida, centrifugar a 400 xg durante 1 min a 4 ° C com freio fora. Após a aspiração do sobrenadante, misturar as duas pelotas bem com 6 ml de meio de separação celular gradiente de densidade (Histopaque 1077 solução) por tubo em vórtice ou pipetando para cima e para baixo. Em seguida, adicionar suavemente ~ 6 ml do meio de isolamento para o lado do tubo na parte superior deos meios de separação por gradiente de densidade e centrifugar a 100 xg durante 15 min a 4 ° C com freio fora. </li><li> Recolhe-se o sobrenadante no (meio de isolamento) superior, média e inferior (densidade meios de separação de células gradiente) camada em três pratos separados. Handpick as ilhotas nestes três pratos, com uma pipeta sob um microscópio de dissecação. NOTA: A camada do meio contém a maioria dos ilhéus. As ilhotas são reconhecidos como estruturas compactas de ~ 50 a 500 um de tamanho (Figura 3). Obtemos ~ 200 ilhotas em camundongos WT e entre 300 e &lt;100 ilhotas em ratinhos db / db. </li></ol></li><li> A cultura ilhéu <ol><li> Para ajudar as ilhotas recuperar a partir da digestão enzimática, grupos de cultura de 40 ilhéus em 25 cm de placa de Petri com 6 ml de RPMI meio de cultura (10 mM de glucose) a 37 ° C, 5% / 95% de CO2 / O2 durante 2 dias antes vivo -cell imaging dois fótons. Alterar o meio de cultura diária. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Vivo celular 2-Photon Imagens <ol><li> Preparação do Reagente <ol><li> Tampão extracelular <ol><li> Preparar o tampão de sódio extracelular rico para o ensaio de 2-fótons com 140 mM de NaCl, 5 mM de KCl, 2,5 mM de CaCl2, 1 mM de MgCl2, 5 mM de NaHCO3 e 10 mM de HEPES. </li></ol></li><li> Extracelular Dye <ol><li> Para o ensaio de 2-fótons, preparar estoque SRB 8 mM em tampão extracelular, alíquota em pequenos tubos e armazenar a -20 ° C. Dilui-se a SRB estoque 1:10 em tampão extracelular fresco para obter uma concentração de trabalho de 0,8 mM. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Photon Imagens <ol><li> Em primeiro lugar, pré-incubar 2 dias em cultura ilhotas em tampão extracelular de glucose 3 mM durante 30 min. NOTA: Nós usamos ilhotas entre 2 e 5 dias de cultura. </li><li> Em seguida, colocar uma lâmina de vidro para a câmara de controlo térmico montado na platina do microscópio. Use massa para evitar o vazamento de uma solução. </li><li> Cubra a câmara com 500 mL de extracelulartampão ular contendo 0,8 mM SRB com diferentes concentrações de glicose (3 mm, 6 mm, 15 mm e 20 mM de glicose). </li><li> Em seguida, colocar a ilhota pré-incubados no meio da câmara, e se concentrar em 3-4 camadas de células na ilhota onde, nas ilhotas de roedores, a imunocoloração para a insulina mostra que a maioria das células são células beta. NOTA: O SRB vai delinear toda a membrana da célula da ilhota rapidamente e a ilhota está pronto para a imagem. </li><li> Usar um microscópio 2-fótons com uma objectiva 60X de imersão em óleo (1,42 NA) e software de imagem (por exemplo., Scanimage 11). A Figura 4 ilustra uma disposição típica de microscopia. Imagem eventos exocíticas usando SRB como uma membrana extracelular marcador fluorescente impermeant excitados por pulsos de laser de femtossegundos a 880 nm, com fluorescência detectada em 550-650 nm. Grave as respostas à estimulação de ilhotas. </li><li> Identificar eventos exocíticas único pela súbita aparição de uma pequena mancha fluorescente (resolução de 10 pixels /1; m) e confirme a fase de rápido crescimento do sinal fluorescente sobre uma região de interesse (~ 0,78 mm 2). </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Guariguata, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+estimates+of+diabetes+prevalence+for+2013+and+projections+for+2035.">Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035.</a> Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 103, 137-149 (2014).</li><li>Ashcroft, F. M., Rorsman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+mellitus+and+the+beta+cell:+The+last+ten+years.">Diabetes mellitus and the beta cell: The last ten years.</a> Cell. 148, 1160-1171 (2012).</li><li>Weir, G. C., Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Five+stages+of+evolving+beta-cell+dysfunction+during+progression+to+diabetes.">Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes.</a> Diabetes. 53, S16-S21 (2004).</li><li>Kjorholt, C., Akerfeldt, M. C., Biden, T. J., Laybutt, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+hyperglycemia,+independent+of+plasma+lipid+levels,+is+sufficient+for+the+loss+of+beta-cell+differentiation+and+secretory+function+in+the+db/db+mouse+model+of+diabetes.">Chronic hyperglycemia, independent of plasma lipid levels, is sufficient for the loss of beta-cell differentiation and secretory function in the db/db mouse model of diabetes.</a> Diabetes. 54, 2755-2763 (2005).</li><li>Wang, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+type+2+diabetic+rodent+models.">Spontaneous type 2 diabetic rodent models.</a> Journal of Diabetes Research. , (2013).</li><li>Hummel, K. P., Dickie, M. M., Coleman, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+a+new+mutation+in+mouse.">Diabetes a new mutation in mouse.</a> Science. 153, 1127-1128 (1966).</li><li>Do, O. H., Low, J. T., Gaisano, H. Y., Thorn, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+secretory+deficit+in+islets+from+db/db+mice+is+mainly+due+to+a+loss+of+responding+beta+cells.">The secretory deficit in islets from db/db mice is mainly due to a loss of responding beta cells.</a> Diabetologia. 57, 1400-1409 (2014).</li><li>Low, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+principally+regulates+insulin+secretion+in+mouse+islets+by+controlling+the+numbers+of+granule+fusion+events+per+cell.">Glucose principally regulates insulin secretion in mouse islets by controlling the numbers of granule fusion events per cell.</a> Diabetologia. 56, 2629-2637 (2013).</li><li>Takahashi, N., Kishimoto, T., Nemoto, T., Kadowaki, T., Kasai, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fusion+pore+dynamics+and+insulin+granule+exocytosis+in+the+pancreatic+islet.">Fusion pore dynamics and insulin granule exocytosis in the pancreatic islet.</a> Science. 297, 1349-1352 (2002).</li><li>Low, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+secretion+from+beta+cells+in+intact+mouse+islets+is+targeted+towards+the+vasculature.">Insulin secretion from beta cells in intact mouse islets is targeted towards the vasculature.</a> Diabetologia. 57, 1655-1663 (2014).</li><li>Pologruto, T. A., Sabatini, B. L., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ScanImage:+flexible+software+for+operating+laser+scanning+microscopes.">ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes.</a> Biomedical Engineering Online. 2, 13 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

O factor mais importante no isolamento de ilhotas é a perfusão inicial do pâncreas; sob um pâncreas perfundido resultados com um rendimento de ilhotas consideravelmente inferior. Outros factores também afectam a qualidade de isolamento, tais como o tempo de digestão e o nível de agitação que pode compensar parcialmente o nível de perfusão. Por exemplo, um pâncreas perfundido totalmente terá de ser incubadas a 37 ° C durante ~ 18 min 30 seg, agitando suavemente, em contraste sob uma digerido pâncreas pode ...

O papel da disfunção da célula beta em doenças tem sido amplamente reconhecida 3,4. As linhas celulares tais como o MIN6 e INS-1 são ferramentas úteis para compreender a biologia do comportamento das células beta. No entanto, o controlo fisiológico da secreção de insulina tem lugar dentro das ilhotas de Langerhans. Estas ilhotas conter milhares de células beta embaladas apertadamente, assim como os vasos sanguíneos e outros tipos de células endócrinas. Este ambiente dentro do ilhéu influencia a secreção de insulina e é provável que seja importante na diabetes. Portanto, para compreender o controlo fisiológico da secreção de insulina, e a patofisiologia da doença, que é essencial para estudar ilhotas intactas. Isolamento de ilhotas Ilhotas humanos vivos e, em particular, ilhotas humanas de pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 são difíceis de obter. Além disso, ilhotas humanos têm possibilidades limitadas de manipulação molecular experimental. Os investigadores têm, por conseguinte, é empreguepermite que a partir de animais e em modelos animais de diabetes do tipo 2. Um modelo de doença, tais é o rato db / db. Esta é uma mutação espontânea que os modelos de diabetes tipo 2 com uma progressão fenótipo que se aproxima bastante doença humana 5,6. O protocolo apresentado aqui para isolamento de ilhotas de ratos db / db diabéticos tem muitas etapas em comum com outros grupos com alguns refinamentos para melhor rendimento, purificação e aumento da sobrevida das ilhotas. Imaging dois fótons A célula de ensaio directo de 2-fótons descrito aqui permite aos investigadores para quantificar o número e avaliar as características de grânulos individuais contendo insulina a partir de células de muitos diabéticos do tipo selvagem e 7 ilhotas 8,9.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="675">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Liberase TL 5mg</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-5401020001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase type IV-1g</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17104-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Histopaque 1077 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 Medium (10X) 1L</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R1383</td>
			<td>to prepare isolation media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 (1X) 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21870-076</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin 100ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal bovine serum 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10099-141</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium)</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11966-025</td>
			<td>to dilute the liberase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Metamorph program</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>to analyze the 2-photon images</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

leprdb mouse model of type 2 diabetes: pancreatic islet isolation and live-cell 2-photon imaging of intact islets

A diabetes tipo 2 é uma doença crónica que afecta 382 milhões de pessoas em 2013, e espera-se aumentar para 592 milhões até 2035 1. Durante as últimas duas décadas, o papel da disfunção da célula beta em diabetes tipo 2 tem sido claramente estabelecida 2. O progresso da pesquisa tem necessários métodos para o isolamento de ilhéus pancreáticos. O protocolo de isolamento de ilhotas apresentado aqui compartilha muitos passos comuns com protocolos de outros grupos, com algumas modificações para melhorar o rendimento e qualidade de ilhotas isoladas, tanto do tipo selvagem e db Lepr diabético (db / db) camundongos. Uma célula-vivo método de imagem 2-fótons é então apresentado que possa ser usado para investigar o controlo da secreção de insulina dentro de ilhotas.

Islet rendimento e purificação Para um rato normal de tipo selvagem, são esperados cerca de 200 ilhotas. Ilhotas saudáveis ​​olhar brilhante, em forma redonda e tem uma borda lisa. Um lote de isolamento over-digerido tem geralmente pequenas e difusas ilhotas enquanto um lote digerido-under tem menos ilhotas e ilhéus celulares ligados acinares (Figura 3). Para ratinhos db / db diabéticos, o rendimento da ilhota e aparência depende da progressão da doença com melh...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets at JoVE.com

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

Lepr<sup&gt; Db</sup&gt; Mouse Modelo de Diabetes Tipo 2: Isolamento de ilhotas pancreáticas e células vivas 2-Photon Imagens de ilhotas intactas

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

9.3K visualizações.  The University of Queensland. We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

Vídeo: Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Investigations into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and islets of Langerhans malfunction 1 have been hampered by the limited availability of type 2 diabetic islets from organ donors2. Here we share our protocol for isolating islets from human pancreatic tissue obtained from type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients who have undergone partial pancreatectomy due to different pancreatic diseases (benign or malignant pancreatic tumors, chronic pancreatitis, and common bile duct or duodenal tumors). All patients involved gave their consent to this study, which had also been approved by the local ethics committee. The surgical specimens were immediately delivered to the pathologist who selected soft and healthy appearing pancreatic tissue for islet isolation, retaining the damaged tissue for diagnostic purposes. We found that to isolate more than 1,000 islets, we had to begin with at least 2 g of pancreatic tissue. Also essential to our protocol was to visibly distend the tissue when injecting the enzyme-containing media and subsequently mince it to aid digestion by increasing the surface area.
To extend the applicability of our protocol to include the occasional case in which a large amount (&gt;15g) of human pancreatic tissue is available , we used a Ricordi chamber (50 ml) to digest the tissue. During digestion, we manually shook the Ricordi chamber3 at an intensity that varied by specimen according to its level of tissue fibrosis. A discontinous Ficoll gradient was then used to separate the islets from acinar tissue. We noted that the tissue pellet should be small enough to be homogenously resuspended in Ficoll medium with a density of 1.125 g/ml. After isolation, we cultured the islets under stress free conditions (no shaking or rotation) with 5% CO2 at 37 &deg;C for at least 48 h in order to facilitate their functional recovery. Widespread application of our protocol and its future improvement could enable the timely harvesting of large quantities of human islets from diabetic and clinically matched non-diabetic subjects, greatly advancing type 2 diabetes research.

The supply of type 2 diabetic islets for research is insufficient. Here we share our protocol for isolating islets from patients undergoing partial pancreatectomy. This approach represents a unique venue for obtaining islets from type 2 diabetic and clinically matched non-diabetic subjects in adequate numbers for basic and clinical studies.

Isolamento de Ilhotas Humanos de pacientes parcialmente pancreatectomizado

Investigations into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and islets of Langerhans malfunction 1 have been hampered by the limited availability of type 2 ...

Medicina

Staining Protocols for Human Pancreatic Islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg 1-3. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. 
Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region.
The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia4. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&amp;E and IHC stains. 
The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.

This video demonstrates procedures for characterization of human pancreatic islets using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pancreatic sections from head, body, and tail regions are stained by both H&amp;E and IHC to determine islet endocrine composition (insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide), cell replication (Ki67), and inflammatory infiltrates (H&E, CD3). The uncinate region is localized using IHC for pancreatic polypeptide.

Protocolos de coloração de ilhotas pancreáticas humanas

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and ...

Neo-Islet Formation in Liver of Diabetic Mice by Helper-dependent Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer

Type 1 diabetes is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Until now insulin replacement is still the major therapy, because islet transplantation has been limited by donor availability and by the need for long-term immunosuppression. Induced islet neogenesis by gene transfer of Neuogenin3 (Ngn3), the islet lineage-defining specific transcription factor and Betacellulin (Btc), an islet growth factor has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes.
Adenoviral vectors (Ads) are highly efficient gene transfer vector; however, early generation Ads have several disadvantages for in vivo use. Helper-dependent Ads (HDAds) are the most advanced Ads that were developed to improve the safety profile of early generation of Ads and to prolong transgene expression1. They lack chronic toxicity because they lack viral coding sequences2-5 and retain only Ad cis elements necessary for vector replication and packaging. This allows cloning of up to 36 kb genes.
In this protocol, we describe the method to generate HDAd-Ngn3 and HDAd-Btc and to deliver these vectors into STZ-induced diabetic mice. Our results show that co-injection of HDAd-Ngn3 and HDAd-Btc induces 'neo islets' in the liver and reverses hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.

We describe hepatic neo-islet formation in STZ (streptozotocin)-induced diabetic mice by gene transfer of Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) and Betacellulin (Btc) using helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAd) and the reversal of hyperglycemia. Our method takes advantages of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors with their highly efficient in vivo transduction and the long lasting gene expression.

Neo-Islet Formação em fígado de ratos diabéticos por Helper dependente de Transferência de Gene adenoviral Vector Mediada

Type 1 diabetes is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Until now insulin replacement is still the ...

Quantifying Glomerular Permeability of Fluorescent Macromolecules Using 2-Photon Microscopy in Munich Wistar Rats

Kidney diseases involving urinary loss of large essential macromolecules, such as serum albumin, have long been thought to be caused by alterations in the permeability barrier comprised of podocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and a basement membrane working in unison. Data from our laboratory using intravital 2-photon microscopy revealed a more permeable glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) than previously thought under physiologic conditions, with retrieval of filtered albumin occurring in an early subset of cells called proximal tubule cells (PTC)1,2,3.
Previous techniques used to study renal filtration and establishing the characteristic of the filtration barrier involved micropuncture of the lumen of these early tubular segments with sampling of the fluid content and analysis4. These studies determined albumin concentration in the luminal fluid to be virtually non-existent; corresponding closely to what is normally detected in the urine. However, characterization of dextran polymers with defined sizes by this technique revealed those of a size similar to serum albumin had higher levels in the tubular lumen and urine; suggesting increased permeability5.
Herein is a detailed outline of the technique used to directly visualize and quantify glomerular fluorescent albumin permeability in vivo. This method allows for detection of filtered albumin across the filtration barrier into Bowman's space (the initial chamber of urinary filtration); and also allows quantification of albumin reabsorption by proximal tubules and visualization of subsequent albumin transcytosis6. The absence of fluorescent albumin along later tubular segments en route to the bladder highlights the efficiency of the retrieval pathway in the earlier proximal tubule segments. Moreover, when this technique was applied to determine permeability of dextrans having a similar size to albumin virtually identical permeability values were reported2. These observations directly support the need to expand the focus of many proteinuric renal diseases to included alterations in proximal tubule cell reclamation.

A technique utilizing high resolution intavital 2-photon microscopy to directly visualize and quantify gloemrular filtration in surface glomeruli. This method allows for direct determination of permeability characteristics of macromolecules in both normal and diseased states.

Quantificar glomerular Permeabilidade de Macromoléculas fluorescentes Usando Microscopia 2-Photon em Munique Ratos Wistar

Kidney  diseases involving urinary loss of large essential macromolecules, such as  serum albumin, have long been thought to be caused by alterations in ...

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning endocrine cells, as evidenced by a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide following glucose stimulation1-9. However in vitro, genesis of insulin producing cells from human fetal ICCs is low10; results reminiscent of recent experiments performed with human embryonic stem cells (hESC), a renewable source of cells that hold great promise as a potential therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. Like ICCs, transplantation of partially differentiated hESC generate glucose responsive, insulin producing cells, but in vitro genesis of insulin producing cells from hESC is much less robust11-17. A complete understanding of the factors that influence the growth and differentiation of endocrine precursor cells will likely require data generated from both ICCs and hESC. While a number of protocols exist to generate insulin producing cells from hESC in vitro11-22, far fewer exist for ICCs10,23,24. Part of that discrepancy likely comes from the difficulty of working with human fetal pancreas. Towards that end, we have continued to build upon existing methods to isolate fetal islets from human pancreases with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 23 weeks, grow the cells as a monolayer or in suspension, and image for cell proliferation, pancreatic markers and human hormones including glucagon and C-peptide. ICCs generated by the protocol described below result in C-peptide release after transplantation under the kidney capsule of nude mice that are similar to C-peptide levels obtained by transplantation of fresh tissue6. Although the examples presented here focus upon the pancreatic endoderm proliferation and &#946;&#160;cell genesis, the protocol can be employed to study other aspects of pancreatic development, including exocrine, ductal, and other hormone producing cells.

A protocol to isolate, culture, and image islet cell clusters (ICCs) derived from human fetal pancreatic cells is described.&#160; The method details the steps necessary to generate ICCs from tissue, culture as monolayers or in suspension as aggregates, and image for markers of proliferation and pancreatic cell fate decisions.

Isolamento, cultura, e imagem de Fetal Humano pancreáticas grupos de células

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

Contraste Dinâmico aprimorada Ressonância Magnética de um Modelo de câncer de pâncreas Orthotopic Rato

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide new expandable sources of beta cells to alleviate the donor scarcity in human islet transplantation as therapy for diabetes. Although recent advances have been made towards this aim, mechanisms that regulate beta cell expansion and differentiation from a stem/progenitor cell remain to be characterized. Here, we describe a protocol for an injury model in the adult mouse pancreas that can function as a tool to study mechanisms of tissue remodeling and beta cell proliferation and differentiation. Partial duct ligation (PDL) is an experimentally induced injury of the rodent pancreas involving surgical ligation of the main pancreatic duct resulting in an obstruction of drainage of exocrine products out of the tail region of the pancreas. The inflicted damage induces acinar atrophy, immune cell infiltration and severe tissue remodeling. We have previously reported the activation of Neurogenin (Ngn) 3 expressing endogenous progenitor-like cells and an increase in beta cell proliferation after PDL. Therefore, PDL provides a basis to study signals involved in beta cell dynamics and the properties of an endocrine progenitor in adult pancreas. Since, it still remains largely unclear, which factors and pathways contribute to beta cell neogenesis and proliferation in PDL, a standardized protocol for PDL will allow for comparison across laboratories.

This protocol describes an injury model involving the surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct in the adult mouse pancreas, resulting in severe injury that establishes an environment that allows beta cell neogenesis and proliferation. This model can be used as a tool to study mechanisms involved in beta cell formation.

Lesão cirúrgica para o mouse Pâncreas através da ligadura da pâncreas Duct como um modelo para endócrina e exócrina Reprogramação e Proliferação

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide ...

Intraportal Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets in Mouse Model

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation site in experimental islet transplantation is the kidney capsule. However, as less is known about the interaction of pancreatic islets with blood constituents, it also makes sense to utilize the portal vein approach in experimental islet transplantation.
This protocol demonstrates an intraportal islet transplantation technique in NMRI nude mice. Streptozotocin (180 mg/kg) is injected intraperitoneally to induce hyperglycemia in recipient mice. They are considered as diabetic at a non-fasting blood glucose level greater than 20 mmol/L. One day prior to transplantation, mouse pancreatic islets are isolated from the donor pancreas by collagenase digestion; a minimum of 350 islets are utilized per diabetic recipient. Depending upon the islet isolation yield, two or more donor mice are utilized per recipient. After overnight culture at 37 &#176;C, islets are administered into the recipient liver via the portal vein. After surgery, the mice are protected in red Makrolon houses and observed until are awake. This protocol maintains glycemic control for 120 days in syngeneic mice and 15 days in allogeneic mice.

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a way to achieve normoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. This article focuses on the transplantation technique through the intraportal route to maintain normal glucose levels in diabetic mice.

Intraportal transplante de ilhotas pancreáticas no modelo de Mouse

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medição de contratilidade isométrica da artéria mesentérica Mouse usando fio miografia

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Human Pancreatic Islet Grafting and Contributing Host Cells in the Anterior Eye Chamber

Imaging beta cells is a key step towards understanding islet transplantation. Although different imaging platforms for the recording of beta cell biology have been developed and utilized in vivo, they are limited in terms of allowing single cell resolution and continuous longitudinal recordings. Because of the transparency of the cornea, the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) in mice is well suited to study human and mouse pancreatic islet cell biology. Here is a description of how this approach can be used to perform continuous longitudinal recordings of grafting and revascularization of individual human islet grafts. Human islet grafts are inserted into the ACE, using NOD.(Cg)-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm4-Rag2-/-mice as recipients. This allows for the investigation of the expansion of recipient versus donor cells and the contribution of recipient cells in promoting the encapsulation and vascularization of the graft. Further, a step-by-step approach for image analysis and quantification of the islet volume or segmented vasculature and islet capsule forming recipient cells is outlined.

The goal of this protocol is to continuously monitor the dynamics of the human pancreatic islet engraftment process and the contributing host versus donor cells. This is accomplished by transplanting human islets into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) of an NOD.(Cg)-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm4-Rag2-/-mouse recipient followed by repeated 2-photon imaging.

Imagem longitudinal in Vivo e quantificação de células hospedeiras pancreáticas humanas na câmara de olho anterior

Imaging beta cells is a key step towards understanding islet transplantation. Although different imaging platforms for the recording of beta cell biology ...