Name: live imaging of nicotine induced calcium signaling and neurotransmitter release along ventral hippocampal axons
Uploaded: 2015-06-24T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Nicotine Induced Calcium Signaling and Neurotransmitter Release Along Ventral Hippocampal Axons at JoVE.com

We thank Yehui Qin and Mallory Myers for technical support. We also thank Dr. Sigismund Huck for providing us the anti-&#945;4-ECD antibody. This work is supported by National Institutes of Health grant NS22061 to L. W. R.

Todos os experimentos com animais foram realizados de acordo com os Institutos Nacionais de Saúde Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório (NIH Publications No. 80-23, revisado 2012) e estudos foram aprovados pelo Institutional Animal Care e Use para Comitês de Pesquisa em Stony Brook University (# 1618 e # 1792). 1. vHipp-NACC Synaptic Co-culturas <ol><li> Camundongos Sacrifice (pós-natal dias 0-3, a partir do tipo selvagem (WT) ou nAChRs α7 linha de camundongo transgênico) com CO 2. Decapitar cada filhote e salvar a cauda em um tubo de 1,5 ml de centrífuga para post facto genotipagem. Execute as seguintes etapas em uma capa esterilizado. </li><li> Remover o topo do crânio com tesouras e pinças para expor todo o cérebro. Começando na junção onde os córtices cerebrais em parte, de um ao outro caudalmente, obter uma secção coronal que contém os córtices posteriores incluindo o vHipp 5,21 sob um microscópio de dissecação. </li><li> Dissecar vHipp tiras de tecido contendo a região CA1-subículo de acordo com um desenvolvimento atlas de cérebro de ratinho 22 (Figura 1A). Transferir para um prato de cultura de 35 milímetros contendo meio de cultura frio (4 ° C), cortadas em pequenas fatias finas (cerca de 100 mm x 100 mm microslices). </li><li> Pré-incubar 12 milímetros poli-D-lisina / laminina revestidos por lamelas de vidro dentro de 24 placas de cultura de tecidos com meio de cultura (~ 500 mL) durante pelo menos 30 min no incubador a 37 ° C. Remova a mídia antes do plaqueamento microslices. </li><li> A placa com uma pipeta de Pasteur polida ao fogo no centro da lamela com uma quantidade mínima de meio (~ 50 ul, contendo ~ 20 peças de microslices) para facilitar a fixação dos explantes. Placa microslices vHipp provenientes de um único animal (ou a + / + ou - / - genótipo da linha α7 transgênico) em cada lamela. </li><li> Após os explantes resolver sobre a lamela, adicione delicadamente mídia adicional (~ 100 mL) por the parede de modo que o nível dos meios de comunicação é alta o suficiente para cobrir completamente os explantes sobre a periferia, mas não os que estão no centro da lamela. </li><li> Depois de uma O / N de incubação em 37 ° C, 5% de CO2, dispersar NACC neurónios embrionários do dia 18 ao dia pós-natal uma ratinhos WT e adicionar aos explantes. <ol><li> Dissecar tecidos NACC de acordo com um atlas do mouse cérebro em desenvolvimento 20 (Figura 1B). </li><li> Cortar em pequenos pedaços (cerca de 500 mm × 500 mm microslices) e transferir para um tubo de 15 ml. </li><li> Trata-se com 0,25% de tripsina (2 ml) durante 15 min a 37 ° C. Lavar pedaços de tecido três vezes com meio de lavagem frio (5 ml, 4 ° C), seguido por uma lavagem em meio de cultura frio (5 ml, 4 ° C). Permitir suspensão para descansar por 5 minutos em cada etapa de lavagem e, em seguida despeje cuidadosamente o sobrenadante. </li><li> Separar as células por trituração suave em 2 ml de meio de cultura com uma pipeta de Pasteur polida ao fogo levemente. </li><li> Transsuspensão de células fer para outro tubo de 15 ml e centrifugar a 2000 x rpm durante 5 min. Remover o sobrenadante e ressuspender as células em meios de cultura em 1 ml por 6 filhotes. Dispersar as células com cuidado pipetando em mídia várias vezes com uma pipeta Pasteur polida-fogo. </li><li> Adicionar 0,25 ml de células NACC dispersos para cada lamela com explantes vHipp. </li><li> Manter as culturas numa atmosfera humidificada a 37 ° C, 5% de CO2. Coloque placas de cultura de compressas de gaze estéril umedecido para estabilizar mecanicamente e manter a umidade, facilitando a formação de sinapses. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Immunocytochemistry <ol><li> Fix culturas (5-7 dias in vitro) em paraformaldeído a 4% / 4% de sacarose / PBS (~ 500 ul por lamela, 20 min, RT). </li><li> Permeabilizar as culturas com 0,25% de Triton X-100 / PBS (~ 500 ul por lamela, 5 min, RT). </li><li> Culturas em bloco com 10% de soro de burro normal em PBS (~ 500 mL por lamela, 30 min, RT) antes de Antibody coloração. Incubar com anticorpos primários o / n a 4 ° C. Use os seguintes anticorpos primários: anticorpo anti- (nAChRs α 4 -ECD 1: 500; anti-α 5 subunidades, 1: 500), anti-vesicular transportador de glutamato 1 (1: 250), anti-GAD65 (1: 100). </li><li> Lavar anticorpos primários com PBS (3 vezes / ~ 500 ul por lamela, 5 min) e depois incubar as culturas em anticorpos secundários conjugados com Alexa 488 (~ 500 mL por lamela, 1: 500) ou Alexa 594 (~ 500 mL por lamela , 1: 500) durante 1 hora a 37 ° C. </li><li> Incubar em culturas αBgTx conjugados com Alexa 594 (~ 500 mL por lamela, 1: 1000 em meio de cultura) durante 45 min a 37 ° C, antes da fixação para rotulagem superfície α7 * nAChRs. </li><li> Montagem e vedação lamelas. </li><li> Capturar imagens com um microscópio de fluorescência equipado com objectivos Plan-Apocromática (20X com 0,8 NA ou 63X de petróleo com 1,4 NA) e uma câmera CCD. </li></ol> 3. FM1-43 Based vesicular Fusão <ol><li> Manter culturas (5-7 dias in vitro) em uma câmara de imagem, montar a câmara no disco giratório microscópio confocal. Continuamente perfundir (1 ml / min) com HBS cocktail à TA. </li><li> Parar de perfusão e de carga culturas com 10 uM FM1-43 em 56 mM de K + ACSF (~ 500 mL) durante 90 segundos (coloração), lavar corante externo afastado durante 15 min com Ca 2+ livre HBS contendo ADVASEP-7 (0,1 mM) para eliminar FM1-43 ligada à membrana. </li><li> Estimular as culturas com 56 mM de K + ACSF (~ 500 mL) sem FM1-43, durante 120 segundos (descoloração), recarregar as culturas com FM1-43 utilizando as mesmas condições, e lava-se novamente com o Ca2 + livre de HBS contendo ADVASEP-7 para 15 min. </li><li> Adquirir FM1-43 imagens de fluorescência com disco giratório microscópio confocal equipado com uma objectiva Plan-Apochromat (60X de água com 1,4 NA, excitação 488 nm, emissão 530 nm) e capturar imagens com uma câmera CCD. </li><li> Coletar imagens FM1-43 fluorescência de base (a cada 2 s por 1 min) Como o controlo de pré-nicotina; aplicam-se a nicotina (1 uM) por perfusão rápida (2 ml / min) durante 1 min, e em seguida lavar com nicotina para fora HBS coquetel. Mantenha lapso de tempo imagens de captura antes, durante e após a aplicação de nicotina cada 2 s por 5 min. </li><li> Quantificar FM1-43 intensidade de fluorescência antes (F coloração) e depois (F descoloração) aplicação de nicotina em cada bouton sináptica. </li><li> Calcular quantidade total de fluorescência FM1-43 libertado ao longo dos axónios vHipp pela quantificação da diferença de FM1-43 intensidade de fluorescência antes e após a aplicação de nicotina (Af = F coloração -F descoloração). Analisar fração de diminuição da intensidade de fluorescência após a nicotina com a seguinte equação: F diminuição% = Af / F coloração. </li></ol> Imagem 4. Cálcio <ol><li> Enxágüe culturas (5-7 dias in vitro) rapidamente com HBS normal, em seguida, carregar culturas com 5 Indicador de Fluo-4 Ca 2+ (Éster AM) e 0,02% de Pluronic F-127 em HBS (2 ml) durante 30 min a 37 ° C e 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Lave a Fluo-4 com solução HBS (3 vezes / 5 min). Retorno culturas para incubadora (37 ° C / 5% de CO 2) durante pelo menos 30 min. </li><li> Manter as culturas na mesma câmara de imagem e mesmas condições que as descritas na secção de fusão vesicular com base FM1-43 (veja o passo 3.1). </li><li> Coletar imagens Fluo-4 fluorescência de projeções axonais dos micro-fatias vHipp com um objectivo Plan-Apochromat (60X de água com 1,4 NA, excitação 488 nm, emissão 530 nm) e uma câmera CCD. </li><li> Recolha de linha de base de Fluo-4 imagens de fluorescência (a cada 10 segundos durante 2 minutos) como o controlo de pré-nicotina, nicotina aplica (1 uM) por perfusão rápida (2 ml / min) durante 1 min, e em seguida lavar com nicotina para fora HBS coquetel. Manter lapso de tempo de captura de imagens, antes, durante e após a aplicação da nicotina a cada 10 segundos durante 30 minutos. </li><li> Salve todas as molduras dos fluo-4 imagens de fluorescência-primas, a exportação como uma série deImagens em formato TIFF para posterior análise. </li><li> Recolha a intensidade integrada de fluo-4 fluorescência ao longo vHipp axónios antes e após a aplicação de nicotina. </li><li> Normalizar a intensidade de fluorescência integrada com a seguinte equação: Af / F 0 = (FF 0) / 0 F, em que F representa a 0 pré-nicotina intensidade de fluorescência integrada corrigida-fundo e F é a intensidade de fluorescência integrada ao longo dos axónios vHipp em cada ponto temporal após a aplicação de nicotina. Analisar e traçar normalizada intensidade de fluorescência integrada. </li></ol>

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A preparação de co-cultura descrito re-circuitos do hipocampo ventral cede-accumbens in vitro. Esta análise permite preparação relativamente simples e de confiança dos perfis espaciais e temporais pelo qual a activação de nAChRs pré-sinápticos eliciar melhoradas transmissão glutamatérgica 5, 21. Co-culturas são definidos como o crescimento de diferentes tipos de células específicas em um prato que pode proporcionar condições fisiológicas in vitro par...

Modulação do circuito colinérgico excitabilidade contribui para os aspectos fundamentais de cognição, e modulação colinérgica alterada é uma característica de distúrbios neurodegenerativos e neuropsiquiátricas incluindo a doença de Alzheimer, doença de Parkinson, esquizofrenia e dependência 1-4. Um mecanismo estabelecido de facilitação de transmissão sináptica colinérgica no sistema nervoso central é, por activação directa de nAChRs localizadas em locais pré-sinápticos. A activação destes receptores pré-sinápticos leva a um aumento de Ca2 + intracelular ([Ca 2+] i) nos terminais pré-sinápticos - tanto directamente, devido à relativamente elevada condutância de cálcio de certos subtipos de nAChR, e indirectamente, por cascatas de sinalização intracelular 5, aumentando, assim, a libertação de neurotransmissores. De facto, a activação dos nAChRs pré-sinápticos tem sido associada com mudanças na libertação de uma grande variedade de neurotransmissores, incluindo glutamato, GABA, acetilcolina, umND dopamina 6-10. Embora este processo tem sido estudada usando métodos electrofisiológicos indirectamente em diversas sinapses, indicadores ópticos de [Ca2 +] i e a reciclagem das vesículas sinápticas permitir uma medição mais directa e temporalmente precisa dos fenómenos pré-sinápticos. Localização pré-sináptica dos nAChRs foi demonstrada de forma convincente com rotulagem imuno-ouro direta de nAChRs na microscopia eletrônica (EM) nível 11,12. Várias outras técnicas também têm sido utilizados para tratar a localização do nAChR indirectamente, incluindo a detecção de locais de nAChRs subunit- quimeras de proteína fluorescente em neurónios cultivados 13,14, electrofisiológico gravação de correntes de nAChR em terminais sinápticos 15,16, monitorização de nicotina induziu alterações na [Ca 2 +] i em terminais nervosos sinápticas por imagens ao vivo de células 17 e monitoramento indireto da liberação do neurotransmissor no terminal sináptico portécnicas de imagem de células vivas com indicadores fluorescentes, incluindo exocitose das vesículas sinápticas vistos por estirilo corantes anfipï¿½icos FM (FM1-43 e FM4-64) e / ou synapto-pHluorin e por repórteres fluorescentes neurotransmissores específicos, como CNiFERs para ACh e iGluSnFr para glutamato 18-20. No geral, essas abordagens atuais para identificar a localização pré-sináptica dos nAChRs são complicadas e exigem sistemas e técnicas especiais para permitir a identificação confiável e monitorização fisiológica da atividade pré-sináptica. Aqui nós descrevemos protocolos e equipamentos para um sistema in vitro de co-cultura de um hipocampo ventral (vHipp) - núcleo accumbens (NACC) circuito que fornece acesso direto para identificar e analisar os dois componentes pré e pós-sinápticos de transmissão sináptica. Mostramos exemplos de localização pré-sináptica dos nAChRs ea imagens de células vivas de nAChR mediada sinalização de Ca2 + e liberação de neurotransmissores aloaxônios ng vHipp. Uma extensão natural (e direta) do protocolo apresentado aqui é a preparação de contatos pré e pós-sinápticos composta de neurônios de diferentes genótipos. Deste modo, a contribuição de um produto de gene em particular para o pré e / ou de mecanismos pós-sinápticos de modulação pode ser avaliada directamente.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">1. Culture Media (50 ml)</td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>10888022</td><td>48 ml</td></tr><tr><td>B-27 Supplements</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>0080085-SA</td><td>1 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>10908-010</td><td>0.5 ml</td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>35050-061</td><td>0.5 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>15140-122</td><td>20 ng/ml</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">2. washing media (HBSS, 100 ml)</td></tr><tr><td>HBSS, no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>14175-095</td><td>99 ml</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES ( 1M)</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>15630-130</td><td>1 ml</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">3. HEPES buffered saline&amp;nbsp; (HBS)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; pH=7.3</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9888&amp;nbsp;</td><td>135 mM</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9333&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5 mM</td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8266&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1 mM</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2,</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C1016&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2 mM</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3375&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G0350500&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">4. HBS Cocktail for live imaging pH=7.3</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9888&amp;nbsp;</td><td>135 mM</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9333&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5 mM</td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8266&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1 mM</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2,</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C1016&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2 mM</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3375&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G0350500&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>tetrodotoxin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Tocris</td><td>1078</td><td>2 &amp;micro;M</td></tr><tr><td>bicuculline</td><td>Tocris</td><td>131</td><td>10 &amp;micro;M</td></tr><tr><td>D-AP-5</td><td>Tocris</td><td>105</td><td>50 &amp;micro;M</td></tr><tr><td>CNQX</td><td>Tocris</td><td>1045</td><td>20 &amp;micro;M</td></tr><tr><td>LY341495</td><td>Tocris</td><td>1209</td><td>10 &amp;micro;M</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">5. Calcium-free&amp;nbsp; HBS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; pH=7.3</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9888&amp;nbsp;</td><td>135 mM</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9333&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5 mM</td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8266&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1 mM</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3375&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G0350500&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">6. 56 mM Potassium ACSF pH=7.4</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9888</td><td>119 mM</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9333</td><td>56 mM</td></tr><tr><td>MgSO4.7H</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M1880</td><td>1.3 mM</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C1016</td><td>2.5 mM</td></tr><tr><td>NaH2PO4</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S8282</td><td>1 mM</td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO3</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5761</td><td>26.2 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G0350500&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10 mM</td></tr></tbody></table>

live imaging of nicotine induced calcium signaling and neurotransmitter release along ventral hippocampal axons

Sustained enhancement of axonal signaling and increased neurotransmitter release by the activation of pre-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is an important mechanism for neuromodulation by acetylcholine (ACh). The difficulty with access to probing the signaling mechanisms within intact axons and at nerve terminals both in vitro and in vivo has limited progress in the study of the pre-synaptic components of synaptic plasticity. Here we introduce a gene-chimeric preparation of ventral hippocampal (vHipp)&#8211;accumbens (nAcc) circuit in vitro that allows direct live imaging to analyze both the pre- and post-synaptic components of transmission while selectively varying the genetic profile of the pre- vs post-synaptic neurons. We demonstrate that projections from vHipp microslices, as pre-synaptic axonal input, form multiple, reliable glutamatergic synapses with post-synaptic targets, the dispersed neurons from nAcc. The pre-synaptic localization of various subtypes of nAChRs are detected and the pre-synaptic nicotinic signaling mediated synaptic transmission are monitored by concurrent electrophysiological recording and live cell imaging. This preparation also provides an informative approach to study the pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in vitro.

A preparação utilizada consiste de gene quimérico co-culturas de circuitos vHipp-NACC in vitro. Projeções que emanam microslices vHipp, como entrada axonal pré-sináptico, pode fazer contatos sinápticos com metas pós-sinápticos, os neurônios dispersos de NACC. A nicotina induziu um (≥ 30 min) facilitação sustentado de transmissão glutamatérgica de neurônios NACC inervados por vHipp axônios sinalização ao longo vHipp axônios 5 via α7 pré-sináptica * nAChRs 21 e prolo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Nicotine Induced Calcium Signaling and Neurotransmitter Release Along Ventral Hippocampal Axons at JoVE.com

Live Imaging of Nicotine Induced Calcium Signaling and Neurotransmitter Release Along Ventral Hippocampal Axons

We developed a gene-chimeric preparation of ventral hippocampal &#8211; accumbens circuit in vitro that allows direct live imaging to analyze presynaptic mechanisms of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediated synaptic transmission. This preparation also provides an informative approach to study the pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

Imagens ao vivo de nicotina Induzida Sinalização de Cálcio e Neurotransmitter lançamento Junto ventrais do hipocampo Axons

Sustained enhancement of axonal signaling and increased neurotransmitter release by the activation of pre-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ...

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9.0K visualizações.  Stony Brook University. We developed a gene-chimeric preparation of ventral hippocampal – accumbens circuit in vitro that allows direct live imaging to analyze presynaptic mechanisms of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediated synaptic transmission. This preparation also provides an informative approach to study the pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

Vídeo: Live Imaging of Nicotine Induced Calcium Signaling and Neurotransmitter Release Along Ventral Hippocampal Axons

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of interest. This allows for examination of synaptic transmission under conditions where the extracellular and postsynaptic intracellular environments can be well controlled. A vibration-based technique without the use of proteases, known as vibrodissociation, is the most popular technique for mechanical isolation. A micropipette, with the tip fire-polished to the shape of a small ball, is placed into a brain slice made from a P1-P21 rodent. The micropipette is vibrated parallel to the slice surface and lowered through the slice thickness resulting in the liberation of isolated neurons. The isolated neurons are ready for study within a few minutes of vibrodissociation. This technique has advantages over the use of primary neuronal cultures, brain slices and enzymatically isolated neurons including: rapid production of viable, relatively mature neurons suitable for electrophysiological and imaging studies; superior control of the extracellular environment free from the influence of neighboring cells; suitability for well-controlled pharmacological experiments using rapid drug application and total cell superfusion; and improved space-clamp in whole-cell recordings relative to neurons in slice or cell culture preparations. This preparation can be used to examine synaptic physiology, pharmacology, modulation and plasticity. Real-time imaging of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in the living cells and boutons is also possible using vibrodissociated neurons. Characterization of the molecular constituents of pre- and postsynaptic elements can also be achieved with immunological and imaging-based approaches.

This report demonstrates a technique for mechanical isolation of individual viable neurons retaining attached presynaptic boutons. Vibrodissociated neurons have the advantages of rapid production, excellent pharmacological control and improved space-clamp without influence from neighboring cells. This method can be used for imaging of synaptic elements and patch-clamp recording.

Vibrodissociation de neurônios de fatias do cérebro de roedores para estudar a transmissão sináptica e Imagem Terminais pré-sináptica

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Neurociência

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences. For instance, addiction to nicotine via tobacco smoking is a leading cause of premature death worldwide (World Health Organization) and is likely caused by an alteration of ion channel distribution in the brain1. Chronic nicotine exposure in both rodents and humans results in increased numbers of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain tissue1-3. Similarly, alterations in the glutamatergic GluN1 or GluA1 channels have been implicated in triggering sensitization to other addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines and opiates4-6.

Consequently, the ability to map and quantify distribution and expression patterns of specific ion channels is critically important to understanding the mechanisms of addiction. The study of brain region-specific effects of individual drugs was advanced by the advent of techniques such as radioactive ligands. However, the low spatial resolution of radioactive ligand binding prevents the ability to quantify ligand-gated ion channels in specific subtypes of neurons. 

Genetically encoded fluorescent reporters, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its many color variants, have revolutionized the field of biology7.By genetically tagging a fluorescent reporter to an endogenous protein one can visualize proteins in vivo7-10. One advantage of fluorescently tagging proteins with a probe is the elimination of antibody use, which have issues of nonspecificity and accessibility to the target protein. We have used this strategy to fluorescently label nAChRs, which enabled the study of receptor assembly using F&ouml;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in transfected cultured cells11.More recently, we have used the knock-in approach to engineer mice with yellow fluorescent protein tagged &alpha;4 nAChR subunits (&alpha;4YFP), enabling precise quantification of the receptor ex vivo at submicrometer resolution in CNS neurons via spectral confocal microscopy12. The targeted fluorescent knock-in mutation is incorporated in the endogenous locus and under control of its native promoter, producing normal levels of expression and regulation of the receptor when compared to untagged receptors in wildtype mice. This knock-in approach can be extended to fluorescently tag other ion channels and offers a powerful approach of visualizing and quantifying receptors in the CNS.

In this paper we describe a methodology to quantify changes in nAChR expression in specific CNS neurons after exposure to chronic nicotine. Our methods include mini-osmotic pump implantation, intracardiac perfusion fixation, imaging and analysis of fluorescently tagged nicotinic receptor subunits from &alpha;4YFP knock-in mice (Fig. 1). We have optimized the fixation technique to minimize autofluorescence from fixed brain tissue.We describe in detail our imaging methodology using a spectral confocal microscope in conjunction with a linear spectral unmixing algorithm to subtract autofluoresent signal in order to accurately obtain &alpha;4YFP fluorescence signal. Finally, we show results of chronic nicotine-induced upregulation of &alpha;4YFP receptors in the medial perforant path of the hippocampus.

We have developed a novel technique of quantifying nicotinic acetylcholine receptor changes within subcellular regions of specific subtypes of CNS neurons to better understand the mechanisms of nicotine addiction by using a combination of approaches including fluorescent protein tagging of the receptor using the knock-in approach and spectral confocal imaging.

Imagem Confocal Espectral de fluorescência com a tag receptores nicotínicos na Knock-em camundongos com a administração de nicotina crônica

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences.  For ...

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice

Two-photon microscopy is a fundamental tool for neuroscience as it permits investigation of the brain of live animals at spatial scales ranging from subcellular to network levels and at temporal scales from milliseconds to weeks. In addition, two-photon imaging can be combined with a variety of behavioral tasks to explore the causal relationships between brain function and behavior. However, in mammals, limited penetration and scattering of light have limited two-photon intravital imaging mostly to superficial brain regions, thus precluding longitudinal investigation of deep-brain areas such as the hippocampus. The hippocampus is involved in spatial navigation and episodic memory and is a long-standing model used to study cellular as well as cognitive processes important for learning and recall, both in health and disease. Here, a preparation that enables chronic optical access to the dorsal hippocampus in living mice is detailed. This preparation can be combined with two-photon optical imaging at cellular and subcellular resolution in head fixed, anesthetized live mice over several weeks. These techniques enable repeated imaging of neuronal structure or activity-evoked plasticity in tens to hundreds of neurons in the dorsal hippocampal CA1. Furthermore, this chronic preparation can be used in combination with other techniques such as micro-endoscopy, head-mounted wide field microscopy or three-photon microscopy, thus greatly expanding the toolbox to study cellular and network processes involved in learning and memory.

This method describes a chronic preparation that allows optical access to the hippocampus of living mice. This preparation can be used to perform longitudinal optical imaging of neuronal structural plasticity and activity-evoked cellular plasticity over a period of several weeks.

Imagem latente longitudinal do dois-fotão do hipocampal dorsal CA1 em ratos vivos

Two-photon microscopy is a fundamental tool for neuroscience as it permits investigation of the brain of live animals at spatial scales ranging from ...

Comportamento

Probing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices via Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoactivatable Nicotine

Acetylcholine (ACh) acts through receptors to modulate a variety of neuronal processes, but it has been challenging to link ACh receptor function with subcellular location within cells where this function is carried out. To study the subcellular location of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) in native brain tissue, an optical method was developed for precise release of nicotine at discrete locations near neuronal membranes during electrophysiological recordings. Patch-clamped neurons in brain slices are filled with dye to visualize their morphology during 2-photon laser scanning microscopy, and nicotine uncaging is executed with a light flash by focusing a 405 nm laser beam near one or more cellular membranes. Cellular current deflections are measured, and a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) image of the recorded neuron is made to allow reconciliation of nAChR responses with cellular morphology. This method allows for detailed analysis of nAChR functional distribution in complex tissue preparations, promising to enhance the understanding of cholinergic neurotransmission.

This article presents a method for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in mouse brain slices by nicotine uncaging. When coupled with simultaneous patch clamp recording and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy, nicotine uncaging connects nicotinic receptor function with cellular morphology, providing a deeper understanding of cholinergic neurobiology.

Função de receptores nicotínicos de acetilcolina em fatias de cérebro de rato através de Laser Flash fotólise de nicotina Photoactivatable de sondagem

Acetylcholine (ACh) acts through receptors to modulate a variety of neuronal processes, but it has been challenging to link ACh receptor function with ...

Craniotomy Procedure for Visualizing Neuronal Activities in Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit functions in systems neuroscience. However, high absorbance and scattering of light in mammalian tissue limit intravital imaging mostly to superficial brain regions, leaving deep-brain areas, such as the hippocampus, out of reach for optical microscopy. In this video, we show the preparation and implantation of the custom-made imaging window to enable chronic in vivo imaging of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region in head-fixed behaving mice. The custom-made window is supplemented with an infusion cannula that allows targeted delivery of viral vectors and drugs to the imaging area. By combining this preparation with wide-field imaging, we performed a long-term recording of neuronal activity using a fluorescent calcium indicator from large subsets of neurons in behaving mice over several weeks. We also demonstrated the applicability of this preparation for voltage imaging with single-spike resolution. High-performance genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity and scientific CMOS cameras allowed the recurrent visualization of subcellular morphological details of single neurons at high temporal resolution. We also discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the described method and its compatibility with other imaging techniques.

This article demonstrates the preparation of a custom-made imaging window supplemented with infusion cannula and its implantation onto the CA1 region of the hippocampus in mice.

Procedimento de craniotomia para visualizar atividades neuronais no hipocampo de ratos comportadores

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Ensembles in Networks of Primary Sensory Neurons in Intact Dorsal Root Ganglia

Ca2+ imaging can be used as a proxy for cellular activity, including action potentials and various signaling mechanisms involving Ca2+ entry into the cytoplasm or the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Pirt-GCaMP3-based Ca2+ imaging of primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in mice offers the advantage of simultaneous measurement of a large number of cells. Up to 1,800 neurons can be monitored, allowing neuronal networks and somatosensory processes to be studied as an ensemble in their normal physiological context at a populational level in vivo. The large number of neurons monitored allows the detection of activity patterns that would be challenging to detect using other methods. Stimuli can be applied to the mouse hindpaw, allowing the direct effects of stimuli on the DRG neuron ensemble to be studied. The number of neurons producing Ca2+ transients as well as the amplitude of Ca2+ transients indicates sensitivity to specific sensory modalities. The diameter of neurons provides evidence of activated fiber types (non-noxious mechano vs. noxious pain fibers, A&#946;, A&#948;, and C fibers). Neurons expressing specific receptors can be genetically labeled with td-Tomato and specific Cre recombinases together with Pirt-GCaMP. Therefore, Pirt-GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging of DRG provides a powerful tool and model for the analysis of specific sensory modalities and neuron subtypes acting as an ensemble at the populational level to study pain, itch, touch, and other somatosensory signals.

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Ensembles in Networks of Primary Sensory Neurons in Intact Dorsal Root Ganglia

This protocol describes the surgical exposure of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) followed by GCaMP3 (genetically-encoded Ca2+ indicator; Green Fluorescent Protein-Calmodulin-M13 Protein 3) Ca2+ imaging of the neuronal ensembles using Pirt-GCaMP3 mice while applying a variety of stimuli to the ipsilateral hind paw.

In vivo Imagem com cálcio de conjuntos neuronais em redes de neurônios sensoriais primários em gânglios intactos da raiz dorsal

Ca2+ imaging can be used as a proxy for cellular activity, including action potentials and various signaling mechanisms involving Ca2+ entry into the ...

Co-culturing of Ventral Hippocampal and Nucleus Accumbens

Source: Zhong, C., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52730">Live Imaging of Nicotine Induced Calcium Signaling and Neurotransmitter Release Along Ventral Hippocampal Axons.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates the process of preparing ventral hippocampal and nucleus accumbens tissues from mouse brains for co-culture. Neurons extend projections to form synaptic connections between the ventral hippocampal and nucleus accumbens tissues. This method allows studying neuronal interactions between these two brain regions, offering insights into cognition, behavior, and neurological disorders.

Co-cultivo do hipocampo ventral e do núcleo accumbens

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
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Co-culture and Interaction Studies

Imaging Nicotine-Induced Calcium Signaling along Ventral Hippocampal Axons in Synaptic Co-Cultures

Source: Zhong, C., et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52730">Live Imaging of Nicotine Induced Calcium Signaling and Neurotransmitter Release Along Ventral Hippocampal Axons.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates how nicotine-mediated activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse ventral hippocampus results in sustained calcium signaling along the axons.

Imagem da sinalização de cálcio induzida por nicotina ao longo dos axônios do hipocampo ventral em co-culturas sinápticas

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Calcium Imaging

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