We thank Miltenyi Biotec, Germany for providing reagents and CliniMACS Prodigy equipment for evaluation studies. We thank George T. McNamara (Pediatric department, MD Anderson Cancer Center) for proof reading the manuscript. Grant support: Cancer Center Core Grant (CA16672); RO1 (CA124782, CA120956, CA141303; CA141303); R33 (CA116127); P01 (CA148600); Burroughs Wellcome Fund; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas; CLL Global Research Foundation; Estate of Noelan L. Bibler; Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation; Harry T. Mangurian, Jr., Fund for Leukemia Immunotherapy; Institute of Personalized Cancer Therapy; Leukemia and Lymphoma Society; Lymphoma Research Foundation; MDACC&#8217;s Sister Institution Network Fund; Miller Foundation; Mr. Herb Simons; Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Scales; Mr. Thomas Scott; National Foundation for Cancer Research; Pediatric Cancer Research Foundation; William Lawrence and Blanche Hughes Children's Foundation.

1. Preparação dos materiais em condições estéreis (Veja Materiais e Equipamentos Table) <ol><li> Prepare a 3 L de tampão de PBS / EDTA suplementado com albumina de soro humano (HSA) para uma concentração final de 0,5% (w / v). </li><li> Prepare 1 litro de solução saco de qualidade clínica a 0,9% de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) e 2 L de GMP grau de meio de cultura celular. </li><li> Preparar 60 nmol de CMV-específico antigénio peptídico cocktail por reconstituição de um frasco de CMV pp65 com 8 ml de água estéril. </li><li> Transferir CMV pp65 peptídeo cocktail em um volume de 50 ml usando um saco de congelação Luer / Pico interligação e prenda com uma pinça de bloqueio para evitar a posterior distribuição de cocktail para o conjunto de tubos. Abra a pilha conjunto de tubos de enriquecimento (TS 500) em condições estéreis. </li><li> Usando soldador tubulação estéril, ligue saco de congelação peptídeo cocktail na conexão do tubo de válvula 2 de conjunto de tubos TS 500. Não abra o peptídeo cocktail saco braçadeira neste momento. </li><li> Remover 1 x 10 9 tNc do produto de partida e de suspensão celular em tampão / EDTA PBS contendo 2,5% de HSA para um volume total de 50 ml. Injectar o produto celular em um saco de transferência de 150 ml. </li></ol> 2. Preparação e Utilização do Sistema Automatizado celular Enrichment (Veja Materiais e Equipamentos Table) <ol><li> Ligue o sistema de enriquecimento de células (Figura 1B) e selecione o programa &quot;CCS_IFN-γ Enrichment&quot;. Observar uma interface de usuário que mostra telas com instruções e imagens orientadores o operador através do procedimento. </li><li> Digite o parâmetro &quot;operador&quot; e &quot;Tubing Set P / N Não&quot;. Em seguida, instalar o dispositivo Tubing Set 500 para o enriquecimento de células automatizado, conforme as instruções exibidas na tela do monitor interativo. </li><li> Siga o passo a passo exibidas na tela para ligar a médio e buffers para o dispositivo. Número da ficha de catálogo e número de lote dos reagentes antes connecting para o instrumento. </li><li> Após a verificação final do conjunto de tubos, abra o grampo do saco peptídeo cocktail. Abra o saco de médio e iniciar priming automática do conjunto de tubos. </li><li> Após o passo de iniciação está completo, complementar HSA (2,5%) em tampão de NaCl no saco de reservatório (200 ml) com a ajuda do soldador tubo estéril. Transferir o produto celular partida para o &quot;saco de Aplicação&quot; usando o soldador tubulação estéril. </li><li> Conecte CCS (IFN-y) em reagentes respectiva tubagem através de adaptadores. Digite horário preferido para coletar uma fração do material celular antes processo de enriquecimento. Comente e verificar a exatidão de todos os dados / parâmetros inseridos. Iniciar o processo. </li><li> Antes do início do processo de enriquecimento de células automatizado, retirar o saco de Controlo de Qualidade (BQC, fracção inicial (ori), contém cerca de 1,3 ml em 100 ml de conteúdo câmara diluída com tampão / EDTA PBS). Selar a BQC, pesar e armazenar a 4 ° C. </li><li> Comece o enrichmeprocesso nt. No final do processo, as células alvo vai ser eluída com um volume aproximado de tampão de eluição a partir do saco de reservatório. </li><li> Selar o não-alvo celular Bag (NTCB, fração negativo = neg) e Bolsa alvo celular (TCB, fração positiva = pos) e pesar cada saco. Os pesos serão usados ​​mais tarde para o cálculo dos números de células. </li><li> Imediatamente após o procedimento de enriquecimento recolher duas alíquotas por fracção para análise de citometria de fluxo, e armazenar o restante das amostras a 4 ° C. Utilize uma aliquota da amostra para determinação da contagem de células e a outra aliquota de amostra para a análise do desempenho de enriquecimento (quadro 1). </li><li> Remover o conjunto de tubo do instrumento de enriquecimento de células. Transfira o arquivo de log para uma unidade USB para uso futuro. NOTA: Todos os reagentes devem ser preparados em condições estéreis. O uso de uma capa Segurança Biológica tipo II é altamente recomendável. Use aférese produto celular em estado estacionário (não mobilizado) isolado a partir de uma saudávelCMV-dador seropositivo para enriquecer as células T específicas de antigénio CMV. Apenas licenciada pela FDA HSA deve ser usado. O tampão para a preparação de células deve ser mantida a 19 ° C a 25 ° C como temperaturas mais elevadas ou mais baixas irão resultar em ambientes reduzida pureza e um rendimento reduzido das células alvo. </li></ol> 3. celular Contagem Determinação <ol><li> Aqui as alíquotas de BQC, NTCB TCB e para as contagens de células, como mostrado na Tabela 1. Adicionar CD45-VoBlue para cada alíquota (título de 1,11) e incuba-se no escuro durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Adicionar 1,5 ml de solução de lise de glóbulos vermelhos recentemente preparada (1x) para a fracção original e fracção negativa, a 450 ul de solução preparada de fresco de lise de glóbulos vermelhos para a fracção positiva, todas as fracções e incubar durante 15 min à TA. </li><li> Imediatamente antes da análise, adiciona-se iodeto de propídio para uma concentração final de 1 ug / ml (1: 100 de diluição de 100 ug / mL). Use contador de células automático para determinar a contagem de células e vihabilidade. Use software recomendado aparelho contador de células para citometria de fluxo análise. Determinar as contagens absolutas de leucócitos para as fracções originais, negativos e positivos. NOTA: A contagem de células de leucócitos viáveis ​​por ml das amostras colhidas para análise de contagem de células é determinado usando o software analisador de células recomendadas. </li><li> Definir a região como mostrado na Figura 2 (região 5, leucócitos viáveis). Utilize a seguinte estratégia gating para determinar a contagem de células. Uma fracção de leucócitos viável no original é mostrada na Figura 2. </li><li> As regiões indicadas (Figura 2, 1-6), hierarquicamente são como se segue: 1: Tempo portão → 2: células individuais → 3: células CD45 + ^ 4: Os leucócitos (detritos excluído) → 5: leucócitos viáveis ​​→ 6: linfócitos viáveis </li><li> Repita os mesmos passos para determinar as contagens de células para as fracções positivas e negativas. Calcula-se a contagem de células de toda a fracçãoconsiderando o factor de diluente da amostra e o volume total da fracção (Tabela 2). </li></ol> 4. O exame do desempenho de separação <ol><li> Lavam-se as alíquotas de BQC, NTCB e células fracção TCB com tampão PBS / EDTA previamente arrefecido / 0,5% de soro AB. Centrifugar as células a 300 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C e aspirar o sobrenadante. </li><li> Ressuspender as células em 100 ul mistura de coloração anticorpo-fluorocromo contendo: CD3-FITC, CD4-APC, CD8-APC-Vio770, CD14-PerCP, CD20-PerCP, CD45-VioBlue e anti-IFN-y-PE (01:11) e título incubar no escuro durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Adicionar 1 ml de solução de lise de glóbulos vermelhos recentemente preparada (1x) e incubar durante 15 min à temperatura ambiente. Centrifuga-se a 300 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C e aspirar o sobrenadante. Ressuspender as células num volume adequado de PBS / EDTA Tampão / 0,5% de soro AB. </li><li> Adicionou-se iodeto de propídio para uma concentração final de 1 ug / ml, imediatamente antes da análise (1: 100 dilutina de 100 ug / mL). Realizar análise de citometria de fluxo para avaliar a pureza da amostra. </li><li> Utilize a seguinte estratégia gating para calcular as células T CD3 + em estratégia viável Supressão de leucócitos para a determinação das células T CD3 + é mostrada na fracção positiva após o processo de enriquecimento CCS. As regiões indicadas (Figura 3A e 3B, 1-6) estão hierarquicamente ligados como se segue: As células CD45 + → 4:: 1: tempo portão → 2: Células individuais → 3 células (detritos excluídos) → 5: leucócitos viáveis ​​→ 6: As células viáveis ​​CD3 + populacionais </li><li> Determinação das frequências de células CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + IFN-γ + e CD8 + IFN-γ + células T após processo de enriquecimento de CCS (Tabela 2). </li><li> Utilizar a estratégia de propagação para determinar as frequências de células CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + IFN-γ + e CD8 + IFN-γ + células T mostrados abaixo fou um (capturado) fração positivo original e enriquecido após o processo de CCS. As regiões indicadas são hierarquicamente ligados e nomeados da seguinte forma: As células CD45 + → 4:: 1: tempo portão → 2: Células individuais → 3 células (detritos excluídos) → 5: Os leucócitos viáveis ​​→ 6: As células viáveis ​​CD3 + → 7: CD4 + células → 7a: CD4 + IFN-γ + células (box) → 8: CD8 + células → 8a: CD8 + IFN-gama + (box) </li></ol> NOTA: Os primeiros 6 regiões indicadas de hierarquia as ligações são as mesmas que na Figura 3, (1-6) e 2 última regiões são mostradas na Figura 4 (6-8a).

<ol>
	<li>Syed, B. A., Evans, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+the+Analyst's+Couch+Stem+Cell+Therapy+Market.">From the Analyst's Couch Stem Cell Therapy Market.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 12 (3), 185-186 (2013).</li><li>Maus, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+Immunotherapy+for+Cancer+or+Viruses.">Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer or Viruses.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 32, 189-225 (2014).</li><li>Kumaresan, P. 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Ambos MD Anderson Cancer Center e Dr. Cooper tem um interesse financeiro em ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc., e Intrexon Corporation. Em 7 de maio de 2015, Dr. Cooper foi apontado como o diretor executivo da ZIOPHARM Oncology. Dr. Cooper é agora um cientista visitante no MD Anderson. Dr. Cooper fundou e possui InCellerate, Inc. Ele tem patentes com Sangamo BioSciences com nucleases artificiais. Ele consulta com Targazyme, Inc. (As células-tronco anteriormente americanos, Inc.), GE Healthcare, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, o destino Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, e Bristol-Myers Squibb. Ele é membro do Conselho Consultivo da Cellectis Scientific. Ele recebe honorários da Miltenyi Biotec.

Terapia adoptiva de células T tem emergido como uma opção viável para o tratamento de malignidades de células-B 4. O seu potencial terapêutico é dependente infundindo o número desejado de células T específicas para o antigénio alvo que carecem de senescência replicativa 2. Isto pode ser conseguido, classificando uma população pura de células T específicas de antigénios a partir de células T expandidas de acordo com as boas práticas de fabrico actuais. Dois procedimentos de triage...

-Transplante de células estaminais hematopoiéticas (HSCT) 1 pode ser combinada com a terapia adoptiva de células T para melhorar o efeito do enxerto contra o tumor e para proporcionar imunidade a infecções oportunistas 2. Geração de células derivadas do doador T específicas de antigénio para perfusão tem historicamente exigido pessoal qualificado e uso de instalações especializadas que são GMP-compliant. A entrega dos referidos células T resultou na resolução de infecções oportunistas 3, bem como o tratamento da doença subjacente 4. Recentemente, os investigadores demonstraram que a transferência adoptiva de apenas alguns milhares de células T específicas do vírus (1 x 10 ~ 4 - 5 2,5 x 10 células / kg de peso corporal do receptor) podem tratar com sucesso infecções oportunistas CMV após transplante alogénico 5-9. Um número limitado de instalações GMP com requisitos de fabrico associados especializados e o custo elevado associado com a produção de células tem, no entanto, restro acesso dos doentes a terapias promissoras icted de células T 10. Uma abordagem para o isolamento de células T específicas de antigénio é calculada com base nos CAC usando um reagente bi-específico para reconhecer CD45 e IFN-γ. Como é mostrado, esta metodologia pode ser utilizada para gerar células T específicas para CMV grau clínico que empregam um dispositivo de enriquecimento de células CCS automatizado (Figura 1B). Células específicas do CMV T são geradas por incubação de péptidos sobrepostos de antígeno pp65 do CMV com o total de células nucleares leucoferese (TNC) de doadores CMV-soropositivos. Estes péptidos, apresentados no contexto do antigénio dos leucócitos humanos (HLA), activar as células T específicas de pp65 de CMV dentro da TNC a secretar IFN-γ. Estas células T podem então ser &quot;capturados&quot; e separado magneticamente. O funcionamento do dispositivo de enriquecimento de células de primeira geração (Figura 1A), exigiam pessoal especializado em cultura de células em condições GMP, e coordenação de pessoal para realizar as múltiplas sTEPS necessário para gerar um produto &quot;capturado&quot;. O procedimento normalmente necessários de 10 a 12 horas de operação contínua, e, portanto, o pessoal provavelmente precisará trabalhar mais de dois turnos nas instalações GMP. Estas restrições são agora obviado pela aplicação de um dispositivo de segunda geração (mostrado na Figura 1B). Este dispositivo realiza enriquecimento magnético, semelhante ao primeiro dispositivo de geração, mas automatiza outros aspectos do CCS em uma abordagem unbreached. Isto reduz significativamente a carga sobre a equipe GMP como a maioria dos passos pode ser realizado por uma equipe autônoma. Além disso, uma vez que o dispositivo funciona como um sistema fechado, as células T específicas de antigénio pode ser capturado e processado na bancada excepto as etapas envolvidas no isolamento leucaferese e preparação dos materiais de partida antes de o instrumento. Detalhes da instrumentação completa e funcionalidade deste dispositivo enriquecimento celular de segunda geração foram pubcido 11. Aqui, descrevemos os passos para enriquecer células específicas do CMV pp65 T a partir de um produto de aférese de estado estacionário com o sistema automatizado CCS enriquecimento celular. Uma vez isoladas, estas células T específicas de CMV pode ser imediatamente infundidas num paciente.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS PBS/EDTA Buffer 3 L bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>700-29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Prodigy Tubing Set TS 500</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-097-182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 L waste bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>110-004-067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Cytokine Capture System (IFN-gamma)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>279-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin (Human) 25%&#160;</td>
			<td>Grifols</td>
			<td>58516-5216-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer/Spike Interconnector</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-018-701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9 % NaCl Solution (1 L)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS GMP PepTivator HCMV pp65</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>170-076-109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water for injections</td>
			<td>Hospira, inc, Lake Forest, IL</td>
			<td>NDC-0409-4887-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MILLEX GV Filter Unit 0.22 &#956;m&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TexMACS GMP Medium 2 L bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>170-076-306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Bag, 150 mL (for cellular starting material)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-018-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CryoMACS Freezing Bag 50</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>200-074-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mL Syringes, sterile</td>
			<td>BD, Laagstraat, Temse, Belgium</td>
			<td>309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CMV sero positive apheresis product</td>
			<td>Key Biologics, LLC, Memphis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometry Materials</td>
			<td>Manufacturer</td>
			<td>Catalog number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AB Serum, GemCell</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, USA</td>
			<td>100-512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3-FITC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-080-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4-APC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8-APC-Vio770</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD14-PerCP</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD20-PerCP</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45-VioBlue</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aIFN-&#947;-PE, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-097-940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3-PE</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-091-374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide Solution (100 &#181;g/mL)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-093-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td>Manufacturer</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Prodigy Device&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td rowspan="2">200-075-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software V1.0.0.RC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACSQuant Analyzer 10</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td rowspan="2">130-096-343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software 2.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5415R&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG</td>
			<td>22331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellometer K2</td>
			<td>Nexelom Bioscience, Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>LB-001-0016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile tubing welder SCDIIB</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical Corp., Elkton, MA</td>
			<td>7811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated cell enrichment of cytomegalovirus-specific t cells for clinical applications using the cytokine-capture system

A transferência adoptiva de células T específica de agentes patogénicos podem ser utilizados para prevenir e tratar infecções oportunistas, tais como o citomegalovírus (CMV) que ocorrem após o transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. Células virais T específicas de dadores alogénicos, incluindo os doadores de terceiros, podem ser propagadas ex vivo em conformidade com as boas práticas de fabrico corrente (cGMP), empregando ciclos repetidos de estímulo-driven antígeno para propagar selectivamente as células T desejados. A identificação e isolamento de células T específicas de antigénio pode também ser realizada com base no sistema de captura de citoquinas de células T que foram activadas para secretar gama-interferão (IFN-γ). No entanto, a aplicação humana generalizada do sistema de captura de citocinas (CCS) para ajudar a restaurar a imunidade tem sido limitado como o processo de produção é demorada e requer um operador qualificado. O desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de enriquecimento celular de segunda geração, como Prodigy CliniMACS agorapermite investigadores para gerar células T-virais específico usando um, menos sistema de trabalho intensivo automatizado. Este dispositivo separa magneticamente marcada células a partir de células não marcadas usando tecnologia de células activadas por triagem magnética para gerar produtos de grau clínico, foi concebido como um sistema fechado, e pode ser acedido e é operado na bancada. Nós demonstramos o funcionamento deste novo dispositivo de enriquecimento de células automatizado para a fabricação de células T específicas para CMV pp65 obtidos a partir de um produto de aférese steady-state obtidas a partir de um dador seropositivo a CMV. Estas células T isolados podem então ser directamente injectado a um doente sob a supervisão regulamentar e institucional federal. Todos os passos de processamento de bio incluindo a remoção de células vermelhas do sangue, a estimulação de células T, separação das células T específicas de antigénio, purificação e lavagem estão completamente automatizado. Dispositivos como este levantam a possibilidade de que as células T para aplicação em seres humanos pode ser produzido fora da boa prática de fabrico dedicada (GMP) Instalações e em vez disso ser produzido em instalações bancárias de sangue onde os funcionários podem supervisionam protocolos automatizados para produzir vários produtos.

Neste estudo, um sistema de células automatizado enriquecimento CAC foi utilizado para a produção automatizada de células T específicas de pp65 de CMV. Células T específicas do CMV foram enriquecidas a partir de três produtos de células de aférese. O produto de aférese em estado estacionário foi colhida ao longo de 2 horas a partir de um doador CMV-soropositivos e gerou 10 10 células nucleares totais (CNC). 10 9 TNC foram então activadas com péptidos derivados de CMV pp65 (60 nmol) d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System at JoVE.com

Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

As células T de enriquecimento de células automatizado de citomegalovírus específico-para aplicações clínicas usando o Sistema de captura de citocinas

The adoptive transfer of pathogen-specific T cells can be used to prevent and treat opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection ...

automated-cell-enrichment-cytomegalovirus-specific-t-cells-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.3K visualizações.  U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center. The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

Vídeo: Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Transdução retroviral de receptor de células T no rato células T

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35&deg;C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

This article describes the procedure for preparing a fluorescently-labeled version of bacteriophage lambda, infection of E. coli bacteria, following the infection outcome under the microscope, and analysis of infection results.

Seguindo o destino celular, em<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Após a infecção por um fago Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

piggyBac modificação do sistema Transposon de células T primárias Humanos

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells

A basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an ability to identify T cells based on their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity. Many indirect methods are available in which a bulk population of T cells is stimulated in vitro with a specific antigen and epitope-specific T cells are identified through the measurement of a functional response such as proliferation, cytokine production, or expression of activation markers1. However, these methods only identify epitope-specific T cells exhibiting one of many possible functions, and they are not sensitive enough to detect epitope-specific T cells at naive precursor frequencies. A popular alternative is the TCR transgenic adoptive transfer model, in which monoclonal T cells from a TCR transgenic mouse are seeded into histocompatible hosts to create a large precursor population of epitope-specific T cells that can be easily tracked with the use of a congenic marker antibody2,3. While powerful, this method suffers from experimental artifacts associated with the unphysiological frequency of T cells with specificity for a single epitope4,5. Moreover, this system cannot be used to investigate the functional heterogeneity of epitope-specific T cell clones within a polyclonal population.
	The ideal way to study adaptive immunity should involve the direct detection of epitope-specific T cells from the endogenous T cell repertoire using a method that distinguishes TCR specificity solely by its binding to cognate peptide:MHC (pMHC) complexes. The use of pMHC tetramers and flow cytometry accomplishes this6, but is limited to the detection of high frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells only found following antigen-induced clonal expansion. In this protocol, we describe a method that coordinates the use of pMHC tetramers and magnetic cell enrichment technology to enable detection of extremely low frequency epitope-specific T cells from mouse lymphoid tissues3,7. With this technique, one can comprehensively track entire epitope-specific populations of endogenous T cells in mice at all stages of the immune response.

This protocol describes the use of peptide:MHC tetramers and magnetic microbeads to isolate low frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells and analyze them by flow cytometry. This method enables the direct study of endogenous T cell populations of interest from in vivo experimental systems.

Péptido: Enriquecimento tetrâmero com base MHC das células T específicas para epitopos

A  basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an  ability to identify T cells based on their T cell ...

Quantitative High-throughput Single-cell Cytotoxicity Assay For T Cells

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on the adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown considerable promise in clinical trials1-4. There are several advantages to using CAR+ T cells for the treatment of cancers including the ability to target non-MHC restricted antigens and to functionalize the T cells for optimal survival, homing and persistence within the host; and finally to induce apoptosis of CAR+ T cells in the event of host toxicity5.
Delineating the optimal functions of CAR+ T cells associated with clinical benefit is essential for designing the next generation of clinical trials. Recent advances in live animal imaging like multiphoton microscopy have revolutionized the study of immune cell function in vivo6,7. While these studies have advanced our understanding of T-cell functions in vivo, T-cell based ACT in clinical trials requires the need to link molecular and functional features of T-cell preparations pre-infusion with clinical efficacy post-infusion, by utilizing in vitro assays monitoring T-cell functions like, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Standard flow-cytometry based assays have been developed that determine the overall functioning of populations of T cells at the single-cell level but these are not suitable for monitoring conjugate formation and lifetimes or the ability of the same cell to kill multiple targets8.
Microfabricated arrays designed in biocompatible polymers like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are a particularly attractive method to spatially confine effectors and targets in small volumes9. In combination with automated time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, thousands of effector-target interactions can be monitored simultaneously by imaging individual wells of a nanowell array. We present here a high-throughput methodology for monitoring T-cell mediated cytotoxicity at the single-cell level that can be broadly applied to studying the cytolytic functionality of T cells.

We describe a single-cell high-throughput assay to measure cytotoxicity of T cells when incubated with tumor target cells. This method employs a dense, elastomeric array of sub-nanoliter wells (~100,000 wells/array) to spatially confine the T cells and target cells at defined ratios and is coupled to fluorescence microscopy to monitor effector-target conjugation and subsequent apoptosis.

Quantitativo de alta capacidade ensaio de citotoxicidade de célula única para as células T.

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of  immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT)  based on the adoptive ...

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

Aplicação Clínica de<em&gt; A Bela Adormecida</em&gt; Artificial e Antigen Presenting Cells para modificar geneticamente células T de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical e periférica

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

Monitoramento da Migração de Células dendríticas usando<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H Ressonância Magnética

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

Avaliando a inata Sensing de HIV-1 CD4 Infected<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; As células T por células dendríticas plasmocitóides Usando um<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Co-cultura do sistema.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&amp;#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

Rato Naïve CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Isolamento de células T e<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Diferenciação em subpopulações de células T

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic self-tolerance. Tregs represent about 5 - 10% of the mature CD4+ T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, with about 1 - 2% of those Tregs circulating in the peripheral blood. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into functional Tregs, which have a potential to be used for cell-based therapies of autoimmune diseases. Here, we present a method to develop antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from iPSCs (i.e., iPSC-Tregs). The method is based on incorporating the transcription factor FoxP3 and an Ag-specific T cell receptor (TCR) into iPSCs and then differentiating on OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligands delta-like (DL) 1 and DL4. Following in vitro differentiation, the iPSC-Tregs express CD4, CD8, CD3, CD25, FoxP3, and Ag-specific TCR and are able to respond to Ag stimulation. This method has been successfully applied to cell-based therapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model. Adoptive transfer of these Ag-specific iPSC-Tregs into Ag-induced arthritis (AIA)-bearing mice has the ability to reduce joint inflammation and swelling and to prevent bone loss.

We present here a method to develop functional antigen (Ag)-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for immunotherapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model.