Este trabalho foi apoiado por um Grant-in-Aid para JSPS Fellows para AA; por Grants-in-Aid para a Investigação Científica em áreas inovadoras para jsps Fellows (No. 4501 e nº 25132712) para TK; e por um subsídio concedido pelo projeto de pesquisa Azabu University. Figura 2 é reproduzido a partir de Kihara, T., Harada, T., &amp; Koshida, fabricação e características de silício nanocristalino emissores de ultra-som induzido termicamente compatível-Wafer N.. Em: sensores e atuadores A: físico, volume 125, Elsevier, p. 426, (2006), com a permissão da Elsevier.

<html> Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade de Azabu o. Todas as experiências foram realizadas numa câmara à prova de som. 1. Preparação de animal <ol><li> Os machos para gravação <ol><li> Obter camundongos machos sexualmente maduros experientes no acasalamento. </li></ol></li><li> Indivíduos do sexo feminino <ol><li> Obter camundongos fêmeas virgens que foram alojados com 2 a 5 ninhada por gaiola (geralmente 8 - 12 semanas de idade). </li><li> Obter esfregaços vaginais diariamente para determinar a fase do ciclo estral antes do teste, de acordo com McLean 21. Cuidados devem ser tomados para minimizar a estimulação vaginal para evitar pseudogravidez. </li><li> Corar as manchas com Giemsa, e determinar a fase do ciclo estral com base na presença ou ausência de leucócitos, células epiteliais cornificadas e nucleadas células epiteliais, de acordo com Nelson 22. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Dispositivos (Figura 1) _content &quot;&gt; <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Esquema do teste de Box e dispositivos Two-escolha. Os ratos podem acessar salas A e B através das pequenas portas localizadas entre eles ea zona neutra. A caixa-dois e dois emissores escolha de ultra-som são colocados no chão de uma câmara à prova de som. O microfone está suspenso dentro da câmara à prova de som. Abreviatura:. PC, computador pessoal <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <ol><li> Para Gravação <ol><li> Ligue um microfone condensador de ultra-som a um PC usando um conversor USB A / D. </li><li> Defina o nível de ganho do conversor A / D para &quot;7&quot;. </li><li> Dados acústicos, discos em arquivos de formato de 16 bits com uma taxa de amostragem de 400 kHz usando o software de captura de áudio. </li></ol></li><li> Para Reprodução <ol><li> Conecte um conversor D / A para o PC usandouma interface USB. </li><li> Conecte dois amplificadores para o conversor D / A através de um atenuador. (Este último dispositivo serve para evitar a sobrecarga.) </li><li> Conecte um emissor de ultra-som para cada amplificador. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. USV gravação <ol><li> Coloque um rato macho em uma pequena (17 x 10 x 11 cm) ou (21 x 14 x 13 cm) gaiola de tamanho médio com um buraco de seis centímetros de diâmetro na parede lateral eo buraco coberto com uma tela de arame de 0,5 centímetros. Quando se utiliza uma gaiola de tamanho médio, construir uma partição entre o centro da gaiola para reduzir a área. </li><li> Não use roupas de cama na gaiola para evitar ruídos sussurrantes que podem contaminar as gravações. </li><li> Coloque um microfone ao lado da malha. </li><li> Iniciar o monitoramento vocalização ultra-sônica com a configuração de gravação mostrado na etapa 2.1. </li><li> Coloque um rato fêmea sexualmente madura em qualquer metaestro ou diestro na gaiola com o rato macho. </li><li> USVs recorde para 3-5 min. </li></ol> 4. Test Box <ol><li> Construir caixa de teste usando a placa de acrílico (Figura 1). Nota: A caixa de teste (35 x 20 e 20 x cm de altura) é dividido em três compartimentos: a zona neutra (15 x 20 cm), e quartos A e B (20 x 10 cm, cada). Salas A e B cada um tem um buraco de 4 cm de diâmetro, que é coberta com uma malha de arame de 0,5 centímetros. Os buracos da malha e estão localizados em cada extremidade de salas A e B. Adicione portões (5 x 5 cm cada) entre a zona neutra e salas A e B. </li><li> Para evitar fuga de som isolar cada emissor de ultra-sons, com excepção para o lado voltado para a malha, utilizando placas de borracha, selando-os para a caixa em torno do perímetro de cada malha. </li><li> Lugar de chumbo vedantes em ambos os lados da parede entre os quartos A e B para isolamento de som. </li></ol> 5. Preparação para a reprodução de som <ol><li> Criação de sons de reprodução <ol><li> Captar um segmento de 20 segundos de USV do arquivo gravado usando o software de edição de áudio digital. </li><li> Selecione e captar o fundo nãoise (0,35 seg) do arquivo de segmento 20 seg USV. Crie um arquivo de ruído de fundo 20 segundos, repetindo o segmento de ruído. </li><li> Para reproduzir os dois arquivos de som em simultâneo, exportá-los como um único arquivo de som estéreo, com um arquivo para a &quot;orelha esquerda&quot; e outro arquivo para a &quot;orelha direita.&quot; </li><li> Filtrar os arquivos de som usando como filtro passa-alta com um corte de 40 kHz. </li><li> Reduzir o ruído utilizando a ferramenta de redução de ruído no software de pós-processamento. Selecione e capturar um segmento do arquivo que não contém USVs como o perfil de redução de ruído, e executar a redução do ruído com nível 40. </li></ol></li><li> Calibragem dos Sons Reprodução <ol><li> Certifique-se de que o espaço entre os emissores de ultra-som e microfone é de 10 cm. </li><li> Para calibrar os níveis de pressão sonora de os emissores de ultra-som, realizar o monitoramento de ultra-som usando a configuração descrita no Passo 2.1. Medir o nível de pressão sonora pelo microfone em decibéis (dB). </li><li> Using do atenuador e amplificadores, ajustar o volume dos USVs geradas pelos emissores de ultra-sons para o mesmo nível de pressão do som como os USVs macho gravados no Passo 3. </li><li> Ao usar os dois emissores de ultra-som e um arquivo de som composto por USVs e ruído de fundo, confirmar que os dois emissores de ultra-som apresentar o mesmo nível de pressão sonora utilizando um som de calibração (por exemplo, um tom puro de 75 kHz), antes de realizar o teste comportamental. </li><li> Ao reproduzir um arquivo de som composto por duas correntes de USVs, ajuste os dois níveis de pressão sonora gerada para o mesmo nível, antes do teste. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Teste Duas escolha <ol><li> Coloque os emissores de ultra-som por trás das malhas da caixa de teste. </li><li> Feche as portas para salas A e B com uma placa de acrílico, e habituar o assunto do sexo feminino para a zona neutra para 30 min. Cobrir a caixa com placa de acrílico para evitar que o rato pode escapar. </li><li> Iniciar a gravação de vídeo usando um CCD câmara montada por cima da caixa. A câmara (não mostrada na Figura 1) abrange a área de todos os três compartimentos. </li><li> Retire a tampa e porta-board e permitir que a fêmea para explorar livremente a caixa de teste, incluindo as zonas de som. </li><li> Uma vez que a fêmea tem investigado as duas malhas, e voltou para a zona neutra, começar a jogar um arquivo de som 20 seg repetidamente para 5 ou 10 min. </li><li> Realizar monitoramento comportamental para 5 ou 10 min. </li><li> Para reduzir pistas olfactivas indesejáveis ​​depositados a partir do objecto anterior, limpar as gaiolas de teste entre os testes com etanol a 70%. </li><li> Mude o local de emissores de ultra-som A e B aleatoriamente para evitar o efeito de viés lado inerente no sentido de quartos A ou B. </li></ol> 7. Análise estatística <ol><li> Usando o software evento de scoring comportamental, analisar os seguintes parâmetros: número total de entradas em cada quarto; duração total de permanência em cada zona intermediária; duração total de permanência em cada zona de som; eduração total de busca de cada malha em frente do emissor de ultra-som. A figura 1 ilustra o que se entende por &quot;zona central&quot; e &quot;zona de som.&quot; Nota: Nos casos em que o rato permanece na linha divisória entre as duas zonas (Figura 1, linha tracejada) determinar os locais pela direcção da cabeça. Quando a cabeça voltada para o lado da malha, ele é marcado como uma estadia na zona de som. </li><li> Para cada parâmetro comportamental, comparar as respostas para as salas A e B utilizando um teste de sinais com posto Wilcoxon, ou -Testes t pareado com nível de significância de 0,05. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Panksepp, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affiliative+behavior,+ultrasonic+communication+and+social+reward+are+influenced+by+genetic+variation+in+adolescent+mice.">Affiliative behavior, ultrasonic communication and social reward are influenced by genetic variation in adolescent mice.</a> PLoS One. 2 (4), e351 (2007).</li><li>Scattoni, M. L., Ricceri, L., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unusual+repertoire+of+vocalizations+in+adult+BTBR+T+tf/J+mice+during+three+types+of+social+encounters.">Unusual repertoire of vocalizations in adult BTBR T+tf/J mice during three types of social encounters.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 10 (1), 44-56 (2010).</li><li>Hammerschmidt, K., Radyushkin, K., Ehrenreich, H., Fischer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+and+usage+of+female+and+male+mouse+ultrasonic+vocalizations+reveal+only+minor+differences.">The structure and usage of female and male mouse ultrasonic vocalizations reveal only minor differences.</a> PLoS One. 7 (7), e41133 (2012).</li><li>Merten, S., Hoier, S., Pfeifle, C., Tautz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+ultrasonic+vocalisation+in+social+communication+and+divergence+of+natural+populations+of+the+house+mouse+(Mus+musculus+domesticus).">A role for ultrasonic vocalisation in social communication and divergence of natural populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus).</a> PLoS One. 9 (5), e97244 (2014).</li><li>Amato, F. R., Moles, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+vocalizations+as+an+index+of+social+memory+in+female+mice.">Ultrasonic vocalizations as an index of social memory in female mice.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 115 (4), 834-840 (2001).</li><li>Chabout, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+male+mice+emit+context-specific+ultrasonic+vocalizations+that+are+modulated+by+prior+isolation+or+group+rearing+environment.">Adult male mice emit context-specific ultrasonic vocalizations that are modulated by prior isolation or group rearing environment.</a> PLoS One. 7 (1), e29401 (2012).</li><li>Ehret, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infant+rodent+ultrasounds&#8211;a+gate+to+the+understanding+of+sound+communication.">Infant rodent ultrasounds&#8211;a gate to the understanding of sound communication.</a> Behav. Genet. 35 (1), 19-29 (2005).</li><li>Holy, T. E., Guo, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+songs+of+male+mice.">Ultrasonic songs of male mice.</a> PLoS Biol. 3 (1), e386 (2005).</li><li>Portfors, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Types+and+functions+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+laboratory+rats+and+mice.">Types and functions of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory rats and mice.</a> J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46 (1), 28-34 (2007).</li><li>Holfoth, D. P., Neilans, E. G., Dent, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrimination+of+partial+from+whole+ultrasonic+vocalizations+using+a+go/no-go+task+in+mice.">Discrimination of partial from whole ultrasonic vocalizations using a go/no-go task in mice.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 136 (6), 3401 (2014).</li><li>Neilans, E. G., Holfoth, D. P., Radziwon, K. E., Portfors, C. V., Dent, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrimination+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+by+CBA/CaJ+mice+(Mus+musculus)+is+related+to+spectrotemporal+dissimilarity+of+vocalizations.">Discrimination of ultrasonic vocalizations by CBA/CaJ mice (Mus musculus) is related to spectrotemporal dissimilarity of vocalizations.</a> PLoS One. 9 (1), e85405 (2014).</li><li>Hammerschmidt, K., Radyushkin, K., Ehrenreich, H., Fischer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female+mice+respond+to+male+ultrasonic+&#8216;songs&#8217;+with+approach+behaviour.">Female mice respond to male ultrasonic &#8216;songs&#8217; with approach behaviour.</a> Biol. Lett. 5 (5), 589-592 (2009).</li><li>Musolf, K., Hoffmann, F., Penn, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+courtship+vocalizations+in+wild+house+mice,+Mus+musculus+musculus.">Ultrasonic courtship vocalizations in wild house mice, Mus musculus musculus.</a> Anim. Behav. 79 (3), 757-764 (2010).</li><li>Asaba, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+social+environment+imprints+female+preference+for+male+song+in+iice.">Developmental social environment imprints female preference for male song in iice.</a> PloS one. 9 (2), e87186 (2014).</li><li>Uematsu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+approaches+to+pup+ultrasonic+vocalizations+produced+by+a+nanocrystalline+silicon+thermo-acoustic+emitter.">Maternal approaches to pup ultrasonic vocalizations produced by a nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitter.</a> Brain Res. 1163, 91-99 (2007).</li><li>Okabe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+social+experience+and+gonadal+hormones+on+retrieving+behavior+of+mice+and+their+responses+to+pup+ultrasonic+vocalizations.">The effects of social experience and gonadal hormones on retrieving behavior of mice and their responses to pup ultrasonic vocalizations.</a> Zoolog. Sci. 27 (10), 790-795 (2010).</li><li>Okabe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pup+odor+and+ultrasonic+vocalizations+synergistically+stimulate+maternal+attention+in+mice.">Pup odor and ultrasonic vocalizations synergistically stimulate maternal attention in mice.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 127 (3), 432-438 (2013).</li><li>Shinoda, H., Nakajima, T., Ueno, K., Koshida, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermally+induced+ultrasonic+emission+from+porous+silicon.">Thermally induced ultrasonic emission from porous silicon.</a> Nature. 400 (6747), 853-855 (1999).</li><li>Kihara, T., Harada, T., Koshida, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wafer-compatible+fabrication+and+characteristics+of+nanocrystalline+silicon+thermally+induced+ultrasound+emitters.">Wafer-compatible fabrication and characteristics of nanocrystalline silicon thermally induced ultrasound emitters.</a> Sensor. Actuat. A-Phys. 125 (2), 422-428 (2006).</li><li>Kikusui, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross+fostering+experiments+suggest+that+mice+songs+are+innate.">Cross fostering experiments suggest that mice songs are innate.</a> PloS One. 6 (3), e17721 (2011).</li><li>McLean, A. C., Valenzuela, N., Fai, S., Bennett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performing+Vaginal+Lavage,+Crystal+Violet+Staining,+and+Vaginal+Cytological+Evaluation+for+Mouse+Estrous+Cycle+Staging+Identification.">Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (67), e4389 (2012).</li><li>Nelson, J. F., Felicio, L. S., Randall, P. K., Sims, C., Finch, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+of+estrous+cyclicity+in+aging+C57BL/6J+mice:+I.+Cycle+frequency,+length+and+vaginal+cytology.">A longitudinal study of estrous cyclicity in aging C57BL/6J mice: I. Cycle frequency, length and vaginal cytology.</a> Biol. Reprod. 27 (2), 327-339 (1982).</li><li>Tomihara, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ER-beta+gene+disruption+on+estrogenic+regulation+of+anxiety+in+female+mice.">Effect of ER-beta gene disruption on estrogenic regulation of anxiety in female mice.</a> Physiol. Behav. 96 (2), 300-306 (2009).</li><li>Zheng, Q. Y., Johnson, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hearing+loss+associated+with+the+modifier+of+deaf+waddler+(mdfw)+locus+corresponds+with+age-related+hearing+loss+in+12+inbred+strains+of+mice.">Hearing loss associated with the modifier of deaf waddler (mdfw) locus corresponds with age-related hearing loss in 12 inbred strains of mice.</a> Hear. Res. 154 (1-2), 45-53 (2001).</li><li>Haga, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+male+mouse+pheromone+ESP1+enhances+female+sexual+receptive+behaviour+through+a+specific+vomeronasal+receptor.">The male mouse pheromone ESP1 enhances female sexual receptive behaviour through a specific vomeronasal receptor.</a> Nature. 466 (7302), 118-122 (2010).</li><li>Grimsley, J. M., Monaghan, J. J., Wenstrup, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+social+vocalizations+in+mice.">Development of social vocalizations in mice.</a> PLoS One. 6 (3), e17460 (2011).</li><li>Sugimoto, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+strain+differences+in+waveforms+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+during+male-female+interaction.">A role for strain differences in waveforms of ultrasonic vocalizations during male-female interaction.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (7), (2011).</li><li>Hanson, J. L., Hurley, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female+presence+and+estrous+state+influence+mouse+ultrasonic+courtship+vocalizations.">Female presence and estrous state influence mouse ultrasonic courtship vocalizations.</a> PLoS One. 7 (7), e40782 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H., Liang, S., Burgdorf, J., Wess, J., Yeomans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+vocalizations+induced+by+sex+and+amphetamine+in+M2,+M4,+M5+muscarinic+and+D2+dopamine+receptor+knockout+mice.">Ultrasonic vocalizations induced by sex and amphetamine in M2, M4, M5 muscarinic and D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice.</a> PLoS One. 3 (4), (2008).</li><li>Moles, A., Kieffer, B. L., D'Amato, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficit+in+attachment+behavior+in+mice+lacking+the+mu-opioid+receptor+gene.">Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene.</a> Science. 304 (5679), 1983-1986 (2004).</li><li>Hiramoto, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tbx1:+identification+of+a+22q11.2+gene+as+a+risk+factor+for+autism+spectrum+disorder+in+a+mouse.">Tbx1: identification of a 22q11.2 gene as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in a mouse.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 20 (24), 4775-4785 (2011).</li><li>Ey, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+deficits+in+social+behaviors+and+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+later+generations+of+mice+lacking+neuroligin4.">Absence of deficits in social behaviors and ultrasonic vocalizations in later generations of mice lacking neuroligin4.</a> Genes Brain Behav. , (2012).</li><li>Roy, S., Watkins, N., Heck, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+analysis+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome+reveals+limited,+call+type+specific+deficits.">Comprehensive analysis of ultrasonic vocalizations in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome reveals limited, call type specific deficits.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e44816 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Here, the results of a representative test showed that female mice can discriminate between artificial male USVs and background noise (Figure 3). The conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the discrimination signal is reflected in the duration of stay in the room and sound zone, and in the duration of searching the mesh in the first 5 min of testing, but not in the second 5 min (Figure 3C, E and F). These data indicate that mice become habituated to the playback sounds, possib...

Muitos animais usam vocalizações para a comunicação intra-específica. No musculus rato Mus, um importante tipo de sinal de comunicação é vocalizações ultra-sônicas (USVs), que têm frequências superiores a 20 kHz. USVs emitidos pelos ratos são considerados um componente de reconhecimento social em masculino-feminino 1-4, fêmea-fêmea 1, 5, e macho-macho 1, 6 interações. USVs também são emitidos por filhotes quando eles são isolados a partir de sua mãe, o que aumenta o seu comportamento de recuperação de cachorro, e, portanto, a sobrevivência dos cachorros 7. Embora muitos relatórios analisados ​​e categorizados USVs rato 8, 9, as respostas comportamentais e mecanismos neurais do animal que recebeu foram documentados menos 10, 11. O último é necessário clarificar o significado biológico das várias características de USVs. Para revelar destes mecanismos, o experimento de reprodução é um método eficiente. Estudos recentes revelaram que a reprodução femininaratos são atraídos para USVs 12, e que eles preferem USVs de homens que são diferentes de seus pais 13, 14. Este artigo explica o ensaio utilizado para avaliar a reprodução preferência USV em ratinhos. Uma caixa de teste de dois escolha foi desenvolvido no qual dois USVs diferentes podem ser reproduzidos simultaneamente em dois compartimentos de uma câmara de ensaio, como se mostra na Figura 1. Este tipo de caixa de teste evita a contaminação do som através da divisão da área de teste em três sub-câmaras , usando paredes de chumbo. Os emissores de ultra-som estão localizados fora cada quarto. Na parede entre os quartos e emissores de ultra-som são buracos cobertos com malha de arame. Ratos podem circular livremente nos três quartos, e mostrar uma &quot;busca da malha&quot; comportamento, como se para responder a USVs reproduzidos pelos emissores de ultra-som. Neste teste, os ratos permanecer por períodos de duração diferente perto de um emissor de som ou de outro. Estes parâmetros podem estar logado para obter uma sensível measu<html> re de preferências de som. Para reproduzir as USVs volta, silício nanocristalino emissores termo-acústicos (ie, &quot;emissor nc-Si&quot;) foram utilizados como em estudos anteriores 15-17. Estes dispositivos são constituídos por um eléctrodo de película fina aquecedor, uma camada de silício nanoporoso, e uma pastilha de silício monocristalino. O ficheiro de som digital é convertido para um sinal analógico e, em seguida, passado através do aquecedor de eléctrodo. O dispositivo converte os sinais térmicos dependentes da voltagem, resultando em pressão sonora significativa com baixa distorção. Este dispositivo é único na medida em que, ao contrário de geradores de som comuns que dependem de vibrações mecânicas, ele pode reproduzir som sem a necessidade de um diafragma. O emissor apresenta um nível de pressão sonora plana a frequências de 20 a 160 kHz (Figura 2), e pode reproduzir USVs murino gravados digitalmente de forma muito precisa em termos de duração, freqüência e nível de pressão sonora de 15, 18, ​​19. ve_content &quot;&gt; Em uma experiência representativa mostrada na Figura 3, C57BL / 6 (B6) fêmeas foram autorizados a escolher entre BALB / c (BALB) USVs macho e ruído de fundo. Além disso, a Figura 4 mostra a escolha das fêmeas B6 e BALB entre playbacks USV simultâneas de um BALB e um macho B6, conforme relatado em um estudo anterior 14. As características dos USVs masculinos diferem entre B6 e BALB estirpes 20. Como mostrado por estes resultados, a atratividade de USVs pode ser avaliada com o presente protocolo, em que os sons são gravados a partir de um indivíduo vivo, acústico analisado, e jogou de volta para outros indivíduos.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Soundproof chamber</td>
			<td>Muromachi Kikai</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0113-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Middle cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0103-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound condenser microphones</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>CM16/CMPA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A/D converter</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>UltraSoundGate116H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio software</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>RECORDER USGH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0 / Audio editing software</td>
			<td>Adobe Systems</td>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nc-Si emitter</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>not commercially available but it is planned to be so in near future</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D/A converter</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI USB-6251 BNC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Attenuator</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Yamatake</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC</td>
			<td>Windows 7 professional</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intel&#174; core i7-2600K CPU @ 3.4GHz, 8GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Event recorder Excel-macro / Event-scoring software</td>
			<td>original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Programmed by Naoto Akagawa &#38; Takeru Yamamoto</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber plates (made of elastomer resin)</td>
			<td>Tokyo bouon</td>
			<td>TI-75BK B4</td>
			<td>Cut them to the proper size http://www.piano-bouon.jp/shopping/?pid=1329272401-447630&#38;ca=6&#38;p=3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Giemsa&#39;s azur eosin methylene blue solution</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.09204.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

Os USVs gravado a partir de um ratinho BALB-macho (161 sílabas por 20 seg), bem como o ruído de fundo foram usadas como a reprodução de sons na experiência representativa mostrada na Figura 3. Nesta experiência, 7 ratinhos B6 fêmeas foram usadas às 9 semanas de idade . Para determinar a melhor duração de teste de resposta feminina para reproduzir sons, os parâmetros comportamentais foram analisados ​​separadamente para as primeira e a última de cinco minutos de tempo total de ensaio de 1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Determinando Preferências Ultrasonic vocalização em ratos utilizando um teste de reprodução de dois escolha

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

determining-ultrasonic-vocalization-preferences-mice-using-two-choice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.0K visualizações.  Azabu University. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Vídeo: Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

O Becos Teste sucessiva de ansiedade em camundongos e ratos

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Comportamento

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Contextual e Cued Medo Condicionado Teste Usando um sistema de análise de vídeo em Ratos

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

The Hole Board Modificado - Medir Comportamento, Cognição e Interação Social em camundongos e ratos

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

A Dimensão Social do Stress: Manipulações experimentais de apoio social e de identidade social no Trier Social Stress Teste

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

Eliciando e Analisando Canções de Vocalização Ultrassônica de Rato Masculino (USV)

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

Psicofísica Rastreamento método para medir preferências alimentares nas crianças e adultos

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

O psicomotora Teste Rodent Vigilância (rPVT): um método para avaliar Neurobehavioral Desempenho em ratos e camundongos

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Teste de reconhecimento de objeto romance para a investigação da aprendizagem e memória em ratos

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

Reintegração de busca de drogas em ratos utilizando o paradigma de preferência lugar condicionado

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

Avaliação da transmissão Social dos comportamentos de preferências alimentares

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...