Pesquisa apoiada pela bolsa de pós-doutorado FWO para AVdJ. Os autores gostaria de agradecer seu apoio técnico Leen Van Aerschot e Ilse Bloemen.

Todos os protocolos foram revistos e aprovados pelo Comité de experimentação animal da Universidade de Leuven, na Bélgica e foram realizados em conformidade com a Directiva do Conselho comunitário europeu (86/609/CEE).
1. equipamentos, aparelhos e sala de configurar:
<ol><li>Preparar três-câmara casa23 , que consiste de três câmaras de um Crawley (19 x 45 cm, altura 30 cm) com transparente dividindo paredes permitindo acesso gratuito para cada câmara.</li>
	<li>Utilizar duas xícaras de comida de plástico transparente (diâmetro de 3,8 cm, altura de 3,2 cm) e coloque-as dentro de copos de comida, consistindo de uma rampa de metal de encaixe (10 x 10 cm, altura 7cm), com um orifício central, encaixe as xícaras de comida.</li>
	<li>Use um fio Taça recipiente grande o suficiente para segurar um mouse (diâmetro de 12 cm, altura 10 cm). Colocá-lo na câmara do meio para o demonstrador na fase 6.</li>
	<li>Limpe o aparelho após cada julgamento com etanol a 70% para evitar rastros olfativos entre ratos e deixá-lo secar. Nota: Testes comportamentais é feito preferencialmente entre 09:00 e 18:00 sala geral iluminação na sala experimental de aparelhos e é 650 lux. Use um programa de software de vídeo-monitoramento de atividade do registro mouse.</li>
</ol>2. com sabor de comida preparação:
<ol><li>Levar comida comida normal pelotas e adicionar 2% de aipo ou páprica. Misturar a comida bem e colocá-lo em recipientes de comida, de continuar a utilizar.</li>
</ol>3. fase motivacional (dia 1 - 2):
<ol><li>Colocar todos os roedores na agenda 23-h, privação alimentar, recebendo sua comida regular para 1h/dia por dois dias consecutivos em um quarto com um ciclo de claro/escuro de 12 h com ad libitum acesso à água. Acende a luz 08:00. Nota: No protocolo original, durante a fase de preparação, cada manifestante foi fornecido, por 1h, com alimentos que contenham um sabor de romance. Demos os manifestantes a comida com sabor já durante sua h 1 alimentando a tempo, então no total 2 h em vez do h 1 original é usado.</li>
	<li>Para o mouse de demonstrador, usar um mouse do mesmo fundo, idade, sexo e peso, sem qualquer contato prévio (não littermates) com o assunto / rato do observador. Nota: Os ratos demonstrador mesmo podem ser usados entre ensaios de transmissão social.</li>
</ol>4. enterrado teste Cookie (dia 3):
<ol><li>Antes de iniciar o procedimento STFP, avalie a função olfativa dos temas usando o cookie enterrado teste20. Enterre um chocolate chip cookie aproximadamente 1 cm abaixo da superfície em um canto aleatório de uma gaiola de habitação individual limpo.</li>
	<li>Em seguida, coloque o mouse observador dentro da jaula e gravar a latência para encontrar o cookie com um corte de 15 min. Não deixe o rato comer o biscoito. Nota: Este teste simples pode descartar déficits de deteção de olfação e evitar demorados testes desnecessários STFP.</li>
</ol>5. habituação fase (dia 3):
<ol><li>Separe os compartimentos direito e esquerdos, diminuindo as paredes.</li>
	<li>Coloca dois recipientes de comida, com esferas de comida (chow comida normal) em cada canto da três-câmara-aparato.</li>
	<li>Coloque suavemente o mouse do observador na câmara central.</li>
	<li>Deixe o mouse de assunto se habituar ao aparelho por 10 min.</li>
	<li>Depois de 10 min, abra as portas de correr e deixe o mouse de assunto a explorar livremente o aparelho inteiro por 10 min. Nota: Os ratos devem permanecer em um horário privado de comida durante esta fase.</li>
</ol>6. fase de transmissão social (dia 4):
<ol><li>Separe os compartimentos direito e esquerdos, diminuindo as paredes.</li>
	<li>Colocar um rato demonstrador dentro de uma taça de contenção de fio e coloque-o na câmara central. Sobre a tampa do copo fio virado para a câmera montada, escreva a abreviação do alimento que o demonstrador tem sido preparado com.</li>
	<li>Cuidadosamente coloque o mouse do assunto na câmara de centro e deixá-lo explorar livremente o demonstrador para 30 min, durante a gravação de duração (s) e número de contatos entre o mouse do assunto e a taça de contenção habitação o mouse demonstrador (dentro de uma área de 5 cm em torno da Copa).</li>
</ol>7. alimentação fase de teste de preferência:
<ol><li>Prepare dois potes de comida para cada rato. Pesar cada rato e rotulá-la com identificação do observador e sabor.</li>
	<li>Retire as divisórias de parede e coloque os recipientes de dois alimento, repleto de qualquer comida que contenha o marcado ou um novo alimento (uncued), em cada canto da três-câmara-aparato (Figura 2).</li>
	<li>Gentilmente colocar o mouse do assunto na câmara de médio e deixá-lo explorar livremente a arena inteira para 120 min, durante a gravação de duração (s) e número de contatos entre o mouse do assunto e ambos os copos de comida (dentro de uma área de 5 cm ao redor os copos).</li>
	<li>Medir a preferência alimentar por pesagem o alimento restante (g).</li>
	<li>Se ocorrer derrame, volte a colocar toda a comida no copo de comida e pesá-lo juntamente com os restantes alimentos na taça de comida. Derrame dentro da câmara de meio deve ser desconsiderada.</li>
</ol>8. análise estatística:
<ol><li>Use um programa de controle de vídeo para avaliar o comportamento do mouse, incluindo o número de abordagens, duração de abordagens entre o assunto e demonstrador do mouse durante a fase 6 e o tempo que o rato observador gasto com dois copos de alimentos durante a fase 7.</li>
	<li>Calcule a porcentagem de tempo gasto dentro da proximidade do alimento marcado e uncued e o percentual dos alimentos comidos marcado e uncued.</li>
	<li>Analise os dados por uma forma de análise de variância (ANOVA).</li>
</ol>

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Um repertório comportamental animal pode ser rastreado em geral para quatro razões básicas, localização de alimento e água, evitando predadores, socialmente interagindo e reproduzindo. Implementação de um padrão comportamental produzido por um indivíduo de um grupo social que promove diretamente a adoção e exposição por outro é cunhado de transmissão social24. Este tipo de comportamento profundamente pode afetar a ecologia de uma espécie porque comportamento iniciado por (alguns) ...

Déficits de reconhecimento olfativo são sugeridos para servir como marcador clínico para diferenciar a doença de Alzheimer (AD) temas de envelhecimento normal grupos1,2,3,4. Uma variedade de distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos são caracterizados por perturbações no reconhecimento olfativo e memória, incluindo AD e Parkinson5,6. Vários testes comportamentais e protocolos foram estabelecidos para avaliar o reconhecimento olfativo e discriminação no animal modelos7. Como tal, pesquisa translacional usando modelos animais adequados e validados e testes para memória olfativa pode avançar melhor diagnóstico e tratamento para doenças neurodegenerativas. Portanto, a transmissão social de teste de preferência (STFP) de comida que originalmente foi inventado no início dos anos 808 foi adaptada. Nesta tarefa, os animais são avaliados na sua capacidade inata de aprender sobre segurança alimentar de seus coespecíficos. Subjacente à decisão de rejeição de selecionar, processos envolvem a avaliação das características sensoriais dos alimentos e um animal deve ser capaz de revisão e ingrato características diferentes (i. e., sabor e odor).
O teste STFP consiste de um fenômeno bastante simples: após a interação do roedor de 'observador' ingênuo com um demonstrador' ' que anteriormente consumido um alimento, o observador normalmente demonstra uma maior preferência por este alimento8,9 , 10. analisar condições necessárias resultando nesta preferência, mostrou que esse assunto direto – exposição demonstrador (comido ou polvilhado com um alimento) é suficiente para aumentar a preferência do observador. No entanto, puramente cheiro nem comer uma comida não são suficientes para induzir este tipo de preferência11,12.
O protocolo STFP consiste em quatro etapas ao longo de cinco dias. O primeiro passo consiste em aumentar a motivação dos animais para fazê-los comer um novo alimento. Para fazer isso, todos os roedores são colocados em uma programação de 23-h, privação alimentar, recebendo comida regular para 1h/dia por dois dias consecutivos. Na segunda etapa, a fase de preparação, cada manifestante é fornecido para 1 h com alimentos contendo um sabor de romance (chow misturado com cacau ou canela nas experiências de original). Na terceira etapa, a fase de interação social, cada manifestante é colocado dentro da jaula de um roedor de observador do assunto durante 30 min. No quarto passo, 24h após a interação social, cada assunto é oferecido a escolha de ambas as dietas com sabor. Ingestão do observador de ambos os alimentos e percentagens de preferência de ambas as dietas comidas pelo sujeito são avaliadas.
Seletivas neurotóxicas lesões do hipocampo-subiculum são mostradas para prejudicar o desempenho desta tarefa13. Além disso, mutações que afetam a função hippocampal em camundongos foram relatadas para evitar comida preferências14,15,16,17. Importante, desempenho STFP não depende exclusivamente bom funcionamento hippocampal. Foi relatado em várias manipulações farmacológicas, genéticas e estudos de lesão que outras estruturas do cérebro ao lado do hipocampo podem desempenhar um papel na mediação de diferentes aspectos da dieta socialmente induzida escolha aprendizagem e memória. Por exemplo, os neurônios colinérgicos do membro da diagonal banda ou núcleo innominata basalis magnocellularis/substantia septo medial/vertical são sugeridos possuir diferentes papéis em adquirir e recuperar a memória social não-espaciais de olfativa sugestões de18. Além disso, córtex orbitofrontal tem sido implicado na aprendizagem orientada para o odor, e depleção colinérgico do neocórtex toda resultou em déficits STFP, indicando que essas regiões do cérebro são essenciais para este tipo de aprendizagem associativa19.
Possíveis fatores de confundimento foram evitadas tanto quanto possível, tais como a disseminação dos odores ou arrastando do alimento fora os copos. Um passo de habituação adicionais para o aparelho e um teste suplementar antes que a tarefa real do STFP foram adicionados, para avaliar se os roedores podem cheirar e estão dispostos a comer novos alimentos, o cookie enterrado teste20. Também, incluindo vídeo-rastreamento automatizado, o tempo gasto explorar tanto o manifestante durante a interação social, bem como os alimentos durante a fase de teste também poderia ser medido. A exploração do caminho para cada assunto é gravada usando uma câmera conectada a um computador equipado de software de rastreamento vídeo. Como tal, diferentes aspectos do desempenho de exploração, tais como o tempo em cada zona e o número de visitas de zona podem ser calculados. Isto dá informações mais detalhadas sobre a atividade dos animais durante a fase de teste, além da quantidade de alimento consumido, como o protocolo original do STFP.
Em experiências anteriores com um modelo do rato de AD, o modelo de THY-Tau22, foi encontrado que impairment neste STFP memória a partir de 9-10 meses de idade pode ser apanhado, e estas co ocorreram com déficits em patologia tau e plasticidade sináptica hippocampal na hipocampo16. Desde que a patologia tau ocorre tarde na progressão da doença, de acordo com a hipótese de cascata amiloide após a disposição das placas amyloidal21, foi hipotetisado que déficits STFP poderiam ser detectados em uma idade mais adiantada em ratos transgénicos amiloides. Portanto, o teste do STFP foi aplicado em 3 meses de idade APP/PS1 ratos22, o modelo mais comum usado do anúncio. Este tipo de escolha de alimentos socialmente induzida na verdade foi encontrado para ser prejudicada em ratos o APP/PS1. É importante que estes ratos, pelo menos nesta idade, eram desprovidas de deficiências gerais de exploração olfativa, aparelho locomotor ou social. Para concluir, disfunção olfativa de reconhecimento pode ser um importante método de rastreio precoce para AD em humanos e ratos parecidos. Esta seleção confiável, barata e fácil para o anúncio de início poderia ser útil para a investigação terapêutica. Se nós poderia tela mais eficazmente para o anúncio de início, nós poderia interferir mais cedo no processo de doença.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3-chamber apparatus</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>19 x 45 cm, height 30 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wire cages to hold mouse</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diameter of 12 cm, height 10 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ramp to hold food cup</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 x 10 cm, height 7 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>food cups</td>
			<td>sunlessbody via ebay</td>
			<td>http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/Plastic-Sample-Jars-Pots-Cups-Containers-with-Hinged-Lid-x-200-Small-25ml-/251708415240</td>
			<td>diameter of 3.8 cm, height 3.2 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lux meter</td>
			<td>Volcraft</td>
			<td>BL-10 L 0 - 40000 lx</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paprika herb</td>
			<td>Delhaize</td>
			<td>ID:716703</td>
			<td>Gemalen paprika,| 40 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>celery herb</td>
			<td>Delhaize</td>
			<td>ID:716301</td>
			<td>Selderzout, 57 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vide-tracking software</td>
			<td>Ethovision (Noldus)</td>
			<td>http://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>ANYmaze (Stoelting)</td>
			<td>https://www.stoeltingco.com/any-maze-video-tracking-software-1218.html</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of social transmission of food preferences behaviors

Déficits de reconhecimento olfativo são sugeridos para ser capaz de servir como marcador clínico para diferenciar a doença de Alzheimer (AD) sujeitos de grupos de envelhecimento saudável. Por exemplo, disfunção olfativa em AD pode apresentar como deficiência no reconhecimento olfativo, emergindo durante as fases iniciais da doença e piora enquanto a doença progride. A transmissão social da tarefa de preferências (STFP) de alimentos baseia-se em uma forma rudimentar de comunicação entre roedores relativamente distantes alimentos dependentes da transmissão de sugestões olfactory. Rato do selvagem-tipo saudável preferem comer um romance, comida com sabor que anteriormente foi preparada por um conspecific, e esta preferência alimentar seria prejudicada em ratos transgénicos AD, tais como o modelo APP/PS1. Com efeito, verificou-se uma forte preferência pela comida marcada em camundongos C57Bl6/J de 3 meses de idade, e isto foi reduzido em ratos transgénicos de APP/PS1 3 meses de idade. Em resumo, STFP tarefa poderia ser uma medida poderosa para ser integrado em ensaios de deteção subclínica presente de AD.

Um exemplo da fase de exploração social é mostrado na figura 1A-B. Esta fase permite a estimativa de exploração social do mouse assunto com o mouse do demonstrador que consumiu só uma comida com sabor. No protocolo original, os ratos foram autorizados a explorar um ao outro livremente. O protocolo descrito neste documento, o mouse demonstrador foi contido em uma xícara de fio, permitindo que o nariz e contato genital-ano. Além disso, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors at JoVE.com

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Este trabalho apresenta um protocolo para a investigação de transmissão social de preferência alimentar em ratos. As vantagens e aplicações possíveis para este procedimento, por exemplo, na detecção de mudanças adiantadas em modelos do rato AD, são destacadas. Para concluir, a interpretação dos resultados à luz dos detalhes críticos são discutidos.

Avaliação da transmissão Social dos comportamentos de preferências alimentares

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

assessment-of-social-transmission-of-food-preferences-behaviors

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7.8K visualizações.  KU Leuven. Este trabalho apresenta um protocolo para a investigação de transmissão social de preferência alimentar em ratos. As vantagens e aplicações possíveis para este procedimento, por exemplo, na detecção de mudanças adiantadas em modelos do rato AD, são destacadas. Para concluir, a interpretação dos resultados à luz dos detalhes críticos são discutidos.

Vídeo: Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

Estudar recompensa alimentar e Motivação em seres humanos

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Comportamento

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

Avaliação da Cognição Social em primatas não-humanos usando uma rede de Computadorizado dispositivo automático de Aprendizagem Sistemas (ALDM) teste

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

A Dimensão Social do Stress: Manipulações experimentais de apoio social e de identidade social no Trier Social Stress Teste

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

Erros como um meio de reduzir Impulsivo Food escolha

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

Avaliando memória de trabalho em crianças: a bateria de avaliação abrangente para crianças - Memória de trabalho (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

Utilização de um vídeo marcador de âncora para rápida avaliação Serial de Comunicação Social nas crianças

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Assessment of Sexual Behavior of Male Mice

Sexual behavior is highly species-specific. Although rodents have slightly different sexual behaviors, mice and rats have a similar sexual behavioral pattern. The purpose of this article is to describe the hormone-induced estrus ovariectomized female model and the experimental procedure for the assessment of sexual behavior of male mice. The most important sexual behavioral elements are demonstrated in the video and illustrations. The critical steps, advantages, and limitations of the sexual behavior test are explained as well. Finally, the behavior parameters are presented, and mounting, intromission, and ejaculation processes in mating are distinguished. Behavioral parameters are assessed in terms of the occurred duration and counts during the test period.

This article describes how to perform sexual behavior tests in male mice.

Avaliação do Comportamento Sexual de Camundongos Machos

Sexual behavior is highly species-specific. Although rodents have slightly different sexual behaviors, mice and rats have a similar sexual behavioral ...

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an important role in addressing current educational challenges. Despite the unlimited learning possibilities that VR may offer, unless users are willing to apply virtual devices to education, the investment of time, money, and effort will be fruitless. It is therefore crucial to assess the educational interest of the first generation of VR users and to identify their current needs. To this end, in this study we designed an online questionnaire and applied it through the SaaS (Software as a service) of a private server. The sample consisted of 117 early VR adopters recruited via a main portal of communication and information technologies in Spain. In order to engage participants, we posted a thread in the main forum, which is dedicated to the advances and potential uses of VR. Once the responses were gathered, we analyzed the relationship between 12 variables (mean contrasts with Snedecor&#39;s F, and contingency analysis with chi-square and Sommer&#39;s d). The results showed that the current profile of a VR user is a male over 35 years old, with university studies, and who has purchased his viewer recently (&#60;1 year). As for the learning and teaching applications that these users were interested in, only 13.7% of the participants in this study use VR for educational purposes, although 28.2% were interested, indicating that perhaps the lack of applications or learning experiences may be hampering the use of VR within education. Almost half of the early adopters surveyed would like to learn using VR technology and are somehow optimistic about the relationship between VR and education, particularly those who are younger.

This article describes the profile of Spanish early adopters of virtual reality and their interests and preferences regarding learning and educational applications for this technology. To this aim, we designed an online questionnaire and interviewed 117 users of the main virtual reality forum on the Internet.

Estudo exploratório on-line sobre os usos de aprendizagem da realidade virtual entre os primeiros aadotar

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an ...

Assessment of Midline Lingual Point-Pressure Somatosensation Using Von Frey Hair Monofilaments

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously published protocols, threshold estimates are determined using a two-interval forced choice (2-IFC) paradigm with a three down/one up approach. Detection threshold estimates determine the mean force in which a participant can identify the presence of pressure. During the detection threshold procedure, the participant is instructed to choose which of two sequentially presented observation intervals contained the tactile test stimulus. If the participant performs three correct detections in a row (i.e., 3 &#39;hits&#39;), the researcher decreases the stimulus to the next lower target force level. With one incorrect detection (a &#39;miss&#39;), the researcher increases the force delivered to the next higher level. This threshold estimation approach is known as a 3-down/1-up adaptive staircase. Reponses are recorded on a paper ballot, and a participant&#39;s estimated threshold is defined as the geometric mean of five reversals. During the discrimination threshold procedure, the participant is asked to make a choice between two serially presented stimuli as to which is the &#34;harder&#34; or &#34;stronger&#34; pressure. The same scoring of &#39;hits&#39;, &#39;misses&#39;, and stopping points are used. Detection and discrimination testing for oral point pressure at tongue midline takes approximately 20 min to complete. Using these commercially-available clinical tools, individual touch sensation profiles for the midline tongue can be achieved in a relatively time and cost effective means.

This work describes a standard method to assess tactile sensation at the midline of the tongue tip. Using Von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments, this protocol provides estimates of detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure (OPP).

Avaliação da somatosensação de pressão de ponto lingual midline usando monofilamentos de cabelo von Frey

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously ...

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. Also, individual characteristics as predictors of training outcome are still being investigated. In this article, we show the attempt to address this issue by examining not only the impact of working memory (WM) training on cognitive effectiveness in older adults but also the influence of the initial WM capacity (WMC) on the training&#39;s outcome. We describe in detail how to perform 5 weeks of an adaptive dual n-back training with an active control group (memory quiz). We are focusing here on technical aspects of the training as well as on the initial assessment of participants&#39; WMC. The evaluation of pre and post training performance of other cognitive dimensions was based on the results of tests of memory updating, inhibition, attention shifting, short-term memory (STM) and reasoning. We have found that the initial level of WMC predicts the efficiency of the n-back training intervention. We have also noticed the post training improvement in almost all aspects of cognitive functioning we measured, but those effects were mostly intervention independent.

A cognitive training intervention in elderly population together with the assessment of the pre training cognitive abilities is presented. We show two versions of training - experimental and active control - and demonstrate their effects on the array of cognitive tests.

Treinamento de memória de trabalho para participantes mais velhos: um regime de treinamento de grupo de controle e avaliação inicial de funcionamento intelectual

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. ...