Este trabalho foi apoiado em parte pelo Programa CCTS da OSU através TL1TR001069 prêmio ao Dr. Borstad. Nós gostaríamos de agradecer Amelia Siles, DPT, NCS por suas valiosas sugestões de medição e Sarah Alexander por sua assistência com a edição do rascunho final deste manuscrito.

1. Projeto e Fabricação de Ecrã e ímpeto (consulte a &quot;Tabela de Materiais&quot; para todos os equipamentos necessários e Materiais): <ol><li> Montar Ecrã (Figura 1): <ol><li> Corte quatro pedaços de cano PVC de 0,5 polegadas (material a) a 10 polegadas (estes formam a base da tela). Corte três pedaços de cano PVC de 0,5 polegadas para 20 polegadas (que constituem a parte vertical da tela). </li><li> Coloque duas peças de tubo de 10 polegadas em (aberturas paralelas) de ambos PVC T (material de b). Insira duas peças de tubo de 20 polegadas em cada um dos restantes orifícios do PVC de T (perpendicular às peças de 10 polegadas). Inserir cotovelos de PVC (Material C) em cada uma das extremidades abertas dos tubos de 20 polegadas. </li><li> Insira cada extremidade do terceiro tubo de PVC de 20 polegadas em cada um dos cotovelos PVC abertas. Não cola juntas de PVC se mais fácil dobrar / armazenamento da tela visual é desejado. Cola de PVC juntas para uma tela visual permanente, se desejado. Drape fronha (materiald) sobre a parte superior do tubo. Prenda com grampos da pasta (materiais e) ou alfinetes de segurança. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53178/53178fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1:. Set-up da pressa participantes devem estar sentados a uma mesa. A tela visual entre o participante e os objetos de teste. Os objetos para um julgamento são removidos do kit de teste e se ofereceu para o participante na seguinte ordem: test objeto em primeiro lugar, em seguida, cada uma das três partidas possíveis, na ordem indicada no Apêndice 1:. Instruções de Administração e Folha de Pontuação <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53178/53178fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <ol start="2"><li> Montar pressa Testing Kit (inclui 9 objetos de teste, um conjunto duplicado de 9 objetos de amostra e exemplos de objetos 3) (Figura 2) <ol><li> Cortar 21 peças de 1,5 polegadas tubo de PVC de diâmetro (materialf) em comprimentos de 4 polegadas. Corte da cortiça (material g) em 21 tiras, cada 4 x 7 polegadas. Overlay cada cortiça sobre PVC para garantir que não haja sobreposição na costura ou extremidades do tubo. </li><li> Corte o excesso de cortiça rente à borda. Brasão cada um dos 21 pedaços de cano (um por um) com todo o cimento propósito (material h) e enrole com cortiça. </li><li> Meça e corte pedaços de laminado auto-adesivo (material i) e seis pedaços de papel marrom (material j) 4 x 7 polegadas seis 4 x 7 polegadas. Corte o excesso. Enrole seis peças com laminado auto-adesivo. </li><li> Brasão seis peças com todo o cimento propósito e embrulhe com papel de embrulho marrom. Brasão só peça com todo o cimento propósito e enrole com uma lixa (material k). Brasão duas peças com todo o cimento propósito e embrulhe com cartão brilhante (material l). </li><li> Medir e colocar para fora oito pedaços de argila (material de m), cada um pesando 2,2 onças. Meça e lay out seis peças de barro, cada um pesando 3,2 onças. Medir e colocar para fora sete pedaços de barro, cada um pesando 4,2 onças. </li><li> Molde de duas 2.2 onças, 3,2 onças, e 4,2 onças de pedaços de barro em um bloco sólido para preencher o diâmetro do tubo. Insira cada para o centro de um tubo coberto de embrulho de papel marrom. Repita o passo com tubos cobertos com cortiça e laminado auto-adesivo. </li><li> Molde de duas peças 2.2 onças de barro em um bloco sólido para preencher o diâmetro do tubo. Inserir um para o centro de um tubo coberto de cartão brilhante e um para dentro do tubo coberto de papel de areia. </li><li> Moldar uma peça 4.2 onças de barro em um bloco sólido para preencher o diâmetro do tubo. Inserir para o centro de um tubo coberto de cartão brilhante. </li><li> Preencha cada tubo de capacidade com espuma de embalagem de célula fechada (material n). Pesar os componentes para garantir a precisão de peso de 0,1 onça. </li><li> Revestimento cada tampa de extremidade (Material O) com todo o cimento finalidade e firmemente inserir em ambas as extremidades de cada tubo. </li><li> Rotular cada objeto com o peso (na parte inferior) e número (no topo) a serem visíveis ao examinador. </li><li> Tes Capat objetos 1T, 2T e 3T com cortiça, em seguida, de papel marrom, e pesar com 6, 7 e 8 onças, respectivamente. Teste de cobertura de objetos 4T, T5, T6 e só e pesar com 6, 7 e 8 onças, respectivamente. Teste de cobertura de objetos T7, T8, T9 e com cortiça, laminado, em seguida, auto-adesiva, e pesar com 6, 7 e 8 onças, respectivamente. </li><li> Amostra de etiqueta objetos 1-9 (duplicatas exatas dos objetos de teste). </li><li> Rotular o exemplo de três objetos A, exemplo B, e C. Tampa objetos A e B com cartolina brilhante (pesando 6 e 8 onças, respectivamente). Cubra exemplo objeto C em papel de areia (pesando 6 onças). (Exemplo objectos não são mostrados na Figura 2). </li><li> Sore e transportar todos os itens de teste em uma caixa de armazenamento de plástico (material p). </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53178/53178fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2:. Organização do Teste pressa Objects Os objetos de teste são ordenados 1-9 e marcadas com um &#39;T&#39;. Entãoobjetos de amostra do INE, que os participantes correspondem aos objetos de teste por peso ou textura, também são numerados 1-9 e ordenou, como mostrado. 2. Administração da pressa: <ol><li> Participantes assento em uma tabela padrão de altura (~ 29 polegadas) e cadeira (~ 18 polegadas). Ajustar as alturas de modo a que o participante pode repousar e mover-se confortavelmente o braço de ensaio sobre a mesa. Coloque o braço de ensaio sob uma tela visual, como mostrado na Figura 3, para evitar participante de ver o braço de ensaio, os objectos, ou o examinador. Nota: Testar a extremidade superior menos prejudicada em primeiro lugar, se o participante que está sendo testado tem uma extremidade superior mais prejudicada. </li><li> Instrua participante para agarrar e levantar objetos exemplo de determinar livremente diferenças entre peso e textura. Fornecer feedback para apenas os dois ensaios de demonstração. </li><li> Administrar dois ensaios de demonstração antes de marcar. Já participante comparar objetos A e B para ilustrar as diferenças de peso. Terparticipante comparar objetos A e C para ilustrar as diferenças de textura. </li><li> Não oferecer feedback sobre o desempenho do paciente durante os ensaios do teste marcou. Não ajudar o paciente com exploração manual dos objetos. Organizar materiais de teste para todos os testes 18, mantendo-objetos em ordem numérica. (Figura 2) </li><li> Fornecer instruções verbais ao participante: &quot;Use uma mão para explorar manualmente o objeto de teste primeiro. Em seguida, explorar cada uma das três partidas possíveis, que variam de acordo com peso ou textura, mas nunca ambos no prazo de um julgamento. Encontre o jogo. Toque em cada objeto tantas vezes quanto necessário para determinar a resposta. Haverá 18 ensaios. Com um máximo de 5 min para cada tentativa. &quot; </li><li> Repita instruções de teste durante a administração de teste, a critério do examinador ou a pedido do participante. Não informar participante a respeito de que propriedade do objeto (peso ou textura) que eles estão combinando dentro de um julgamento. </li><li> Deslize objetos para e longe da mão do participante, por solicitação do participante, se seu cotovelo ou ombro movimento impede de se mover entre objetos (Figura 3). </li><li> Ter o participante indicar sua opção verbalmente ou apontando para sua escolha em cima de encontrar o jogo. Administrar a próxima prova. Não tem participante descrever, de qualquer forma, as propriedades do objeto ou explicar por que eles escolheram o jogo que eles fizeram. </li><li> Pontuação do teste por determinação do número de partidas corretas de um total de 18 ensaios por mão. Use Apêndice 1: Instruções de Administração e folha da contagem e da organização geral mostrado na Figura 2, a fim de reduzir o erro examinador. </li><li> Analisar e interpretar escores pressa como uma medida de desempenho haptic com as seguintes considerações. Nota: Os intervalos entre fileiras na pressa, uma escala ordinal, pode não ser consistente e não pode ser known. No entanto, como muitos medidas clínicas, pode ser significativa e adequada para aplicar inferência estatística como se os dados foram intervalo, como mostrado na Figura 4. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53178/53178fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3: Com a pressa Objects para o Participante Os objetos podem ser colocados na mão do participante, mas o examinador deve evitar auxiliar o participante com a manipulação de objetos..

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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

Evidências sugerem que semelhante a recuperação motora após acidente vascular cerebral, a recuperação somatossensorial exige treinamento específico de tarefas. 18,19, 20 Portanto, se o nosso objectivo é melhorar o desempenho mãos como um receptor haptic, deficiências táteis devem ser identificados. 15 A oportunidade de quantificar capacidade háptica na clínica e laboratorial tem sido limitado, em certa medida, com base na disponibilidade de medidas de resultados fiáveis ​​e válid...

Imagine a sensação de um ente querido mão. Ele está calejada ou suave? Forte ou delicado? Quente ou frio? Você mantê-lo em um aperto de mão ou com os dedos entrelaçados? Se você ter evocado uma memória, é provável baseada em sua capacidade de usar o movimento de suas mãos para solicitar informação somatossensorial, que é chamado de toque tátil, ou sensação ativa. Características que podem ser determinadas com meios hápticos toque incluem o tamanho, a forma, o peso, a textura, o cumprimento da superfície, e a temperatura. Receptores hápticos incluem proprioceptores, que são encontrados na pele, músculos, tendões e articulações, bem como receptores cutâneos, os quais são activados durante a exploração manual de objectos. Acções diferente mão auxiliar na determinação das características de objectos. Por exemplo, executar repetidamente um movimento de fricção lateral através de um objeto pode expor propriedades de textura, ou levantar o objeto na mão pode revelar o peso do objeto. Assim, tanto a destreza manual e Somatosensation são vitais para o desempenho háptica e da experiência humana. Na sequência de acidente vascular cerebral, ambos somatossensorial e motoras contribuem para o desempenho tátil diminuída. 1 poststroke deficiências motoras são comuns e bem definida, com aproximadamente 70% dos sobreviventes de AVC experimentar algum nível de paresia. 1 deficiências Somatosensoriais após o AVC também são comuns, ocorrendo em 47- 89% dos indivíduos 2-4. Os pesquisadores concordam que tanto cutânea e imparidades proprioceptivos são comuns após um AVC. Para uma caracterização completa das consequências do acidente vascular cerebral em domínios somatossensorial o leitor é remetido para as obras de Carey por et al., 2 Connell et al., 5 e Sullivan. 4 Imparidades somatossensorial contribuir para os resultados da reabilitação diminuiu, 6 coordenação de membros superiores, 7 função e qualidade de vida. 8 No entanto, quantification de imparidades somatossensorial, especialmente sensação ativa, está faltando na prática clínica, em parte devido ao fato de que a perda somatossensorial é menos evidente e mais difícil de quantificar do que deficiências motoras. 9 As medidas que têm sido desenvolvidos para quantificar sensação ativa incluem a Byl-Chyney -Boczai Sensorial Discriminator (BCB), de 10 a componente estereognosia da Revista Nottingham Sensory Assessment, 11 os testes de reconhecimento de objetos táteis Funcionais (fTORT), 12 Testar formulário manual de Percepção (um subconjunto da informação sensorial e Praxis Test), 13 e o objeto Haptic Recognition Test (HORT). 14 Embora estas medidas estão disponíveis, uma recente revisão sistemática, que procurou descrever como deficiências somatossensoriais no braço e na mão relacionadas a problemas nos membros superiores seguintes acidente vascular cerebral, concluíram que médicos e pesquisadores não têm atualmente válida e testes confiáveis ​​de somatossensação. 15 </sup&gt; Assim, abordando a disponibilidade de medidas clinicamente úteis e paramétrica de som de desempenho tátil é essencial. A Mão do Active Sensation Test (pressa) é um teste de 18 itens match-para-amostra de peso e textura discriminação, publicado originalmente por Williams e seus colegas em 2006. 16 A pressa é uma medida de toque tátil e é sensível às deficiências táteis em indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral (indicado por menos de 13 partidas corretas). Como a pressa procura medir tato, como critérios mínimos, os indivíduos necessitam as habilidades para entender e levantar com a mão eo braço e siga as instruções de teste. Na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Health modelo (ICF) Deficiência e, 17 a pressa é considerado uma medida do nível de atividade. A pressa leva entre 15-30 minutos para administrar por mão testado. Vantagens da pressa incluem que é barato, o total dos preços das matérias para 2015 estimado em US $ 100E fácil de construir e que é de 18 pontos escala proporciona maior resolução em relação ao desempenho de caracterização dicotômica mais comum de &quot;intactos&quot; ou &quot;prejudicado&quot;. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a concepção, fabricação e administração da pressa. Embora seja possível inferir o teste set-up a partir da publicação pressa original, este documento oferece métodos detalhados para a fabricação de uma tela visual e um kit de teste pressa, tanto para ser usado durante o teste. Os equipamentos necessários para a montagem, bem como uma lista detalhada de todos os materiais necessários está listado na tabela de materiais. Uma única folha com instruções para a administração e marcando a pressa também é fornecido como o seguinte: ANEXO 1: Instruções de Administração pressa e Folha de Pontuação Participante ID #_______ Date_______ Set Up: Assente o participante teste em uma tabela (tabela ~ 29 polegadas de altura e cadeira assento ~ 18 polegadas de altura) com, inicialmente, o descanso membro superior dominante ou menos prejudicada na mesa e colocado sob o visual tela montada. Durante o teste, mantenha todos os objetos em ordem numérica para manter a organização. Trials demonstração: Administrar dois ensaios de demonstração antes de marcar. Fornecer o participante com objetos A e B, e instruí-lo / a para comparar os pesos dos objetos. Em seguida, fornecer o participante com objetos A e C, e instruí-lo / a para comparar as texturas dos objetos. Oferecer feedback apenas para os ensaios de demonstração. Ensaios marcados: Haverá 18 ensaios marcados por extremidade, com um máximo de 5 minutos permitido para cada. Instrua o participante para explorar manualmente o objeto de teste especificado (identificado &quot;teste&quot; nas tabelas abaixo) com a mão dominante ou menos prejudicada, então explore cada um dos três possíveis correspondências objeto (numeradas de outra forma dentro de cada caixa de julgamento abaixo) com esta mesma mão. As correspondências possíveis variam de acordo com o peso ou a textura, mas nunca por tanto dentro de um julgamento. Instrua o participante para encontrar a combinação do objeto original e dizer a ele / ela que pode tocar cada objeto tantas vezes quanto necessário para determinar uma resposta. Não informar o participante a respeito de que propriedade do objeto (textura ou peso) que ele ou ela está combinando dentro de um julgamento, e não ajudar o participante com exploração manual dos objetos. Indique resposta final do participante para cada ensaio nas tabelas abaixo, circulando o número do objeto. Teste a extremidade superior mais prejudicada depois de o participante completar o teste, com a extremidade superior menos prejudicada. Utilizando as tabelas abaixo, marcar o teste por determinação do número de partidas corretas de um total de 18 ensaios por mão (uma caixa por julgamento abaixo). Verbal Instructions a Participante: &quot;Use uma mão para explorar manualmente o objeto de teste primeiro. Em seguida, explorar cada uma das três partidas possíveis, que variam de acordo com o peso ou a textura, mas nunca por tanto dentro de um julgamento. Encontre o jogo. Você pode tocar cada objeto quantas vezes você precisa determinar a sua resposta. Haverá 18 ensaios. Você tem um máximo de 5 min para cada tentativa. &quot; <img alt="Score Card" src="/files/ftp_upload/53178/53178scorecard.jpg" />

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			<td>Equipment Needed for Assembly</td>
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			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape measure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To measure lengths of materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC saw</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To cut PVC pieces to appropriate lengths given below</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To cut paper, cork and laminating material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale accurate to 0.1 ounce</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To determine exact weight of test objects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharpie Permanent Marker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To label test item number and weight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Visual Screen Materials</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5-inch PVC Pipe (Sch. 40 Plain-End Pipe)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>530048</td>
			<td>104 inches total, will be cut into four 10-inch and three 20-inch pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5-inch PVC Tee (Sch. 40 SxSxS Tee)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>406005RMC</td>
			<td>Two pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC Elbow (Lasco 0.5-inch Dia 90 degree PVC Sch 40 Side Outlet Elbow)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>413005RMC</td>
			<td>Two pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pillowcase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>One to be hung from the PVC frame as a visual shield</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACCO Binder Clips, Medium</td>
			<td>amazon.com</td>
			<td>72050</td>
			<td>Two to hold the pillowcase to the PVC frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testing Kit Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5-inch PVC Sch. 40 DWV Plain End Pipe</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>531111</td>
			<td>85 inches total, will be cut into 21 4-inch pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartet Cork Roll, 1/16-inch thick</td>
			<td>amazon.com</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>1 roll, 24x48 inches, will be cut into 42 4x7-inch pieces to cover all test and example items</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oatey all purpose cement for CPVC and PVC</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>308213</td>
			<td>8 ounce can, to use to adhere cork, paper and end caps to PVC test items</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avery Self-Adhesive Laminating Roll</td>
			<td>amazon.com</td>
			<td>73610</td>
			<td>One 24x600-inch roll, will be cut into six 4x7-inches pieces to cover cork on six test objects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brown Builder&#39;s Paper</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>35140</td>
			<td>One roll, will be cut into six 4x7-inch pieces to cover cork on six test objects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M Pro Grade 9 Sandpaper</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>25060P-G</td>
			<td>One piece 4x7 inches, to use to cover one example item</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ranger Glossy Cardstock</td>
			<td>amazon.com</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>One 8.5x11-inch, 10-Pack, white, will be cut into two 4x7-inch pieces to cover example items</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marblex-durable self modeling clay in moist form</td>
			<td>amaco.com/shop/</td>
			<td>X-242</td>
			<td>One 5-pound package, used to achieve correct weights of test objects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium density polyethylene packing foam</td>
			<td>amazon.com</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>One foam sheet, 220 poly, charcoal, 2x24x18 inches, to fill the remaining space in test objects after clay has been inserted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knock Out Plug for 1.5-inch PVC</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>85000</td>
			<td>42 caps to seal the ends of the 21 test items</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilite 6-quart plastic storage box</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>16428960</td>
			<td>One to store/transport test objects</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design, fabrication, and administration of the hand active sensation test (haste)

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of outcome measures of upper extremity motor performance has grown. However, clinicians and researchers lack practical, quantitative measures of the hand&#8217;s natural role as a receptor of the environment. The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe), developed by Williams and colleagues in 2006, is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance. Though not available commercially, the HASTe can be fabricated from inexpensive materials, and it has been used successfully to identify impairments in haptic touch in individuals with stroke. (Williams, 2006). This paper presents the methods of design and fabrication of the HASTe testing kit, as well as a visual screen to be used during administration, and instructions for the tests administration and scoring.

Williams e seus colegas publicou o estudo original, que estabeleceu a confiabilidade ea validade da pressa, em 2006. Com base nesse estudo, os indivíduos marcando menos de 13 partidas corretas na pressa são considerados ter prejudicado o desempenho haptic, enquanto aqueles pontuação entre 13 e 18 são considerados como tendo desempenho haptic intacta. 16 Quando um pontuações individuais 6 ou menos combinações corretas, é considerado uma pontuação acaso, com base nas probabilidades em um jogo julgam...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test HASTe at JoVE.com

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test HASTe

The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe) is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance, which has been used successfully to identify impaired haptic touch in individuals with stroke. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, fabrication and administration of the HASTe.

Projeto, fabricação e Administração da Mão do Active Sensation Test (pressa)

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of ...

design-fabrication-administration-hand-active-sensation-test

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

9.0K visualizações.  The Ohio State University. The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe) is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance, which has been used successfully to identify impaired haptic touch in individuals with stroke. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, fabrication and administration of the HASTe. 

Vídeo: Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test HASTe

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, intestinal ischemia as well as following transplant and cardiovascular surgery.1 Reperfusion of previously ischemic tissue, while essential for the prevention of irreversible tissue injury, elicits excessive inflammation of the affected tissue. Adjacent to the production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the complement system and increased microvascular permeability, the activation of leukocytes is one of the principle actors in the pathological cascade of inflammatory tissue damage during reperfusion.2, 3 Leukocyte activation is a multistep process consisting of rolling, firm adhesion and transmigration and is mediated by a complex interaction between adhesion molecules in response to chemoattractants such as complement factors, chemokines, or platelet-activating factor.4
While leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules is predominantly mediated by the interaction of selectins5 with their counter ligands, firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium is selectin-controlled via binding to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and vascular cellular adhesion molecules (VCAM).6, 7 
Gold standard for the in vivo observation of leukocyte-endothelial interaction is the technique of intravital microscopy, first described in 1968.8
Though various models of IRI (ischemia-reperfusion injury) have been described for various organs, 9-12 only few are suitable for direct visualization of leukocyte recruitment in the microvascular bed on a high level of image quality.8 
We here promote the digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of the postcapillary venule in the cremasteric microcirculation of the rat 13 as a convenient method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze leukocyte recruitment for IRI-research in striated muscle tissue and provide a detailed manual for accomplishing the technique. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly appreciate, and safely perform the method.
In a step by step protocol we depict how to get started with respiration controlled anesthesia under sufficient monitoring to keep the animal firmly anesthetized for longer periods of time. We then describe the cremasteric preparation as a thin flat sheet for outstanding optical resolution and provide a protocol for leukocyte imaging in IRI that has been well established in our laboratories.

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of postcapillary venules in the cremasteric microcirculation is a convenient method to gain insights into leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vivo in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of striated muscle tissue. We here provide a detailed protocol to safely perform the technique and discuss its applications and limitations.

Real-time Digital Imaging de leucócito-endotélio Interação em isquemia-reperfusão (IRI) do músculo cremaster de rato

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, ...

Medicina

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The split hand phenomenon refers to predominant wasting of thenar muscles and is an early and specific feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A novel split hand index (SI) was developed to quantify the split hand phenomenon, and its diagnostic utility was assessed in ALS patients. The split hand index was derived by dividing the product of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude recorded over the abductor pollicis brevis and first dorsal interosseous muscles by the CMAP amplitude recorded over the abductor digiti minimi muscle. In order to assess the diagnostic utility of the split hand index, ALS patients were prospectively assessed and their results were compared to neuromuscular disorder patients. The split hand index was significantly reduced in ALS when compared to neuromuscular disorder patients (P&#60;0.0001). Limb-onset ALS patients exhibited the greatest reduction in the split&#160;hand index, and a value of 5.2 or less reliably differentiated ALS from other neuromuscular disorders. Consequently, the split&#160;hand index appears to be a novel diagnostic biomarker for ALS, perhaps facilitating an earlier diagnosis.

Dissociated atrophy of intrinsic hand muscles, termed the split hand, appears to be a specific feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).&#160;Consequently, a novel neurodiagnostic test, termed the split hand&#160;index, was developed to quantify the clinical phenomenon of the split hand, which differentiated ALS from mimic disorders.

Utilitário de Dissociated Intrínseca Mão atrofia muscular no Diagnóstico de Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica

The split hand phenomenon refers to predominant wasting of thenar muscles and is an early and specific feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A ...

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al. have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue.

The window of the murine dorsal skinfold chamber presented visualizes a zone of acute persistent ischemia of a musculocutaneous flap. Intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy permits for direct and repetitive assessment of the microvasculature and quantification of hemodynamics. Morphologic and hemodynamic results can further be correlated with histological and molecular analyses.

Lesão tecido isquêmico na Skinfold Câmara do mouse Dorsal: Um Modelo retalho de pele para investigar aguda isquemia persistente

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are ...

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell&#8217;s palsy) is the most common diagnosis, patients can also present with a history of physical trauma, infectious disease, tumor, or iatrogenic facial paralysis. Early repair within one year of injury can be achieved by direct nerve repair, cross-face nerve grafting or regional nerve transfer. It is due to muscle atrophy that in long lasting facial paralysis complex reconstructive methods have to be applied. Instead of one single procedure, different surgical approaches have to be considered to alleviate the various components of the paralysis.
The reconstruction of a spontaneous dynamic smile with a symmetric resting tone is a crucial factor to overcome the functional deficits and the social handicap that are associated with facial paralysis. Although numerous surgical techniques have been described, a two-stage approach with an initial cross-facial nerve grafting followed by a free functional muscle transfer is most frequently applied. In selected patients however, a single-stage reconstruction using the motor nerve to the masseter as donor nerve is superior to a two-stage repair. The gracilis muscle is most commonly used for reconstruction, as it presents with a constant anatomy, a simple dissection and minimal donor site morbidity.
Here we demonstrate the pre-operative work-up, the post-operative management, and precisely describe the surgical procedure of single-stage microsurgical reconstruction of the smile by free functional gracilis muscle transfer in a step by step protocol. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly comprehend the procedure. We further discuss indications and limitations of the technique and demonstrate representative results.

The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

Simples estágio dinâmico Reanimação do Sorriso em Irreversível Paralisia Facial pela Free Funcional transferência muscular

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic ...

Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models

The learning of microsurgical techniques and the maintenance of microsurgical skills have been traditionally based on the use of living animals, mainly laboratory rats. This method although extremely valuable can be economically demanding both for the surgeon and the sponsoring institution; it also requires special training facilities that may not always be available or accessible. Furthermore ethical concerns can limit the use of living animals for training purposes. Alternative training methods, such as inert tubes and gloves have not gained popularity among surgeons since they do not offer an experience similar to that of a clinical situation. Non-living animal models include the use of chicken thighs and wings; they offer a practice experience that resembles a clinical situation to a considerable extent. This type of training is relatively cheap and easily available. The microscope and instruments required can be acquired over the internet, and the chicken pieces can be bought at the local supermarket.
This approach allows a motivated trainee to rehearse different types of surgical techniques several times at a reasonable expense, helping to develop or maintain his surgical expertise if more complex facilities are not available. On the current manuscript we describe how to setup a small practice station, how to dissect the specimens, and how to practice both with the chicken thighs and with the chicken wings in a progressive fashion. This approach takes advantage on the versatility of the chicken thigh model and the small size of the chicken wing Brachial artery.

Here we describe how to set up a small microsurgical practice station and a simple and inexpensive method for the training of microsurgery with non-living animal models.

Passo a passo: método de treinamento Microsurgical combinação de dois modelos animais não vivos

The learning of microsurgical techniques and the maintenance of microsurgical skills have been traditionally based on the use of living animals, mainly ...

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

The available routes of administration commonly used for medications and fluids in the acute care setting are generally limited to oral, intravenous, or intraosseous routes, but in many patients, particularly in the emergency or critical care settings, these routes are often unavailable or time-consuming to access. A novel device is now available that offers an easy route for administration of medications or fluids via rectal mucosal absorption (also referred to as proctoclysis in the case of fluid administration and subsequent absorption). Although originally intended for the palliative care market, the utility of this device in the emergency setting has recently been described. Specifically, reports of patients being treated for dehydration, alcohol withdrawal, vomiting, fever, myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism, and cardiac arrest have shown success with administration of a wide variety of medications or fluids (including water, aspirin, lorazepam, ondansetron, acetaminophen, methimazole, and buspirone). Device placement is straightforward, and based on the observation of expected effects from the medication administrations, absorption is rapid. The rapidity of absorption kinetics are further demonstrated in a recent report of the measurement of phenobarbital pharmacokinetics. We describe here the placement and use of this device, and demonstrate methods of pharmacokinetic measurements of medications administered by this method.

This study presents a novel device that offers an easy route to quickly provide medications and fluids in patients with limited or difficult IV access. This small-diameter device is placed in the distal third of the rectum, allowing for ongoing medication and fluids administration.

Uma nova abordagem para a administração de medicamentos e fluídos em cenários de emergência e Configurações

The available routes of administration commonly used for medications and fluids in the acute care setting are generally limited to oral, intravenous, or ...

Stromal Vascular Fraction-enriched Fat Grafting for the Treatment of Symptomatic End-neuromata

The purpose of this study was to methodically illustrate and highlight the crucial steps of stromal vascular fraction (SVF)-enriched fat grafting as a novel treatment of symptomatic end-neuromata of peripheral sensory nerves, and in this study, specifically of the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN). Despite a multitude of existing treatments, persistent postoperative pain and common pain relapse are still very common, independent of the procedure assessed. The neuroma is microsurgically excised accordingly to standardized protocol. Instead of the relocation of the regenerating nerve stump in neighboring anatomical structures, such as muscle or bone, a fat graft is applied perifocally and acts as a mechanical barrier. In order to reduce the fat resorption rate and boost the regenerative potential of the graft, the highly concentrated SVF is integrated in the grafting. The SVF is isolated from subcutaneous fat by enzymatic and mechanic separation of the lipoaspirate by a specific commercial isolation system. The SVF-enriched fat graft provides both a mechanical barrier and various biological effects at the cellular level, including improving angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Both mechanical and biologic effects help to reduce the disorganized axonal outgrowth of the nerve stump during nerve regeneration and hence prevent the recurrence of painful end-neuromata.

The purpose of the study is to illustrate the technical procedure of stromal vascular fraction (SVF)-enriched fat grafting as a novel treatment of symptomatic end-neuromata. This technique provides advantages of both the mechanical barrier and the biological action at the cellular level by the processed and concentrated SVF.

Do estroma Vascular fração enriquecida enxerto de gordura para o tratamento sintomático final-neuromata

The purpose of this study was to methodically illustrate and highlight the crucial steps of stromal vascular fraction (SVF)-enriched fat grafting as a ...

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement classic taste-testing methods in two ways. First, we explain how to do a brief assessment of the mouth, including the tongue, to ensure that taste papillae are present and to note evidence of relevant disease. Second, we draw on genetics to validate taste test data by comparing reports of perceived bitterness intensity and inborn receptor genotypes. Discordance between objective measures of genotype and subjective reports of taste experience can identify data collection errors, distracted subjects or those who have not understood or followed instructions. Our expectation is that fast and valid taste tests may persuade researchers and clinicians to assess taste regularly, making taste testing as common as testing for hearing and vision. Finally, because many tissues of the body express taste receptors, taste responses may provide a proxy for tissue sensitivity elsewhere in the body and, thereby, serve as a rapid, point-of-care test to guide diagnosis and a research tool to evaluate taste receptor protein function.

This protocol measures human taste responses and includes a brief anatomical assessment, a short taste test, and a validation method using the subject&#39;s reported sensation and taste receptor genotype.

: Sabor um breve e validado teste exame

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a well-accepted tool for evaluating executive function. The standard TMT was invented more than 60 years ago and has been modified into many versions. With the development of digital technologies, TMT is now modified to a digitized version. The present study demonstrated digital TMT (dTMT) performed on a computer, and Walking TMT (WTMT) on the floor. Both revealed more information compared with the traditional version of TMT.

Here, we present a protocol to show how to perform two types of cognitive assessment tools derived from the paper-pencil version of the Trail Making Test.

Teste tradicional de fazer trilhas modificado em novas ferramentas de avaliação: teste digital e de trilha para caminhadas

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a well-accepted tool for evaluating executive function. The standard TMT was invented more than 60 years ago and has been ...

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper introduces a noninvasive method of intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation in mice. A dry powder loading device that consists of a 200 &#181;L gel loading pipette tip connected to an 1 mL syringe via a three-way stopcock is presented. A small amount of dry powder (1-2 mg) is loaded into the pipette tip and dispersed by 0.6 mL of air in the syringe. Because pipette tips are disposable and inexpensive, different dry powder formulations can be loaded into different tips in advance. Various formulations can be evaluated in the same animal experiment without device cleaning and dose refilling, thereby saving time and eliminating the risk of cross-contamination from residual powder. The extent of powder dispersion can be inspected by the amount of powder remaining in the pipette tip. A protocol of intubation in mouse with a custom-made light source and a guiding cannula is included. Proper intubation is one of the key factors that influences the intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation to the deep lung region of the mouse.

Dry powder formulations for inhalation have great potential in treating respiratory diseases. Before entering human studies, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the dry powder formulation in preclinical studies. A simple and noninvasive method of the administration of dry powder in mice through the intratracheal route is presented.

Administração Intratraqueal de Formulação de Pó Seco em Camundongos

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper ...