Os autores agradecem Brian Johnson da Histologia e imagem Núcleo da Universidade de Washington para obter ajuda com a coloração tricromo e análise. Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH concede HL098067 e HL089455.

Os Comitês Institucionais de Animais Cuidado e Uso (IACUC) da Universidade de Washington e Cedars-Sinai Medical Center aprovaram o animal de trabalho necessário para estes estudos. 1. Preparação <ol><li> Esterilizar ambas as pinças de extremidade embotada e o autoclave através de depressor. </li><li> Usando uma câmara de segurança biológica, prepare um estoque de trabalho de BLM em PBS a partir do pó liofilizado. Sonicar a solução durante 10 min a 35 kHz a assegurar uma mistura uniforme. Nota: Um volume total de entre 30 e 45 uL é recomendado para evitar a variação de pipetagem na extremidade baixa, e asfixia com volumes maiores. </li><li> Prepare um espaço de trabalho limpo, que inclui cerca de 1 m 2 para o procedimento em si, bem como locais designados para gaiolas antes e após o procedimento. </li><li> Fixar a placa de base do procedimento para o banco imediatamente em frente do investigador por a disposição de 2 ou 3 tiras de fita laboratório através da base e Sublinharying banco. Veja a Figura 1 para mais especificações sobre a criação de um conselho. </li><li> Amarre um único comprimento de tamanho 4.0 fio de sutura entre os dois parafusos de posicionamento da placa de procedimento. </li><li> Gerar um espirómetro improvisada, removendo e rejeitando o êmbolo a partir de três seringas de 1 ml, e depositar 60 ul de PBS para o topo de cada barril, para formar uma vedação hermética. Fixar o cubo do cateter livremente para uma das seringas e colocá-lo para um lado do tabuleiro. </li><li> Aspirar 300 ul de ar para uma seringa de 1 mL e colocá-lo para um lado do tabuleiro. </li><li> Cortar uma peça adicional de fita de aproximadamente 6 polegadas de comprimento e lugar para um lado. Isso será usado para prender o animal para o conselho na etapa 2.4. </li><li> Configurar uma câmara de isoflurano. Fixe O 2, isoflurano, e de vácuo para as portas apropriadas, tanto a câmara de exposição e o vácuo de apuramento. Em alternativa, administrar um anestésico de isoflurano-compatível biológicagabinete de segurança. </li></ol> 2. intubação <ol><li> Anestesiar o rato com isoflurano na câmara até que ela perde a consciência e respiração retarda a uma taxa adequada. Uma exposição típico inclui 4% de isoflurano e 2% de O 2 durante 3 a 4 minutos, e o resultado ideal é de 2 a 2,5 min da sedação. Isto corresponde a uma taxa de respiração de uma respiração cada 2 segundos. </li><li> Enquanto espera para a sedação para, em conjunto, aspirado entre 30 e 45 l de BLM em uma pipeta e lugar para um lado. </li><li> Quando estiver pronto, suspender o mouse sedado por seus incisivos superiores do fio ligado aos parafusos de posicionamento da plataforma procedimento. Certifique-se de que o dorso do animal fica plana contra a superfície da plataforma. </li><li> Tendo o cuidado de não restringir a ventilação, colocar um pedaço de fita livremente entre a parte inferior (caudal) da porção interior da cavidade torácica, logo acima do diafragma. A colocação deve ser apertado o suficiente para manter o alinhamento adequado durante o procedure, mas não tão apertado que restringe a respiração. </li><li> Ligue o iluminador para entre 80% e 100% de intensidade e orientar o pescoço de ganso de modo que é de 1 a 2 cm da superfície da pele, próximo do plexo solar. Verificar periodicamente a ponta do pescoço de ganso de calor para garantir que ele não ferir o rato. </li><li> De pé por trás da plataforma, use as estéreis, pinças fim brusco para localizar a língua. Ser cuidadoso para evitar os incisivos inferiores, suavemente aderência e desenhar a lingueta para fora da cavidade oral. </li><li> Usando a mão restante, insira o depressor e usá-lo para achatar a língua contra o assoalho da cavidade oral. Solte a pinça, mas deixe o depressor no lugar para as próximas duas etapas. </li><li> Orientar a luz de modo que a traqueia é visível, orientando o pescoço de ganso proximalmente a partir do nível do plexo solar até atingir o nível dos brônquios mainstem. Nota: A traqueia pode ser facilmente distinguidos pela acção da respiração, WHICH faz com que a luz emitida a flutuar em intensidade. Quando correctamente posicionada, esta estrutura será visível no plano axial de um pino localizado centralmente de luz com luz ambiente mínima na própria cavidade oral. </li><li> Ângulo da seringa para que ele segue o caminho natural da traqueia, e abaixe a ponta do cateter 22-G, com a seringa anexo contendo a gota, em linha reta para o lúmen. A bolha PBS começará a subir e descer com cada respiração em cima colocação bem sucedida. Nota: Esta acção pode ser retardado por vários segundos, como resultado da sedação profunda. </li><li> Alimentar o cateter em um adicional de 5 mm. Retire a espátula. </li><li> Deslocar a seringa ao lado oposto, e agarrando o hub, remova cuidadosamente a seringa. </li><li> Depósito entre 30 e 45 ul de BLM no centro do interior do cubo de cateter, anexar a segunda seringa e dispensar 300 ul de ar para dentro do cubo. </li><li> Substitua o segundoSeringa com o primeiro contendo a bolha de PBS. A bolha vai continuar a subir e descer se o procedimento foi realizado com sucesso. </li></ol> Cuidado 3. pós-procedimento <ol><li> Retirar o cateter e fita, e colocar o animal em um lugar quente e seco até que ele recupera a consciência - geralmente dentro de um par de minutos. </li></ol>

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<li>Mouratis, M. A., Aidinis, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Modeling+pulmonary+fibrosis+with+bleomycin%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Opin+Pulm+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Modeling pulmonary fibrosis with bleomycin.</a> Curr Opin Pulm Med. 17, 355-361 (2011).</li>
<li>Moeller, A., Ask, K., Warburton, D., Gauldie, J., Kolb, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+bleomycin+animal+model%3A+a+useful+tool+to+investigate+treatment+options+for+idiopathic+pulmonary+fibrosis%3F%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Int+J+Biochem+Cell+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The bleomycin animal model: a useful tool to investigate treatment options for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?</a> Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 40, 362-382 (2008).</li>
<li>Myllärniemi, M., Kaarteenaho, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pharmacological+treatment+of+idiopathic+pulmonary+fibrosis+-+preclinical+and+clinical+studies+of+pirfenidone%2C+nintedanib%2C+and+N-acetylcysteine%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Clinical+Respiratory+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - preclinical and clinical studies of pirfenidone, nintedanib, and N-acetylcysteine.</a> European Clinical Respiratory Journal. 2, (2015).</li>
<li>Reinert, T., Baldotto, C. S. dR., Nunes, F. A. P., Scheliga, A. A. dS. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Bleomycin-Induced+Lung+Injury%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Cancer+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury.</a> Journal of Cancer Research. 2013, 1-9 (2013).</li>
<li>Lakatos, H. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Oropharyngeal+aspiration+of+a+silica+suspension+produces+a+superior+model+of+silicosis+in+the+mouse+when+compared+to+intratracheal+instillation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Exp+Lung+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Oropharyngeal aspiration of a silica suspension produces a superior model of silicosis in the mouse when compared to intratracheal instillation.</a> Exp Lung Res. 32, 181-199 (2006).</li>
<li>Helms, M. N., Torres-Gonzalez, E., Goodson, P., Rojas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Direct+tracheal+instillation+of+solutes+into+mouse+lung%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Direct tracheal instillation of solutes into mouse lung.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2010).</li>
<li>Osier, M., Oberdorster, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intratracheal+inhalation+vs+intratracheal+instillation%3A+differences+in+particle+effects%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Fundam+Appl+Toxicol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intratracheal inhalation vs intratracheal instillation: differences in particle effects.</a> Fundam Appl Toxicol. 40, 220-227 (1997).</li>
<li>Driscoll, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intratracheal+instillation+as+an+exposure+technique+for+the+evaluation+of+respiratory+tract+toxicity%3A+Uses+and+Limitations%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Toxicol+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: Uses and Limitations.</a> Toxicol Sci. 55, 24-35 (2000).</li>
<li>MacDonald, K. D., Chang, H. Y., Mitzner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+improved+simple+method+of+mouse+lung+intubation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Appl+Physiol+%281985%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">An improved simple method of mouse lung intubation.</a> J Appl Physiol (1985). 106, 984-987 (1985).</li>
<li>Spoelstra, E. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+novel+and+simple+method+for+endotracheal+intubation+of+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lab+Anim%22%5BJournal%5D)">A novel and simple method for endotracheal intubation of mice.</a> Lab Anim. 41, 128-135 (2007).</li>
<li>Cai, Y., Kimura, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Noninvasive+intratracheal+intubation+to+study+the+pathology+and+physiology+of+mouse+lung%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Noninvasive intratracheal intubation to study the pathology and physiology of mouse lung.</a> J Vis Exp. , e50601(2013).</li>
<li>Starcher, B., WIlliams, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+method+for+intratracheal+instillation+of+endotoxin+into+the+lungs+of+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lab+Anim%22%5BJournal%5D)">A method for intratracheal instillation of endotoxin into the lungs of mice.</a> Lab Anim. 23, 234-240 (1989).</li>
<li>Daubeuf, F., Frossard, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Performing+bronchoalveolar+lavage+in+the+mouse%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Protoc+Mouse+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Performing bronchoalveolar lavage in the mouse.</a> Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 2, 167-175 (2012).</li>
<li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Severe+lung+fibrosis+requires+an+invasive+fibroblast+phenotype+regulated+by+hyaluronan+and+CD44%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Exp+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Severe lung fibrosis requires an invasive fibroblast phenotype regulated by hyaluronan and CD44.</a> J Exp Med. 208, 1459-1471 (2011).</li>
<li>Grazioli, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((CYR61+%28CCN1%29+overexpression+induces+lung+injury+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Lung+Cell+Mol+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">CYR61 (CCN1) overexpression induces lung injury in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 308, L759-L765 (2015).</li>
<li>Redente, E. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+accelerates+the+resolution+of+established+pulmonary+fibrosis+in+mice+by+targeting+profibrotic+lung+macrophages%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Respir+Cell+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Tumor necrosis factor-alpha accelerates the resolution of established pulmonary fibrosis in mice by targeting profibrotic lung macrophages.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 50, 825-837 (2014).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Nos casos em que aerossolização é impraticável devido à disponibilidade limitada de reagentes, de segurança, ou de custos, a administração traqueal directa é um método superior para a entrega de agentes exógenos aos pulmões 16 transtraqueal instilação tem sido amplamente utilizada para realizar isto.; No entanto, como acontece com qualquer intervenção cirúrgica, ele também carrega consigo o potencial de complicações causadas pelo procedimento em si, e não necessariamente o agente a ser in...

Apesar de algumas diferenças anatômicas e fisiológicas, 1 modelos murino continuam a ser de valor inestimável para a modelagem de biologia humana e patogênese da doença. 2 Do ponto de vista pecuária, os ratos são fáceis de manusear, tem um tempo de reprodução baixa, um tempo de vida acelerado, e são relativamente baratos para abrigar. Com o desenvolvimento de diversas estirpes genéticas e estratégias (por ex., Condicionais knock-outs, ratinhos repórter, abordagens de rastreio de linhagem, etc.), bem como a grande variedade de reagentes disponíveis (por exemplo., Anticorpos, proteínas recombinantes, inibidores, etc.), os ratos se tornaram um organismo essencial modelo de vertebrados para descobrir processos de homeostase e de doenças humanas 3. Os ratos têm sido especialmente valiosa para estudar as condições pulmonares, incluindo lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) e fibrose pulmonar. 4 LPA em seres humanos pode ser causado por trauma, lesão, ou septicemia e é caracterizada por células epiteliais evazamento endotelial (isto é., edema), inflamação e fibrose nascente. Em muitos pacientes, ALI progride para sua forma grave, síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA), que muitas vezes resulta em fibrose e morte por insuficiência respiratória. 5,6 fibrose pulmonar é uma patologia progressiva, fatal caracterizada pela deposição excessiva de matriz extracelular , digite mais notavelmente I colágeno, levando a função pulmonar prejudicada. 7,8 a administração de bleomicina (BLM) é o modelo mais amplamente utilizado e melhor caracterizado para induzir ALI e fibrose em animais experimentais. 9 Apesar de fibrose pulmonar BLM-induzida em roedores faz não recapitular plenamente os fenótipos fibróticas humanos, 10 estudos com ratos com este modelo levaram à descoberta de muitos fatores importantes que influenciam o aparecimento e progressão da doença 11. Enquanto o mecanismo exacto (s) por detrás fibrogénese induzida por BLM são desconhecidas, a lesão iniciarPensa-se que surgir a partir de rupturas dos filamentos de DNA dependente de contacto nas células epiteliais que revestem as vias aéreas condutoras e alvéolos e, em particular, tipo 1 pneumócitos. 12 A necessidade de contacto directo entre BLM eo epitélio pulmonar destaca a importância de uma rota de entrega robusta , e estas preocupações são também pertinentes para uma vasta gama de tratamentos direccionado para as vias respiratórias distais, incluindo proteínas recombinantes, anticorpos, siRNA, vírus, bactérias, partículas, e mais. Aspiração orofaríngea (OPA) tem sido amplamente utilizado para este fim 13, mas um grande inconveniente de uma OPA é que alguma porção do agente fornecido pode ser engolida para o tracto gastrointestinal, conduzindo assim a imprecisão na dose administrada. Outra abordagem amplamente utilizada é a instilação transtraqueal, que envolve traqueostomia sob anestesia forte para expor a traqueia e a instilação de um agente directamente no tracto respiratório. 14 No entanto, tal não só podeum procedimento ser indesejável devido ao seu invasividade, mas também consome tempo, exige um pouco de formação, e provoca uma lesão potente ao tracto respiratório têm sido desenvolvidos. 15,16 Vários protocolos que envolvem a administração directa de agentes para o traqueia, sem a necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica, 16,17,18,19,20 tempos de recuperação, mas estes métodos envolvem estendidos causada pelos anestésicos potentes, o uso de equipamento caro (isto é., otoscope / laringoscopio, disponíveis comercialmente placas de procedimento, de fibra óptica fios, etc.), um excesso de manipulação na cavidade oral, e a incerteza sobre a dosagem. Este artigo descreve um método relativamente fácil de administração por entubação que permite que um investigador de forma rápida, barata, e infundir de forma fiável um reagente para o pulmão de murino com o risco reduzido de danos residuais para os tecidos circundantes.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bleomycin For Injection, 30 units/vial</td><td>APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC</td><td>103720</td><td>For best results, BLM should be suspended in PBS, aliquoted, and stored as single use lyophilzed aliquots</td></tr><tr><td>Blunt End Forceps</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tongue Depressor (i.e. bent Valleylab Blade Electrode, 2.4&quot;)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Covidien</td><td>E1551G</td><td>Before use, create a 45 degree bend 1.5 cm&amp;nbsp; from the blade tip. A suitable depressor can also be created from any metal implement of similar dimensions.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Exel Safelet Catheter 22G X 1&quot;</td><td>Exel International</td><td>26746</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml Slip-tip Disposable Tuberculin Syringe (200/sp, 1600/ca)</td><td>BD</td><td>309659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 ml Pipettor and Filter Tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Lite Illuminator. Model 181-1: Model 180 mated with Standard Dual Gooseneck illuminator</td><td>Dolan Jenner Industries, Inc.</td><td>181-1</td><td>Lower output LED illuminators are not recommended as they fail to suficiently illuminate the trachea.</td></tr><tr><td>Intubation Board</td><td></td><td></td><td>See Diagram 1.</td></tr><tr><td>Colored Label Tape: 0.5&amp;nbsp;in. Wide</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>15-901-15A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oxygen&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1X</td><td>Corning</td><td>21-040-CV</td><td>Product should be sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Non-Sterile Silk Black Braided Suture Spool, 91.4 m, Size 4-0</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>517698</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Table Top Anesthesia Machine Isoflurane</td><td>Highland Medical Equipment</td><td></td><td>http://www.highlandmedical.net/</td></tr><tr><td>Slide Top Induction Mouse Isoflurane Chamber</td><td>MIP / Anesthesia Technologies</td><td>AS-01-0530-SM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FORANE (isoflurane, USP) Liquid For Inhalation 100 mL&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Baxter</td><td>1001936040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Nanozoomer Digital Pathology system</td><td>Hamamatsu</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IgM ELISA Quantification Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bethyl Laboratories</td><td>E90-101</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

an improved method for rapid intubation of the trachea in mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

Ratos entubados foram monitorados diariamente para perda de peso e angústia, e sacrificados 4, 10 ou 17 dias depois através de injecção intraperitoneal de 2,5% 2,2,2 tribromoethanol. Lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foi coletado em três lavagens de PBS como descrito em outra parte 21 , e o pulmão direito foi fixado em 10% de formalina, embebidos em parafina, e coradas com tricrómio de Masson pela Universidade de Washington Histologia e imagem de ...

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An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Um método melhorado para rápida de intubação da traqueia em Ratos

Este artigo apresenta um método rápido e simples para a administração de bleomicina diretamente na traquéia do mouse através de intubação. As principais vantagens deste método é que ele é altamente reprodutível, fácil de dominar, e não requer equipamento especializado ou tempos de recuperação longos.

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

25.2K visualizações.  University of Washington.  Este artigo apresenta um método rápido e simples para a administração de bleomicina diretamente na traquéia do mouse através de intubação. As principais vantagens deste método é que ele é altamente reprodutível, fácil de dominar, e não requer equipamento especializado ou tempos de recuperação longos. 

Vídeo: An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

Ventilação a pressão controlada para induzir lesão pulmonar aguda em ratos

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

Medicina

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

Entubação endotraqueal em Ratos<em&gt; Via</em&gt; Laringoscopia direta Usando um otoscópio

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

Um método simples de intubação Lung Rato

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Noninvasive Intratracheal Intubation to Study the Pathology and Physiology of Mouse Lung

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. With the increasing availability of knockout and transgenic derivatives, together with a vast amount of genetic information, mice provide one of the best models to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology and physiology of lung diseases. Inhalation, intranasal instillation, intratracheal instillation, and intratracheal intubation are the most widely used techniques by a number of investigators to administer materials of interest to mouse lungs. There are pros and cons for each technique depending on the goals of a study. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented. This technique was applied to administer bleomycin to mouse lungs as a model to study pulmonary fibrosis.

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented.

Não invasiva Intratraqueal intubação para estudar a Patologia e Fisiologia do Rato Lung

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular ...

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) measurements and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sampling are essential to experimental asthma models, but repeated procedures to obtain such measurements in the same animal are generally not feasible.  Here, we demonstrate protocols for obtaining from mice repeated measurements of AHR and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples.  Mice were challenged intranasally seven times over 14 days with a potent allergen or sham treated.  Prior to the initial challenge, and within 24 hours following each intranasal challenge, the same animals were anesthetized, orally intubated and mechanically ventilated.  AHR, assessed by comparing dose response curves of respiratory system resistance (RRS) induced by increasing intravenous doses of acetylcholine (Ach) chloride between sham and allergen-challenged animals, were determined.  Afterwards, and via the same intubation, the left lung was lavaged so that differential enumeration of airway cells could be performed.  These studies reveal that repeated measurements of AHR and BAL fluid collection are possible from the same animals and that maximal airway hyperresponsiveness and airway eosinophilia are achieved within 7-10 days of initiating allergen challenge.  This novel technique significantly reduces the number of mice required for longitudinal experimentation and is applicable to diverse rodent species, disease models and airway physiology instruments.  

Repeated measurements of rodent respiratory physiology and sampling of airway inflammatory cells are desirable, but generally not feasible. Here we describe a repeatable method for orally intubating mice that permits repeated measurements of airway hyperreactivity and sampling of airway inflammatory cells.

A reversível, método não-invasivo para medições de Resistência das Vias Aéreas e Amostragem Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar em Ratos

Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) measurements and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sampling are essential to experimental asthma models, but repeated ...

Biologia

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

Um modelo de peito fechado para induzir a constrição da aorta transversa em ratos

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

A Mouse Model of Orotracheal Intubation and Ventilated Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Surgery

Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury frequently results from processes that involve a transient period of interrupted blood flow. In the lung, isolated IR permits the experimental study of this specific process with continued alveolar ventilation, thereby avoiding the compounding injurious processes of hypoxia and atelectasis. In the clinical context, lung ischemia reperfusion injury (also known as lung IRI or LIRI) is caused by numerous processes, including but not limited to pulmonary embolism, resuscitated hemorrhagic trauma, and lung transplantation. There are currently limited effective treatment options for LIRI. Here, we present a reversible surgical model of lung IR involving first orotracheal intubation followed by unilateral left lung ischemia and reperfusion with preserved alveolar ventilation or gas exchange. Mice undergo a left thoracotomy, through which the left pulmonary artery is exposed, visualized, isolated, and compressed using a reversible slipknot. The surgical incision is then closed during the ischemic period, and the animal is awakened and extubated. With the mouse spontaneously breathing, reperfusion is established by releasing the slipknot around the pulmonary artery. This clinically relevant survival model permits the evaluation of lung IR injury, the resolution phase, downstream effects on lung function, as well as two-hit models involving experimental pneumonia. While technically challenging, this model can be mastered over the course of a few weeks to months with an eventual survival or success rate of 80%-90%.

A mouse surgical model to create left lung ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury while maintaining ventilation and avoiding hypoxia.

Um Modelo de Rato de Intubação Orotraqueal e Cirurgia de Reperfusão de Isquemia Pulmonar Ventilada

Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury frequently results from processes that involve a transient period of interrupted blood flow. In the lung, isolated IR ...

Imunologia e Infecção

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Imagem de cálcio em rato de azeitona inferior

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Neurociência

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

Intubação Orotraqueal Repetida em Camundongos

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Protocolo de intubação endotraqueal baseado em traqueotomia para modelos de ratos não sobreviventes

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

Endotracheal intubation and subsequent ventilation are often basic requirements for translational research in rat models for various interventions that require controlled or high ventilation pressures or access to the thoracic cavity and organs. Conventional endoorotracheal intubation using the anatomically existing route through the mouth is well suited for survival experiments. However, this procedure poses some challenges, including generally higher levels of the required experience and technical skill, more advanced equipment, and greater time effort with relevant intubation failure rates and complications such as tracheal perforation, temporary systemic hypooxygenation, and relevant aerial leakage.
This manuscript, therefore, presents a detailed step-by-step protocol for endotracheal intubation through tracheotomy in non-survival rat models when guaranteed intubation success, constant oxygenation levels, high ventilation pressures, or open thoracotomy are required.
The protocol emphasizes the importance of meticulous surgical technique to ensure consistent and reliable outcomes, especially for researchers who are inexperienced or lack routine in the technique of endoorotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is, therefore, expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Intubação endotraqueal via traqueotomia e subsequente toracotomia em ratos para aplicações de não sobrevivência

Here we introduce a standardized procedure for endotracheal intubation via tracheotomy followed by thoracotomy in rats, aimed at enhancing the precision and reproducibility of non-survival applications requiring invasive ventilation and exposure of thoracic organs in in vivo rat models.

Intubação endotraqueal via traqueotomia e subsequente toracotomia em ratos para aplicações de não sobrevivência

Endotracheal intubation and subsequent ventilation are often basic requirements for translational research in rat models for various interventions that ...