Name: detection of trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein switching by magnetic activated cell sorting and flow cytometry
Uploaded: 2016-10-19T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 45 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Nós gostaríamos de agradecer George Cross para o conselho geral sobre a biologia do tripanossoma. Este trabalho também foi apoiado por uma Fundação Bill e Melinda Gates concessão GCE para DS, a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE-1325261) para MRM e um NIH / NIAID (concessão # AI085973) para FNP. Agradecemos Galadriel Hovel-Miner para o uso da estirpe contendo o local de gene e reconhecimento I-SCEI.

NOTA: Durante o procedimento, é necessário manter as células no gelo. media frias também devem ser utilizados por toda parte. Colheita 1. Amostra <ol><li> Crescer Lister 427 tripanossomas tensão da corrente sanguínea até uma densidade de 0,5 - 1 milhão / ml. É melhor iniciar culturas com um pequeno número de parasitas. Girar 50 X 10 6 células / amostra durante 10 min a 1500 x g. Certifique-se de deixar 1 x 10 6 células em cultura para mais tarde usar controles de anticorpos como positivos e negativos. NOTA: Este protocolo também pode ser usado em tripanossomas isolados de sangue animal (ver discussão para mais detalhes). </li><li> Pipeta ou deitar fora a maior parte do sobrenadante (deixar cerca de 750 mL). Transferir as células para um tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml. </li><li> Girar as células a 4 ° C durante 4 minutos a 5.200 xg numa microcentrífuga e remover o sobrenadante. </li></ol> 2. Etiquetagem Magnética <ol><li> Ressuspender as células em 150 ul de meio de cultura (HMI-9 with soro, por exemplo) + anticorpo anti-VSG primário na diluição apropriada. NOTA: O anticorpo anti-VSG é feita em casa e usado numa diluição de 1:50. É importante a utilização de um anticorpo anti-VSG primário que não é marcado com um fluoróforo. </li><li> Vortex células utilizando um vórtice adaptador-60 a uma velocidade de 6 - 8 numa sala fria a 4 ° C durante 10 min. Lavar com 800 - 1.000 l fria HMI-9 com soro. </li><li> Centrifugação a 4 ° C durante 4 min a 5200 xg e o sobrenadante aspirado. Lava-se com 1 ml de HMI-9 com soro e rodar como acima. Aspirar o sobrenadante. Ressuspender o sedimento em 100 ul de HMI-9 com soro. </li><li> Adicionar 110 ul de células magnético ativado triagem microesferas (MSC). Use anti-rato, anti-coelho, ou grânulos anti-biotina, conforme apropriado para o anticorpo anti-VSG primária. Misture bem. células de vórtice em uma sala fria a 4 ° C durante 10 min. </li><li> Enquanto as células são vortex, configure uma separação coluna / amostra magnética ativado em um ímã separação. Certifique-se de ter um receptacle (usamos um tubo de centrífuga de 15 ml) na coluna para recolher o fluxo de passagem. Configurar o aparelho em uma sala fria. </li><li> Adicionar 2 ml de HMI-9 com soro à coluna prime. Após o condicionamento lugar um tubo de centrífuga de 15 ml, sob a coluna para recolha de escoamento a partir de cada amostra. </li><li> Após os 10 minutos de incubação na etapa 2.4, adicione 800-1.000 ul frio HMI-9 com soro. Centrifugação a 4 ° C durante 4 min a 5200 x g e remover o sobrenadante para remover o anticorpo não ligado. Lava-se com 1 ml de HMI-9 com soro e repetir deixando 100 l de sobrenadante. </li><li> Flick o tubo de centrífuga vigorosa e inspeccionar visualmente o tubo a certeza de que o pelete é ressuspenso completamente. Adicionar 1 ml de HMI-9 com soro e pipeta-se para baixo e para certificar-se que as células ressuspensas são bem. </li></ol> 3. Separação Magnética <ol><li> Certifique-se de que as colunas são preparados como descrito acima. Aplicar células de coluna. Recolha de fluxo com células que expressam o VS não-dominanteG. 1 ml de meio + tripanossomas tipicamente leva 6-7 min a fluir através da coluna. </li><li> Lavar 2x com 1 ml de HMI-9 com soro e recolher o fluxo através do mesmo tubo como no passo 3.1. </li><li> Divide escoamento (3 mL) em dois tubos de microcentrifugação de 1,5 ml. NOTA: Estes podem ser combinados mais tarde ou meia pode ser usado para isolar o ARN, etc. </li><li> Remover coluna de ímã. Adicionar 3 ml de HMI-9 com soro à coluna e mergulhar coluna para um tubo de centrífuga de 15 ml para se obter células que expressam a partida, VSG dominante. Retirar 300 ul de material fluido para análise posterior. Manter essas células em gelo. </li><li> Para utilização como um positivo e um controlo negativo, demora aproximadamente 1 milhão de células a partir da cultura inicial de células de controlo em crescimento a 37 ° C (aqueles não esperado para mudar frequentemente) e pipeta-os para um tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml. NOTA: células de controlo positivo serão coradas com anticorpo marcado com fluoróforo na etapa 4.1. As células de controlo negativo Remana imaculada em todo o resto do protocolo. </li><li> amostras de spin fluxo e amostra de controlo de anticorpos positivo a 4 ° C durante 4 min a 5200 xg e remover o sobrenadante. NOTA: Outra alíquota de 300 ul de células eluídas pode ser utilizado como um controlo positivo para a coloração anti-VSG. </li></ol> 4. A coloração para a identificação de contaminantes e comutadores <ol><li> amostras de fluxo através Ressuspender as células de controlo positivo e em 100 ul de HMI-9 com soro + primário, anti-VSG anticorpo, marcado com fluoróforo na diluição apropriada. NOTA: O anticorpo anti-VSG marcado é feito em casa e usado numa diluição de 1: 1000. A marcado com fluoróforo, anti-VSG pode ser a partir da mesma fonte que o anticorpo não marcado na separação MACS step.There deve ser de 3 ml de amostra por escoamento em dois tubos de microcentrifugação seguintes passo 3.5. </li><li> Para analisar a totalidade do fluxo através de citometria de fluxo, combinar as pelotas em dois tubos de microcentrifugação durante a re-SUSenquanto se aguardam as amostras em 100 l de HMI-9 com anticorpos séricos + anti-VSG. Misture bem. </li><li> células de vórtice em uma sala fria a 4 ° C durante 10 min. Adicionar 800 - 1.000 l fria HMI-9 com soro. amostras de rotação a 4 ° C durante 4 min a 5200 x g e remover o sobrenadante para remover o anticorpo não ligado. </li><li> Lave as células com 1 ml de HMI-9 com soro. amostras de rotação a 4 ° C durante 4 min a 5200 xg e remover o sobrenadante. Durante esta última rotação, girar os-amostras eluídas a partir do passo 3.4 e a amostra de controlo negativo. </li><li> Ressuspender todos escoamento e amostras eluídas em: 148,5 ul HMI-9 com soro, 25 uL grânulos de contagem absoluta e 1,5 ul de solução de iodeto de propídio (175 ul total) coloração. Ressuspender amostras de controlo de anticorpos positivos e negativos em 175 ul HMI-9 com soro. Certifique-se de anotar o número de contas de contagem absolutos / 25 ul para o lote específico utilizado. </li><li> Executar todas as amostras através de um citômetro de fluxo e recolher dados. células mortas da mancha o PI <sup&gt; +. Contaminantes manchar como PI - VSG +. Switchers manchar como PI - VSG - 8. </li><li> Calcular as frequências utilizando citometria de fluxo de dados de comutação. NOTA: Para obter instruções sobre como calcular as frequências de comutação, consulte o arquivo suplementar <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54715/Flow_Cytometry_Calculations.docx" target="_blank">Citometria de Fluxo Calculations.docx</a> e Tabela 1. </li></ol>

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	<li>Horn, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigenic+variation+in+African+trypanosomes.">Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.</a> Molecular &amp; Biochemical Parasitology. 195 (2), 123-129 (2014).</li><li>Lamont, G. S., Tucker, R. S., Cross, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+antigen+switching+rates+in+Trypanosoma+brucei.">Analysis of antigen switching rates in Trypanosoma brucei.</a> Parasitology. 92 (Pt 2), 355-367 (1986).</li><li>Rudenko, G., McCulloch, R., Dirks-Mulder, A., Borst, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomere+exchange+can+be+an+important+mechanism+of+variant+surface+glycoprotein+gene+switching+in+Trypanosoma+brucei.">Telomere exchange can be an important mechanism of variant surface glycoprotein gene switching in Trypanosoma brucei.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 80 (1), 65-75 (1996).</li><li>Turner, C. M., Barry, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+frequency+of+antigenic+variation+in+Trypanosoma+brucei+rhodesiense+infections.">High frequency of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections.</a> Parasitology. 99 (Pt 1), 67-75 (1989).</li><li>Miller, E. N., Turner, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+antigenic+types+appearing+in+first+relapse+populations+of+clones+of+Trypanosoma+brucei.">Analysis of antigenic types appearing in first relapse populations of clones of Trypanosoma brucei.</a> Parasitology. 82 (1), 63-80 (1981).</li><li>Horn, D., Cross, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Trypanosoma+brucei+vsg+expression+site+switching+in+vitro.">Analysis of Trypanosoma brucei vsg expression site switching in vitro.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 84 (2), 189-201 (1997).</li><li>Figueiredo, L. M., Janzen, C. J., Cross, G. A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+histone+methyltransferase+modulates+antigenic+variation+in+African+trypanosomes.">A histone methyltransferase modulates antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.</a> PLoS Biol. 6 (7), e161 (2008).</li><li>Boothroyd, C. E., Dreesen, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+yeast-endonuclease-generated+DNA+break+induces+antigenic+switching+in+Trypanosoma+brucei.">A yeast-endonuclease-generated DNA break induces antigenic switching in Trypanosoma brucei.</a> Nature. 459 (7244), 278-281 (2009).</li><li>Engstler, M., Pfohl, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+Flow-Mediated+Protein+Sorting+on+the+Cell+Surface+of+Trypanosomes.">Hydrodynamic Flow-Mediated Protein Sorting on the Cell Surface of Trypanosomes.</a> Cell. 131 (3), 505-515 (2007).</li><li>Mugnier, M. R., Cross, G. A. M., Papavasiliou, F. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vivo+dynamics+of+antigenic+variation+in+Trypanosoma+brucei.">The in vivo dynamics of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei.</a> Science. 347 (6229), 1470-1473 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

No que diz respeito à técnica experimental, o componente mais importante do protocolo é manter todas as amostras frias. Tripanossomas internalizar muito rapidamente anticorpo ligado à sua superfície 9, mas este processo é dependente da motilidade, e não influencia o ensaio, enquanto as células são mantidas a 4 ° C. Todas as amostras devem sempre ser mantidos em gelo, e pipetagem deve ser feito rapidamente para minimizar a exposição ao ambiente C laboratório 25 °. Frio HMI-9 com soro deve estar d...

O parasita protozoário, o Trypanosoma brucei, é um agente causador de doenças que afetam os seres humanos (via Trypanosoma brucei gambiense e Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) e animais (via Trypanosoma brucei brucei) em toda a África Sub-Sahariana. Ele é transmitido para o hospedeiro mamífero através da saliva do vector mosca tsé-tsé. Ambos Humana e tripanossomíase Africano Animal causar uma carga económica grave em regiões endêmicas, e poucas drogas são disponíveis ou em desenvolvimento para o tratamento de qualquer doença. Compreender mecanismos de evasão imunitária é crítico para o desenvolvimento de drogas para a tripanossomíase. A variação antigênica do revestimento denso, Variante glicoproteína de superfície (VSG) que cobre o parasita é um dos meios primários pelos quais T. brucei evita a resposta do anticorpo de mamífero. Cerca de 2000 variantes do gene VSG existem no genoma tripanossoma, mas só um é transcrito em qualquer momento a partir de uma de ~ 15 expresSites SION. &#39;Comutação&#39; da VSG expresso pode ocorrer quer por cópia de um gene de VSG no local de expressão activa, ou por activação da transcrição de um local de expressão anteriormente silenciosos (revisto em 1). Embora muito trabalho foi dedicado à compreensão variação antigênica em T. brucei, os fatores que influenciam a freqüência de comutação são ainda pouco compreendidos. Estudos até à data têm sido dificultados pelo fato de que, enquanto a comutação ocorre estocasticamente in vitro, freqüências de chaveamento são muito baixos, da ordem de 1 a cerca de 10 6 células 2. Isso torna difícil para medir se um fator dadas aumenta ou diminui frequência de comutação, uma vez que a mudança é difícil de detectar, em primeiro lugar. Antes de 2009, os métodos para isolar switchers em uma dada população foram longo e trabalhoso. Estas células Passaging tripanossomas através de ratinhos imunizados contra o VSG dominante e em seguida colhem incluídosum dias mais tarde três, contando ou centenas de células por imunofluorescência 4,5. Outra estratégia baseia-se na seleção para resistência a drogas para isolar switchers 6. Porque tripanossomas africanos cultivadas in vitro são geralmente composta de uma população grande expressando uma variante importante, e uma população muito menor de switchers que expressam variantes alternativas, referimo-nos à grande variação ao longo deste artigo como o, VSG começando dominante. Ao fazê-lo, nós, de modo algum pretendo afirmar que este importante variante tem maior aptidão do que outras variantes na população. Aqui nós descrevemos um método que pode medir de forma confiável o número de tripanossomas expressando um VSG não dominante numa dada população em 3-4 horas. Este método é particularmente útil para quando se quer determinar se um dado manipulação genética ou tratamento medicamentoso aumenta o número de células ligadas em uma população. Em vez de libertar a população de células que expressam a fazerminant, começando VSG através de drogas ou por meios imunológicos, estas células são eliminadas por primeiro revestindo-os com pérolas magnéticas acopladas a anticorpos contra a VSG dominante e em seguida isolá-los sobre uma coluna magnética. A população ligado é então recolhido no fluxo de passagem e coradas novamente com um anticorpo marcado com fluoróforo anti-VSG para a identificação de contaminantes. A quantificação é conseguida através da adição de um número definido de pérolas de contagem absoluta de cada amostra de modo que a razão de pérolas para células pode ser determinada e utilizada para quantificar o número de comutadores na população 7.

<table><tbody><tr><td>unlabeled anti-VSG antibody</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>VSG antibody is made in house</td></tr><tr><td>fluorophore labeled anti-VSG antibody</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>VSG antibody is made in house</td></tr><tr><td>HMI-9 media</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>HMI-9 is made in house</td></tr><tr><td>Propidium Iodide</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>556463</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CountBright absolute counting beads</td><td>Thermofisher Scientific</td><td>C36950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LD columns</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS magnet</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-303</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS magnetic separator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vortex adapter-60</td><td>ThermoFisher scientific</td><td>AM10014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flow cytometer</td><td>Coulter</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flow cytometer analysis software</td><td>FloJo</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detection of trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein switching by magnetic activated cell sorting and flow cytometry

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) cycles between a tsetse vector and a mammalian host. It evades the mammalian host immune system by periodically switching the dense, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) that covers its surface. The detection of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei can be both cumbersome and labor intensive. Here, we present a method for quantifying the number of parasites that have 'switched' to express a new VSG in a given population. The parasites are first stained with an antibody against the starting VSG, and then stained with a secondary antibody attached to a magnetic bead. Parasites expressing the starting VSG are then separated from the rest of the population by running the parasites over a column attached to a magnet. Parasites expressing the dominant, starting VSG are retained on the column, while the flow-through contains parasites that express a new VSG as well as some contaminants expressing the starting VSG. This flow-through population is stained again with a fluorescently labeled antibody against the starting VSG to label contaminants, and propidium iodide (PI), which labels dead cells. A known number of absolute counting beads that are visible by flow cytometry are added to the flow-through population. The ratio of beads to number of cells collected can then be used to extrapolate the number of cells in the entire sample. Flow cytometry is used to quantify the population of switchers by counting the number of PI negative cells that do not stain positively for the starting, dominant VSG. The proportion of switchers in the population can then be calculated using the flow cytometry data.

O método aqui descrito foi utilizado para demonstrar que as quebras de cadeia dupla no interior do local de expressão VSG aumentou o número de comutadores numa população 8. Aqui, mostramos resultados representativos de uma população de tripanossomas que têm sido igualmente induzidos para gerar uma ruptura de fita dupla no local expressão. Nós comparar estes tripanossomas para aqueles que não tenham sido induzidas a gerar uma ruptura de fita dupla. A Figura 1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

African trypanosomes grown in vitro undergo antigenic variation at a low rate, such that populations are made up of parasites expressing a dominant variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) type and a small population of "switched" variants. This protocol describes a fast method for detecting and quantifying these populations.

detecção de<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em&gt; Switching Variant glicoproteína de superfície por Magnetic celular ativado Seleção e citometria de fluxo

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) ...

detection-trypanosoma-brucei-variant-surface-glycoprotein-switching

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

8.7K visualizações.  Rockefeller University. African trypanosomes grown in vitro undergo antigenic variation at a low rate, such that populations are made up of parasites expressing a dominant variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) type and a small population of "switched" variants. This protocol describes a fast method for detecting and quantifying these populations.

Vídeo: Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

Isolation and Analysis of Brain-sequestered Leukocytes from Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected Mice

We describe a method for isolation and characterization of adherent inflammatory cells from brain blood vessels of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. Infection of susceptible mouse-strains with this parasite strain results in the induction of experimental cerebral malaria, a neurologic syndrome that recapitulates certain important aspects of Plasmodium falciparum-mediated severe malaria in humans 1,2 . Mature forms of blood-stage malaria express parasitic proteins on the surface of the infected erythrocyte, which allows them to bind to vascular endothelial cells. This process induces obstructions in blood flow, resulting in hypoxia and haemorrhages 3 and also stimulates the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes to the site of parasite sequestration.
Unlike other infections, i.e neutrotopic viruses4-6, both malaria-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) as well as associated inflammatory leukocytes remain sequestered within blood vessels rather than infiltrating the brain parenchyma. Thus to avoid contamination of sequestered leukocytes with non-inflammatory circulating cells, extensive intracardial perfusion of infected-mice prior to organ extraction and tissue processing is required in this procedure to remove the blood compartment. After perfusion, brains are harvested and dissected in small pieces. The tissue structure is further disrupted by enzymatic treatment with Collagenase D and DNAse I. The resulting brain homogenate is then centrifuged on a Percoll gradient that allows separation of brain-sequestered leukocytes (BSL) from myelin and other tissue debris. Isolated cells are then washed, counted using a hemocytometer and stained with fluorescent antibodies for subsequent analysis by flow cytometry.
This procedure allows comprehensive phenotypic characterization of inflammatory leukocytes migrating to the brain in response to various stimuli, including stroke as well as viral or parasitic infections. The method also provides a useful tool for assessment of novel anti-inflammatory treatments in pre-clinical animal models.

Isolation and Analysis of Brain-sequestered Leukocytes from Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected Mice

A method for isolation of adherent inflammatory leukocytes from brain blood vessels of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice is described. The method allows quantification as well as phenotypic characterization of isolated leukocytes after staining with fluorescent antibodies and subsequent analysis by flow cytometry.

Isolamento e Análise de Cérebro-sequestrados de Leucócitos<em&gt; Plasmodium berghei</em&gt; ANKA infectadas Mice

We describe a method for isolation and  characterization of adherent inflammatory cells from brain blood vessels of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in cattle1. The parasite alternates between the bloodstream of the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector. The composition of many cellular organelles changes in response to these different extracellular conditions2-5.
Glycosomes are highly specialized peroxisomes in which many of the enzymes involved in glycolysis are compartmentalized. Glycosome composition changes in a developmental and environmentally regulated manner4-11. Currently, the most common techniques used to study glycosome dynamics are electron and fluorescence microscopy; techniques that are expensive, time and labor intensive, and not easily adapted to high throughput analyses.
To overcome these limitations, a fluorescent-glycosome reporter system in which enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) is fused to a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS2), which directs the fusion protein to glycosomes12, has been established. Upon import of the PTS2eYFP fusion protein, glycosomes become fluorescent. Organelle degradation and recycling results in the loss of fluorescence that can be measured by flow cytometry. Large numbers of cells (5,000 cells/sec) can be analyzed in real-time without extensive sample preparation such as fixation and mounting. This method offers a rapid way of detecting changes in organelle composition in response to fluctuating environmental conditions.

Glycosome dynamics in African trypanosomes are difficult to study by traditional cell biology techniques such as electron and fluorescence microscopy. As a means of observing dynamic organelle behavior, a fluorescent-organelle reporter system has been used in conjunction with flow cytometry to monitor real-time glycosome dynamics in live parasites.

Utilizando Proteínas Fluorescentes para monitorar glicossomo Dynamics do Trypanosoma Africano

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in ...

In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry

During blood stage infection, malaria parasites invade, mature, and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs). This results in a regular growth cycle and an exponential increase in the proportion of malaria infected RBCs, known as parasitemia. We describe a flow cytometry based protocol which utilizes a combination of the DNA dye Hoechst, and the mitochondrial membrane potential dye, JC-1, to identify RBCs which contain parasites and therefore the parasitemia, of in vivo blood samples from Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS infected mice. Using this approach, in combination with fluorescently conjugated antibodies, parasitized RBCs can be distinguished from leukocytes, RBC progenitors, and RBCs containing Howell-Jolly bodies (HJ-RBCs), with a limit of detection of 0.007% parasitemia. Additionally, we outline a method for the comparative assessment of merozoite invasion into two different RBC populations. In this assay RBCs, labeled with two distinct compounds identifiable by flow cytometry, are transfused into infected mice. The relative rate of invasion into the two populations can then be assessed by flow cytometry based on the proportion of parasitized RBCs in each population over time. This combined approach allows the accurate measurement of both parasitemia and merozoite invasion in an in vivo model of malaria infection.

In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry

The malaria parasite invades and replicates within red blood cells. The accurate assessment of merozoite invasion and parasitemia is therefore crucial in assessing the course of malaria infection. Here we describe a flow cytometry based protocol for the measurement of these parameters in a mouse model of malaria.

A avaliação in vivo de Rodent Plasmodium parasitemia e Merozoito Invasion por citometria de fluxo

During blood stage infection, malaria parasites invade, mature, and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs). This results in a regular growth cycle and an ...

Rapid Homogeneous Detection of Biological Assays Using Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or separation step. When the IL-8 target was present, a 'sandwich'-based assay attached magnetic beads with IL-8 capture antibody to streptavidin coupled fluorescent protein via the IL-8 target and a biotinylated IL-8 antibody. The magnetic beads are maneuvered into oscillatory motion by applying an alternating magnetic field gradient through two electromagnetic poles. The fluorescent proteins, which are attached to the magnetic beads are condensed into the detection area and their movement in and out of an orthogonal laser beam produces a periodic fluorescent signal that is demodulated using synchronous detection. The magnetic modulation biosensing system was previously used to detect the coding sequences of the non-structural Ibaraki virus protein 3 (NS3) complementary DNA (cDNA) [2]. The techniques that are demonstrated in this work for external manipulation and condensation of particles may be used for other applications, e.g. delivery of magnetically-coupled drugs in-vivo or enhancing the contrast for in-vivo imaging applications.

Magnetic modulation biosensing system is utilized to rapidly, sensitively and simply detect biological assays, such as DNA molecules and proteins.

Detecção rápida de Homogêneos Ensaios Biológicos Usando o sistema de modulação Biossensoriais Magnetic

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or ...

Biologia

Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades the central nervous system (CNS). In vivo study of the late stage has been limited as traditional methodologies require the removal of the brain to determine the presence of the parasites.
Bioluminescence imaging is a non-invasive, highly sensitive form of optical imaging that enables the visualization of a luciferase-transfected pathogen in real-time. By using a transfected trypanosome strain that has the ability to produce late stage disease in mice we are able to study the kinetics of a CNS infection in a single animal throughout the course of infection, as well as observe the movement and dissemination of a systemic infection.
Here we describe a robust protocol to study CNS infections using a bioluminescence model of African trypanosomiasis, providing real time non-invasive observations which can be further analyzed with optional downstream approaches.

This manuscript describes the use of a bioluminescent strain of African trypanosomes to enable the tracking of late stage infection and demonstrates how in vivo live imaging can be used to visualize infections within the central nervous system in real-time.

Bioluminescência de imagem para detectar a infecção fase tardia Africano Tripanossomíase

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades ...

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins can give insights into their function by determining their localization within the cell and enabling interaction partner identification. We recently published a fast and scalable method to generate Trypanosoma brucei cell lines that express a tagged protein from the endogenous locus. The method was based on a plasmid we generated that, when coupled with long primer PCR, can be used to modify a gene to encode a protein tagged at either terminus. This allows the tagging of dozens of trypanosome proteins in parallel, facilitating the large-scale validation of candidate genes of interest. This system can be used to tag proteins for localization (using a fluorescent protein, epitope tag or electron microscopy tag) or biochemistry (using tags for purification, such as the TAP (tandem affinity purification) tag). Here, we describe a protocol to perform the long primer PCR and the electroporation in 96-well plates, with the recovery and selection of transgenic trypanosomes occurring in 24-well plates. With this workflow, hundreds of proteins can be tagged in parallel; this is an order of magnitude improvement to our previous protocol and genome scale tagging is now possible.

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Addition of a tag to a protein is a powerful way of gaining insight into its function. Here, we describe a protocol to endogenously tag hundreds of Trypanosoma brucei proteins in parallel such that genome scale tagging is achievable.

De alto rendimento Gene Tagging no<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers (Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns)

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is the best method for diagnosis of first stage HAT and furthermore this parasite purification method permits serological and research investigations.
HAT is caused by Tsetse fly transmitted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Related trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal trypanosomiasis. Trypanosome detection is essential for HAT diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. The technique described here is the most sensitive parasite detection technique, adapted to field conditions for the diagnosis of T. b. gambiense HAT and can be completed within one hour. Blood is layered onto an anion-exchanger column (DEAE cellulose) previously adjusted to pH 8, and elution buffer is added. Highly negatively charged blood cells are adsorbed onto the column whereas the less negatively charged trypanosomes pass through. Collected trypanosomes are pelleted by centrifugation and observed by microscopy. Moreover, parasites are prepared without cellular damage whilst maintaining their infectivity.
Purified trypanosomes are required for immunological testing; they are used in the trypanolysis assay, the gold standard in HAT serology. Stained parasites are utilized in the card agglutination test (CATT) for field serology. Antigens from purified trypanosomes, such as variant surface glycoprotein, exoantigens, are also used in various immunoassays. The procedure described here is designed for African trypanosomes; consequently, chromatography conditions have to be adapted to each trypanosome strain, and more generally, to the blood of each species of host mammal.
These fascinating pathogens are easily purified and available to use in biochemical, molecular and cell biology studies including co-culture with host cells to investigate host-parasite relationships at the level of membrane receptors, signaling, and gene expression; drug testing in vitro; investigation of gene deletion, mutation, or overexpression on metabolic processes, cytoskeletal biogenesis and parasite survival.

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns

This method of trypanosome separation from blood depends on their surface charge being less negative than mammalian blood cells. Infected blood is placed and treated on an anion-exchanger column. This method, the most fitting diagnostic for African trypanosomiasis, provides purified parasites for immunological, biological, biochemical, pharmaceutical and molecular biology investigations.

Purificação de tripanosomas extracelulares, incluindo africanos, de sangue por permutadores de aniões (colunas de celulose-Diethylaminoethyl)

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is ...

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous aspiration of cells and/or microorganisms from palpable masses, organs or effusions (fluid accumulation in a body cavity) using a thin needle similar to the regular needle used for the venous puncture. The material collected by FNA is in general highly cellular, and the retrieved aspirate is then smeared, air dried, wet-fixed, stained and observed under a microscope. In the clinical context, FNA is an important diagnostic tool that serves as a guide to the appropriate therapeutic management. Because it is simple, fast, minimally invasive and requires limited investment in the laboratory and human resources, it is extensively used by veterinary practitioners, mostly in domestic, but also in farm animals. In studies using animal models, FNA has the advantage that it can be performed repeatedly in the same animal, enabling longitudinal studies through the collection of cells from tumors and organs/tissues over the course of the disease. In addition to routine microscopy, retrieved material can also be used for immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, biochemical analysis, flow cytometry, molecular biology or in vitro assays. FNA has been used to identify the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the gonads of infected mice, opening the possibility for a future diagnosis in cattle.

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration is a technique, whereby cells are obtained from a lesion or organ using a thin needle. Aspirated material is smeared, stained and examined under a microscope for diagnosis or used for molecular biology, cytometry or in vitro analysis. It is cheap, simple, quick and causes minimal trauma.

Deteção de parasitos extravascular do Trypanosoma pela aspiração fina da agulha

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous ...

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

The protocol describes how to set up and run a flow cytometry-based phagocytosis assay of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) opsonized by naturally acquired IgG antibodies specific for VAR2CSA. VAR2CSA is the parasite antigen that mediates the selective sequestration of IEs in the placenta that can cause a severe form of malaria in pregnant women, called placental malaria (PM). Protection from PM is mediated by VAR2CSA-specific antibodies that are believed to function by inhibiting placental sequestration and/or by opsonizing IEs for phagocytosis. The assay employs late-stage-synchronized IEs that have been selected in vitro to express VAR2CSA, plasma/serum-antibodies from women with naturally acquired PM-specific immunity, and the phagocytic cell line THP-1. However, the protocol can easily be modified to assay the functionality of antibodies to any parasite antigen present on the IE surface, whether induced by natural exposure or by vaccination. The assay offers simple and high-throughput evaluation, with good reproducibility, of an important functional aspect of antibody-mediated immunity in malaria. It is, therefore, useful when evaluating clinical immunity to P. falciparum malaria, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

The overall goal of this protocol is to provide instruction on how to measure the capacity of antibodies present in sera or plasma of individuals, naturally exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection, to opsonize and induce phagocytosis of the parasite-infected erythrocytes (IEs).

Medindo anticorpos indutores de fagocitose naturalmente adquiridos para parasitas plasmodium falciparum por um ensaio baseado em citometria de fluxo

The protocol describes how to set up and run a flow cytometry-based phagocytosis assay of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) opsonized by ...

Desenvolvimento de Sensor Baseado em pHluorin2 para pH Glicossômico em Trypanosoma brucei

Measuring Dynamic Glycosomal pH Changes in Living Trypanosoma brucei

Glucose metabolism is critical for the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, as an essential metabolic process and regulator of parasite development. Little is known about the cellular responses generated when environmental glucose levels change. In both bloodstream and procyclic form (insect stage) parasites, glycosomes house most of glycolysis. These organelles are rapidly acidified in response to glucose deprivation, which likely results in the allosteric regulation of glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase. In previous work, localizing the chemical probe used to make pH measurements was challenging, limiting its utility in other applications.
This paper describes the development and use of parasites that express glycosomally localized pHluorin2, a heritable protein pH biosensor. pHluorin2 is a ratiometric pHluorin variant that displays a pH (acid)-dependent decrease in excitation at 395 nm while simultaneously yielding an increase in excitation at 475 nm. Transgenic parasites were generated by cloning the pHluorin2 open reading frame into the trypanosome expression vector pLEW100v5, enabling inducible protein expression in either lifecycle stage. Immunofluorescence was used to confirm the glycosomal localization of the pHluorin2 biosensor, comparing the localization of the biosensor to the glycosomal resident protein aldolase. The sensor responsiveness was calibrated at differing pH levels by incubating cells in a series of buffers that ranged in pH from 4 to 8, an approach we have previously used to calibrate a fluorescein-based pH sensor. We then measured pHluorin2 fluorescence at 405 nm and 488 nm using flow cytometry to determine glycosomal pH. We validated the performance of the live transgenic pHluorin2-expressing parasites, monitoring pH over time in response to glucose deprivation, a known trigger of glycosomal acidification in PF parasites. This tool has a range of potential applications, including potentially being used in high-throughput drug screening. Beyond glycosomal pH, the sensor could be adapted to other organelles or used in other trypanosomatids to understand pH dynamics&#160;in the live cell setting.

Autor em destaque: Avanços no monitoramento do pH glicossômico em Trypanosoma brucei usando o biossensor pHluorin2

We describe a method to study how pH responds to environmental cues in the glycosomes of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes. This approach involves a pH-sensitive heritable protein sensor in combination with flow cytometry to measure pH dynamics, both as a time-course assay and in a high-throughput screen format.

Medindo as alterações dinâmicas do pH glicossomal em Trypanosoma brucei vivo

Glucose metabolism is critical for the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, as an essential metabolic process and regulator of parasite development. ...

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