Name: detection of trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein switching by magnetic activated cell sorting and flow cytometry
Uploaded: 2016-10-19T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 45 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

우리는 트리파노소마 생물학에 대한 일반적인 조언 조지 크로스를 인정하고 싶습니다. 이 작품은 또한 DS, MRM에 NSF 대학원 연구 활동 (DGE-1325261)와 FNP에 대한 NIH / NIAID (허가 번호의 AI085973)에 빌과 멜린다 게이츠 재단 GCE 보조금에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 I-SCEI 유전자 및 인식 사이트를 포함하는 균주의 사용 갈라드리엘 오두막집 - 광부 감사합니다.

주 : 절차를 통해,이 얼음에 세포를 유지하는 것이 필요하다. 콜드 매체는 또한 전체에 사용되어야한다. 1. 샘플 수확 <ol><li> 100 만 / ㎖ - 0.5의 밀도에 리스터 427 변형 혈류의 trypanosomes에 성장. 이 기생충의 소수 문화를 시작하는 것이 가장 좋습니다. 1500 x g에서 10 분 동안 50 × 106 세포 / 샘플을 스핀. 이상과 같은 긍정적이고 부정적인 항체 컨트롤을 사용하기위한 문화 1 × 10 6 세포를 남겨해야합니다. 참고 :이 프로토콜은 동물의 피 (자세한 내용은 설명을 참조)에서 분리 trypanosomes에 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 피펫 또는 상층 액의 대부분을 부어 (약 750 μl를 떠나). 1.5 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 세포를 전송합니다. </li><li> 미세 원심에서 5,200 XG에서 4 분 동안 4 ° C에서 세포를 스핀과 상층 액을 제거합니다. </li></ol> 2. 자기 라벨링 <ol><li> 를 Resuspend 세포 150 ㎕를 배지에서 (HMI-9 위스콘신적절한 희석 예를 들어 제 혈청) + 기본 안티 VSG 항체. 참고 : 안티 - VSG 항체 집에서 만든 1시 50분의 희석에 사용된다. 이는 형광으로 표지되지 않은 기본 항 VSG 항체를 사용하는 것이 중요하다. </li><li> 10 분 동안 4 ° C에서 추운 방에서 8 - 속도 6에서 소용돌이 어댑터-60을 사용하여 소용돌이 세포. 1000 μl의 차가운 HMI-9 혈청 - 800 씻으십시오. </li><li> 5,200 XG에 4 분 4 ° C에서 원심과 뜨는을 대기음. 혈청 1ml를 HMI-9로 세척하고, 상기 회전. 뜨는을 대기음. 혈청와 HMI-9 100 ㎕의를 Resuspend 펠릿. </li><li> (MSC) 마이크로 비드를 정렬 자기 활성화 셀의 110 μl를 추가합니다. 기본 안티 VSG 항체에 적절한 항 - 마우스, 항 - 토끼, 또는 안티 - 비오틴 구슬을 사용합니다. 잘 섞다. 10 분 동안 4 ° C에서 추운 방에 소용돌이 세포. </li><li> 세포가 텍싱하는 동안, 분리 자석에 하나의 자기 활성화 분리 컬럼 / 샘플을 설정합니다. 재를해야합니다컬럼 아래 ceptacle (우리는 15 mL의 원심 분리 튜브를 사용하여)를 통해 유동을 수집한다. 추운 방에서 장치를 설정합니다. </li><li> 주요 항목에 대한 혈청 HMI-9의 2 ML을 추가합니다. 흐름을 통해 각각의 샘플에서 수집 열에서 15 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브 장소를 프라이밍 후. </li><li> 단계 2.4에서 10 분 부화 후, 800-1,000 μl의 차가운 HMI-9 혈청을 추가합니다. 5,200 XG에 4 분 4 ° C에서 원심과 뜨는을 제거 언 바운드 항체를 제거합니다. 혈청 및 반복 상층 액 100 μl를 떠나와 HMI-9의 1 ㎖로 세척 할 것. </li><li> 적극적으로 시각적으로 원심 분리기 튜브를 가볍게 펠렛 완전히 재현 탁되어 있는지 확인하기 위해 튜브를 검사합니다. 세포가 잘 재현 탁되어 있는지 확인 위아래로 혈청 피펫 HMI-9의 1 ML을 추가합니다. </li></ol> 3. 자기 분리 <ol><li> 상술 한 바와 같이 열 준비가 끝났다되어 있는지 확인합니다. 열에 셀을 적용합니다. 세포를 비 - 지배적 인 VS를 표현하는 관류 모아서컬럼을 통과하기 위해 7 분 - G. 1 매체 ml의 + 트리 파노 솜은 일반적으로 6 걸립니다. </li><li> 워시 1 ml의 HMI-9 혈청과 함께 배와 단계 3.1에서와 같이 흐름을 통해 동일한 튜브를 수집합니다. </li><li> 나누기 관류 ​​(3 mL) 중 두 가지를 1.5 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브에. 주의 : 이러한 나중에 결합 될 수 있거나 절반 등의 RNA를 분리하는데 사용될 수있다 </li><li> 자석에서 열을 제거합니다. 열에 혈청 HMI-9 3 ㎖를 추가하고 시작, 지배 VSG를 발현하는 세포를 얻기 위해 15 ㎖의 원심 분리기 튜브에 열을 뛰어. 나중에 분석을 위해 용출 물질의 300 μl를 제거합니다. 얼음이 세포 보관하십시오. </li><li> 양성 및 음성 대조군으로 사용하기 위해, 37 ℃에서 성장 대조군 세포의 시작 배양에서 약 1 백만 셀을 1.5 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브로하고 피펫 (그 자주 전환 할 것으로 예상되지 않음). 참고 : 양성 대조군 세포 단계 4.1에서 형광 표지 항체로 염색됩니다. 대조군 세포 REMA프로토콜의 나머지 부분에 걸쳐 흠이다. </li><li> 스핀 흐름을 통해 샘플 및 5,200 XG에 4 분 4 ° C에서 긍정적 인 항체 제어 샘플 및 상층 액을 제거합니다. 주 : 용출 다른 셀 300 μL 분취 안티 VSG 염색에 대한 양성 대조군으로 사용할 수있다. </li></ol> 4. 염색은 오염 물질 및 스위처를 확인하는 <ol><li> 재현 탁 플로우 스루 샘플 100 ㎕ HMI -9- 적절한 희석 혈청 + 일차, 형광 표지 된, 항 VSG 항체 양성 대조군 세포. 참고 : 표지 항 VSG 항체 집에서 만든 1의 희석에 사용됩니다 : 1000. 형광 표지는, 안티 VSG는 step.There 단계 3.5 다음과 같은 두 가지의 microcentrifuge 튜브의 흐름을 통해 샘플의 3 ㎖ 있어야 MACS 분리에 레이블이없는 항체와 같은 소스에서 할 수있다. </li><li> 다시 SUS 동안 두 마이크로 원심 튜브의 펠렛을 결합, 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 관통 흐름 모두를 분석100 ㎕ HMI-9 세럼 + 안티 VSG 항체의 샘플을 보류. 잘 섞다. </li><li> 10 분 동안 4 ° C에서 추운 방에 소용돌이 세포. 1000 μl의 차가운 HMI-9 혈청 - 800을 추가합니다. 4 분 4 ° C에서 회전 샘플 상층 액 5,200 XG에 제거는 언 바운드 항체를 제거합니다. </li><li> 혈청와 HMI-9의 1 ml의 세포를 씻으십시오. 4 분 4 ° C에서 회전 샘플 상층 액 5,200 XG에 제거합니다. 이 마지막 스핀 동안 단계 3.4과 음성 대조군 시료에서 용출-샘플을 스핀 다운. </li><li> 148.5 μL HMI-9 혈청 25 ㎕를 절대 계산 구슬과 1.5 μL 프로피 디움 요오드 용액 (175 μl의 총을) 염색 : 모든 흐름 통해 용출 샘플을 재현 탁. 175 μL에 긍정적이고 부정적인 항체 제어 샘플을 재현 탁 HMI-9 혈청. 절대 계산 비즈 / 사용되는 특정 많은 25 μL의 수를 기록해야합니다. </li><li> 사이토의 흐름을 통해 모든 샘플을 실행하고 데이터를 수집합니다. PI로 얼룩 죽은 세포 <sup&gt; +. 오염 물질은 PI로 얼룩 - VSG +를. VSG - - 스위처는 PI로 얼룩 8. </li><li> 데이터 유동 세포 계측법을 사용하여 스위칭 주파수를 계산합니다. 주 : 스위칭 주파수를 계산하는 방법에 대한 자세한 내용은 보충 파일을 참조하십시오 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54715/Flow_Cytometry_Calculations.docx" target="_blank">유동 세포 계측법 Calculations.docx</a> 표 1. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

실험 방법에 대하여, 프로토콜의 가장 중요한 요소는 차가운 모든 샘플을 유지하고있다. 트리 파노 솜은 매우 빠르게 그 표면 (9)에 결합 된 항체를 내재화하지만,이 프로세스는 운동성 의존하고, 셀 4 ° C에서 유지되는 한 상기 분석에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 모든 샘플은 항상 얼음에 보관해야하고, 피펫은 25 ° C 랩 환경에의 노출을 최소화하기 위해 신속하게 수행해야합니다. 콜드 HMI -9- ?...

원생 동물 기생충, 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei는 사하라 사막 이남의 아프리카 전역 (트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei brucei를 통해)과 동물 (트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei의 gambiense 및 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei의 rhodesiense를 통해) 인간에 영향을 미치는 질병의 원인이되는 에이전트입니다. 이것은 체체 파리 벡터의 타액을 통해 포유 동물 숙주에 전달된다. 인간과 동물 아프리카 트리파노소마 증은 모두 발병 지역에서 심각한 경제적 부담을 야기하고, 몇 가지 약물을 사용할 수 또는 두 질병을 치료하기 위해 개발에 있습니다. 면역 회피의 메커니즘을 이해하는 것은 트리파노소마 증에 대한 약물의 개발을위한 중요합니다. 기생충을 포함 밀도, 변형 표면 당 단백질 (VSG) 코트의 항원 변화는 주요 수단 중 하나입니다에 의해 T. brucei는 포유류 항체 반응을 기피한다. ~ 15 EXPRES을 VSG 유전자 약 2,000 변형은 트리파노소마 게놈에 존재하지만, 단지 하나의 하나에서 임의의 주어진 시간에 전사되는시온 사이트. 발현 VSG의 &#39;전환&#39;는 활성 발현 사이트에 VSG 유전자를 복사하여, 또는 (1 검토) 이전에 침묵 식 사이트의 전사 활성화에 의해 하나 발생할 수 있습니다. 많은 작업은 T.에 대한 이해 항원 변화에 헌신하고있다지만 brucei, 스위칭 주파수에 영향을 미치는 요인은 여전히 저조한 이해된다. 현재까지 연구 전환 체외에서 확률 적으로 발생하지만, 스위칭 주파수는 약 106 개 세포를 2 일 정도의 매우 낮다는 사실에 의해 저해되었다. 이 전환은 처음에 검출하기 어렵다 이후 소정 계수가 증가하거나, 스위칭 주파수를 감소 여부를 측정하는 것이 곤란한다. 2009 년 이전에, 주어진 인구 스위처를 분리하는 방법은 긴했고, 노동 집약적. 이 포함 된 지배적 인 VSG 예방 접종을 마우스를 통해 트리 파노 솜을 계대 후 수확 세포하루 이상 3, 면역 4,5에 의해 세포의 수백 계산. 약물 내성이 스위처 (6)를 분리하는 또 다른 전략은 선택에 의존한다. 시험 관내에서 재배 아프리카 트리 파노 솜은 일반적으로 하나의 주요 변형 및 대체 변형을 표현 스위처 훨씬 작은 인구를 표현하는 많은 인구로 구성되어 있기 때문에, 우리는 지배, 시작 VSG 본 논문을 통해 주요 변형을 참조하십시오. 이 과정에서 우리는 결코이 주요 변형 인구의 다른 변종보다 큰 체력을 가지고 있다는 것을 의미하고 싶습니다. 4 시간 - 여기를 확실하게 3에 주어진 집단에서 비 우세 VSG를 나타내는 트리 파노 솜의 개수를 측정 할 수있는 방법을 설명한다. 이 방법은 하나의 주어진 유전자 조작 또는 약물 치료 집단을 전환 세포의 수를 증가 여부를 확인하고자 할 때 특히 유용하다. 대신에 할 일을 발현하는 세포의 인구를 면하게의minant는 약물을 통해 VSG를 시작하거나 면역에 의해,이 세포는 먼저 자기 열을 분리 한 다음 지배적 VSG에 대해 항체에 결합 자석 구슬로 코팅에 의해 제거된다. 스위치드 인구는 플로우를 통해 수집하고, 오염 물질을 식별하기위한 형광 표지 항 VSG 항체 다시 염색된다. 정량 세포 구슬의 비를 구한 인구 7 스위처 수를 정량화하는데 사용될 수 있도록 각각의 샘플 절대 계수 비드 정의 번호를 추가함으로써 달성된다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>unlabeled anti-VSG antibody</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>VSG antibody is made in house</td></tr><tr><td>fluorophore labeled anti-VSG antibody</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>VSG antibody is made in house</td></tr><tr><td>HMI-9 media</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>HMI-9 is made in house</td></tr><tr><td>Propidium Iodide</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>556463</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CountBright absolute counting beads</td><td>Thermofisher Scientific</td><td>C36950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LD columns</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS magnet</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-303</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS magnetic separator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vortex adapter-60</td><td>ThermoFisher scientific</td><td>AM10014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flow cytometer</td><td>Coulter</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flow cytometer analysis software</td><td>FloJo</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detection of trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein switching by magnetic activated cell sorting and flow cytometry

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) cycles between a tsetse vector and a mammalian host. It evades the mammalian host immune system by periodically switching the dense, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) that covers its surface. The detection of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei can be both cumbersome and labor intensive. Here, we present a method for quantifying the number of parasites that have 'switched' to express a new VSG in a given population. The parasites are first stained with an antibody against the starting VSG, and then stained with a secondary antibody attached to a magnetic bead. Parasites expressing the starting VSG are then separated from the rest of the population by running the parasites over a column attached to a magnet. Parasites expressing the dominant, starting VSG are retained on the column, while the flow-through contains parasites that express a new VSG as well as some contaminants expressing the starting VSG. This flow-through population is stained again with a fluorescently labeled antibody against the starting VSG to label contaminants, and propidium iodide (PI), which labels dead cells. A known number of absolute counting beads that are visible by flow cytometry are added to the flow-through population. The ratio of beads to number of cells collected can then be used to extrapolate the number of cells in the entire sample. Flow cytometry is used to quantify the population of switchers by counting the number of PI negative cells that do not stain positively for the starting, dominant VSG. The proportion of switchers in the population can then be calculated using the flow cytometry data.

여기에 기재된 방법은 인구 8 스위처의 수를 증가 VSG 발현 사이트 내에서 해당 이중 가닥 나누기를 입증 하였다. 여기서는 마찬가지로 발현 부위에 이중 가닥 브레이크를 생성하도록 유도 된 트리 파노 솜의 인구에서 대표적인 결과를 나타낸다. 우리는 이중 가닥 휴식을 생성하는 유도되지 않은 것과 이러한 trypanosomes에 비교. 1은 흐름을 통해 자기 활?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

African trypanosomes grown in vitro undergo antigenic variation at a low rate, such that populations are made up of parasites expressing a dominant variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) type and a small population of "switched" variants. This protocol describes a fast method for detecting and quantifying these populations.

검출<em&gt; 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei</em자기 활성 셀 정렬 및 유동 세포 계측법에 의해&gt; 변형 표면 당 단백질 전환

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) ...

detection-trypanosoma-brucei-variant-surface-glycoprotein-switching

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

8.7K 조회수.  Rockefeller University. African trypanosomes grown in vitro undergo antigenic variation at a low rate, such that populations are made up of parasites expressing a dominant variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) type and a small population of "switched" variants. This protocol describes a fast method for detecting and quantifying these populations.

비디오: Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

Preparation of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) from Naive and Pancreatic Tumor-bearing Mice using Flow Cytometry and Automated Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (AutoMACS)

MDSC are a heterogeneous population of immature macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes that accumulate in lymphoid organs in pathological conditions including parasitic infection, inflammation, traumatic stress, graft-versus-host disease, diabetes and cancer1-7. In mice, MDSC express Mac-1 (CD11b) and Gr-1 (Ly6G and Ly6C) surface antigens7. It is important to note that MDSC are well studied in various tumor-bearing hosts where they are significantly expanded and suppress anti-tumor immune responses compared to na&iuml;ve counterparts7-10. However, depending on the pathological condition, there are different subpopulations of MDSC with distinct mechanisms and targets of suppression11,12. Therefore, effective methods to isolate viable MDSC populations are important in elucidating their different molecular mechanisms of suppression in vitro and in vivo.
Recently, the Ghansah group has reported the expansion of MDSC in a murine pancreatic cancer model. Our tumor-bearing MDSC display a loss of homeostasis and increased suppressive function compared to na&iuml;ve MDSC 13. MDSC percentages are significantly less in lymphoid compartments of na&iuml;ve vs. tumor-bearing mice. This is a major caveat, which often hinders accurate comparative analyses of these MDSC. Therefore, enriching Gr-1+ leukocytes from na&iuml;ve mice prior to Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) enhances purity, viability and significantly reduces sort time. However, enrichment of Gr-1+ leukocytes from tumor-bearing mice is optional as these are in abundance for quick FACS sorting. Therefore, in this protocol, we describe a highly efficient method of immunophenotyping MDSC and enriching Gr-1+ leukocytes from spleens of na&iuml;ve mice for sorting MDSC in a timely manner. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice are inoculated with murine Panc02 cells subcutaneously whereas na&iuml;ve mice receive 1XPBS. Approximately 30 days post inoculation; spleens are harvested and processed into single-cell suspensions using a cell dissociation sieve. Splenocytes are then Red Blood Cell (RBC) lysed and an aliquot of these leukocytes are stained using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against Mac-1 and Gr-1 to immunophenotype MDSC percentages using Flow Cytometry. In a parallel experiment, whole leukocytes from na&iuml;ve mice are stained with fluorescent-conjugated Gr-1 antibodies, incubated with PE-MicroBeads and positively selected using an automated Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (autoMACS) Pro Separator. Next, an aliquot of Gr-1+ leukocytes are stained with Mac-1 antibodies to identify the increase in MDSC percentages using Flow Cytometry. Now, these Gr1+ enriched leukocytes are ready for FACS sorting of MDSC to be used in comparative analyses (na&iuml;ve vs. tumor- bearing) in in vivo and in vitro assays.

Preparation of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells MDSC from Naive and Pancreatic Tumor-bearing Mice using Flow Cytometry and Automated Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting AutoMACS

This is a rapid and comprehensive method of immunophenotyping Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) and enriching Gr-1+ leukocytes from mouse spleens. This method uses flow cytometry and AutoMACS Cell Sorting to enrich for viable Gr-1+ leukocytes prior to FACS sorting of MDSC for use in vivo and in vitro assays.

유동세포계측법 및 자동화된 마그네틱 활성화 셀 정렬 (AutoMACS)를 사용 나이브 및 췌장 종양 베어링 마우스에서 골수양 파생 억제 세포 (MDSC)의 작성

MDSC are a heterogeneous population of immature macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes that accumulate in lymphoid organs in pathological ...

연구

의학

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in cattle1. The parasite alternates between the bloodstream of the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector. The composition of many cellular organelles changes in response to these different extracellular conditions2-5.
Glycosomes are highly specialized peroxisomes in which many of the enzymes involved in glycolysis are compartmentalized. Glycosome composition changes in a developmental and environmentally regulated manner4-11. Currently, the most common techniques used to study glycosome dynamics are electron and fluorescence microscopy; techniques that are expensive, time and labor intensive, and not easily adapted to high throughput analyses.
To overcome these limitations, a fluorescent-glycosome reporter system in which enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) is fused to a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS2), which directs the fusion protein to glycosomes12, has been established. Upon import of the PTS2eYFP fusion protein, glycosomes become fluorescent. Organelle degradation and recycling results in the loss of fluorescence that can be measured by flow cytometry. Large numbers of cells (5,000 cells/sec) can be analyzed in real-time without extensive sample preparation such as fixation and mounting. This method offers a rapid way of detecting changes in organelle composition in response to fluctuating environmental conditions.

Glycosome dynamics in African trypanosomes are difficult to study by traditional cell biology techniques such as electron and fluorescence microscopy. As a means of observing dynamic organelle behavior, a fluorescent-organelle reporter system has been used in conjunction with flow cytometry to monitor real-time glycosome dynamics in live parasites.

형광 단백질을 사용하면 아프리카 Trypanosome에서 Glycosome 역학을 모니터링하려면

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in ...

면역학 및 감염병학

In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry

During blood stage infection, malaria parasites invade, mature, and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs). This results in a regular growth cycle and an exponential increase in the proportion of malaria infected RBCs, known as parasitemia. We describe a flow cytometry based protocol which utilizes a combination of the DNA dye Hoechst, and the mitochondrial membrane potential dye, JC-1, to identify RBCs which contain parasites and therefore the parasitemia, of in vivo blood samples from Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS infected mice. Using this approach, in combination with fluorescently conjugated antibodies, parasitized RBCs can be distinguished from leukocytes, RBC progenitors, and RBCs containing Howell-Jolly bodies (HJ-RBCs), with a limit of detection of 0.007% parasitemia. Additionally, we outline a method for the comparative assessment of merozoite invasion into two different RBC populations. In this assay RBCs, labeled with two distinct compounds identifiable by flow cytometry, are transfused into infected mice. The relative rate of invasion into the two populations can then be assessed by flow cytometry based on the proportion of parasitized RBCs in each population over time. This combined approach allows the accurate measurement of both parasitemia and merozoite invasion in an in vivo model of malaria infection.

In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry

The malaria parasite invades and replicates within red blood cells. The accurate assessment of merozoite invasion and parasitemia is therefore crucial in assessing the course of malaria infection. Here we describe a flow cytometry based protocol for the measurement of these parameters in a mouse model of malaria.

유동 세포 계측법에 의해 쥐 말라리아 기생충의 생체 내 평가와 Merozoite 침공

During blood stage infection, malaria parasites invade, mature, and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs). This results in a regular growth cycle and an ...

Rapid Homogeneous Detection of Biological Assays Using Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or separation step. When the IL-8 target was present, a 'sandwich'-based assay attached magnetic beads with IL-8 capture antibody to streptavidin coupled fluorescent protein via the IL-8 target and a biotinylated IL-8 antibody. The magnetic beads are maneuvered into oscillatory motion by applying an alternating magnetic field gradient through two electromagnetic poles. The fluorescent proteins, which are attached to the magnetic beads are condensed into the detection area and their movement in and out of an orthogonal laser beam produces a periodic fluorescent signal that is demodulated using synchronous detection. The magnetic modulation biosensing system was previously used to detect the coding sequences of the non-structural Ibaraki virus protein 3 (NS3) complementary DNA (cDNA) [2]. The techniques that are demonstrated in this work for external manipulation and condensation of particles may be used for other applications, e.g. delivery of magnetically-coupled drugs in-vivo or enhancing the contrast for in-vivo imaging applications.

Magnetic modulation biosensing system is utilized to rapidly, sensitively and simply detect biological assays, such as DNA molecules and proteins.

자기 변조 Biosensing 시스템을 사용하여 생물 학적 Assays의 급속한 동차 검색

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or ...

생물학

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins can give insights into their function by determining their localization within the cell and enabling interaction partner identification. We recently published a fast and scalable method to generate Trypanosoma brucei cell lines that express a tagged protein from the endogenous locus. The method was based on a plasmid we generated that, when coupled with long primer PCR, can be used to modify a gene to encode a protein tagged at either terminus. This allows the tagging of dozens of trypanosome proteins in parallel, facilitating the large-scale validation of candidate genes of interest. This system can be used to tag proteins for localization (using a fluorescent protein, epitope tag or electron microscopy tag) or biochemistry (using tags for purification, such as the TAP (tandem affinity purification) tag). Here, we describe a protocol to perform the long primer PCR and the electroporation in 96-well plates, with the recovery and selection of transgenic trypanosomes occurring in 24-well plates. With this workflow, hundreds of proteins can be tagged in parallel; this is an order of magnitude improvement to our previous protocol and genome scale tagging is now possible.

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Addition of a tag to a protein is a powerful way of gaining insight into its function. Here, we describe a protocol to endogenously tag hundreds of Trypanosoma brucei proteins in parallel such that genome scale tagging is achievable.

높은 처리량 유전자 태그에<em&gt; 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

Flow Virometry to Analyze Antigenic Spectra of Virions and Extracellular Vesicles

Cells release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the surrounding media. Upon virus infection cells also release virions that have the same size of some of the EVs. Both virions and EVs carry proteins of the cells that generated them and are antigenically heterogeneous. In spite of their diversity, both viruses and EVs were characterized predominantly by bulk analysis. Here, we describe an original nanotechnology-based high throughput method that allows the characterization of antigens on individual small particles using regular flow cytometers. Viruses or extracellular vesicles were immunocaptured with 15 nm magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to antibodies recognizing one of the surface antigens. The captured virions or vesicles were incubated with fluorescent antibodies against other surface antigens. The resultant complexes were separated on magnetic columns from unbound antibodies and analyzed with conventional flow cytometers triggered on fluorescence. This method has wide applications and can be used to characterize the antigenic composition of any viral- and non-viral small particles generated by cells in vivo and in vitro. Here, we provide examples of the usage of this method to evaluate the distribution of host cell markers on individual HIV-1 particles, to study the maturation of individual Dengue virions (DENV), and to investigate extracellular vesicles released into the bloodstream.

Viruses or extracellular vesicles were immunocaptured with 15 nm magnetic nanoparticles coupled to antibodies recognizing surface antigens. The captured virions or vesicles were labeled with fluorescent antibodies against other surface antigens. The resultant complexes were separated in high magnetic field and analyzed with conventional flow cytometers triggered on fluorescence.

비리의 항원 스펙트럼과 세포 외 소포를 분석하는 Virometry 흐름

Cells release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the surrounding media. Upon virus infection cells also release virions that have the same size of ...

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function

B cells reactive with a specific antigen usually occur at a frequency of &lt;0.05% of lymphocytes. For decades researchers have sought methods to isolate and enrich these rare cells for studies of their phenotype and biology. Approaches are inevitably based on the principle that B cells recognize native antigen by virtue of cell surface receptors that are representative in specificity of antibodies that will eventually be secreted by their differentiated daughters. Perhaps the most obvious approach to the problem involves use of fluorochrome-conjugated antigens in conjunction with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). However, the utility of these methods is limited by cell frequency and the achievable rate of analysis and isolation by electronic sorting. A novel method to enrich rare antigen-specific B cells using magnetic nanoparticles that results in high yield enrichment of antigen-reactive B cells from large starting cell populations is described. This method enables improved monitoring of the phenotype and biology of antigen reactive cells before and following in vivo antigen encounter, such as after immunization or during development of autoimmunity.

A simple yet effective method that employs magnetic nanoparticles to detect and enrich antigen-reactive B cells for functional and phenotypic analysis is described.

표현형 및 기능 분석에 대한 검색 및 희귀의 농축 항원 특이 적 B 세포

B cells reactive with a specific antigen usually occur at a frequency of &lt;0.05% of lymphocytes. For decades researchers have sought methods to isolate ...

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers (Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns)

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is the best method for diagnosis of first stage HAT and furthermore this parasite purification method permits serological and research investigations.
HAT is caused by Tsetse fly transmitted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Related trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal trypanosomiasis. Trypanosome detection is essential for HAT diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. The technique described here is the most sensitive parasite detection technique, adapted to field conditions for the diagnosis of T. b. gambiense HAT and can be completed within one hour. Blood is layered onto an anion-exchanger column (DEAE cellulose) previously adjusted to pH 8, and elution buffer is added. Highly negatively charged blood cells are adsorbed onto the column whereas the less negatively charged trypanosomes pass through. Collected trypanosomes are pelleted by centrifugation and observed by microscopy. Moreover, parasites are prepared without cellular damage whilst maintaining their infectivity.
Purified trypanosomes are required for immunological testing; they are used in the trypanolysis assay, the gold standard in HAT serology. Stained parasites are utilized in the card agglutination test (CATT) for field serology. Antigens from purified trypanosomes, such as variant surface glycoprotein, exoantigens, are also used in various immunoassays. The procedure described here is designed for African trypanosomes; consequently, chromatography conditions have to be adapted to each trypanosome strain, and more generally, to the blood of each species of host mammal.
These fascinating pathogens are easily purified and available to use in biochemical, molecular and cell biology studies including co-culture with host cells to investigate host-parasite relationships at the level of membrane receptors, signaling, and gene expression; drug testing in vitro; investigation of gene deletion, mutation, or overexpression on metabolic processes, cytoskeletal biogenesis and parasite survival.

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns

This method of trypanosome separation from blood depends on their surface charge being less negative than mammalian blood cells. Infected blood is placed and treated on an anion-exchanger column. This method, the most fitting diagnostic for African trypanosomiasis, provides purified parasites for immunological, biological, biochemical, pharmaceutical and molecular biology investigations.

음이온 교환기 (Diethylaminoethyl-셀 루 로스 열)에 의해 혈액에서 아프리카를 포함 한 세포 외 Trypanosomes의 정화

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is ...

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous aspiration of cells and/or microorganisms from palpable masses, organs or effusions (fluid accumulation in a body cavity) using a thin needle similar to the regular needle used for the venous puncture. The material collected by FNA is in general highly cellular, and the retrieved aspirate is then smeared, air dried, wet-fixed, stained and observed under a microscope. In the clinical context, FNA is an important diagnostic tool that serves as a guide to the appropriate therapeutic management. Because it is simple, fast, minimally invasive and requires limited investment in the laboratory and human resources, it is extensively used by veterinary practitioners, mostly in domestic, but also in farm animals. In studies using animal models, FNA has the advantage that it can be performed repeatedly in the same animal, enabling longitudinal studies through the collection of cells from tumors and organs/tissues over the course of the disease. In addition to routine microscopy, retrieved material can also be used for immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, biochemical analysis, flow cytometry, molecular biology or in vitro assays. FNA has been used to identify the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the gonads of infected mice, opening the possibility for a future diagnosis in cattle.

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration is a technique, whereby cells are obtained from a lesion or organ using a thin needle. Aspirated material is smeared, stained and examined under a microscope for diagnosis or used for molecular biology, cytometry or in vitro analysis. It is cheap, simple, quick and causes minimal trauma.

미세 바늘 흡인에 의해 혈관 외 Trypanosoma 기생충의 검출

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous ...

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

The protocol describes how to set up and run a flow cytometry-based phagocytosis assay of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) opsonized by naturally acquired IgG antibodies specific for VAR2CSA. VAR2CSA is the parasite antigen that mediates the selective sequestration of IEs in the placenta that can cause a severe form of malaria in pregnant women, called placental malaria (PM). Protection from PM is mediated by VAR2CSA-specific antibodies that are believed to function by inhibiting placental sequestration and/or by opsonizing IEs for phagocytosis. The assay employs late-stage-synchronized IEs that have been selected in vitro to express VAR2CSA, plasma/serum-antibodies from women with naturally acquired PM-specific immunity, and the phagocytic cell line THP-1. However, the protocol can easily be modified to assay the functionality of antibodies to any parasite antigen present on the IE surface, whether induced by natural exposure or by vaccination. The assay offers simple and high-throughput evaluation, with good reproducibility, of an important functional aspect of antibody-mediated immunity in malaria. It is, therefore, useful when evaluating clinical immunity to P. falciparum malaria, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

The overall goal of this protocol is to provide instruction on how to measure the capacity of antibodies present in sera or plasma of individuals, naturally exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection, to opsonize and induce phagocytosis of the parasite-infected erythrocytes (IEs).

유동 세포측정 기반 분석체에 의한 플라스모듐 팔시파룸 기생충에 자연적으로 획득된 식세포증-유도 항체 측정

The protocol describes how to set up and run a flow cytometry-based phagocytosis assay of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) opsonized by ...

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