The authors would like to acknowledge Hans de Graaf and Tomas Veenendaal for their technical assistance in culturing the ECs.

Ethics statement: Blood vessels used in this study were harvested as surplus material obtained from fresh canine cadavers (n= 4) from healthy dogs euthanized for other unrelated research (University 3R policy). Aberrant blood vessels (intra- and extrahepatic portosystemic shunts, n= 1 each) were harvested post-mortem after informed consent of the owners from dogs presented to the University Clinic for Companion Animals of Utrecht University.
1. Isolation and Culture of Primary Canine Endothelial...

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Heart Fail. 3 (5), 635-642 (2010).</li><li>Gonzalez-Miguel, J., Morchon, R., Siles-Lucas, M., Simon, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrinolysis+and+proliferative+endarteritis:+two+related+processes+in+chronic+infections?+The+model+of+the+blood-borne+pathogen+Dirofilaria+immitis.">Fibrinolysis and proliferative endarteritis: two related processes in chronic infections? The model of the blood-borne pathogen Dirofilaria immitis.</a> PLoS One. 10 (4), e0124445 (2015).</li><li>Sacks, T., Moldow, C. F., Craddock, P. R., Bowers, T. K., Jacob, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+radicals+mediate+endothelial+cell+damage+by+complement-stimulated+granulocytes.+An+in+vitro+model+of+immune+vascular+damage.">Oxygen radicals mediate endothelial cell damage by complement-stimulated granulocytes. An in vitro model of immune vascular damage.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 61 (5), 1161-1167 (1978).</li><li>Aranguren, X. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unraveling+a+novel+transcription+factor+code+determining+the+human+arterial-specific+endothelial+cell+signature.">Unraveling a novel transcription factor code determining the human arterial-specific endothelial cell signature.</a> Blood. 122 (24), 3982-3992 (2013).</li><li>van Balkom, B. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MIQE+precis:+Practical+implementation+of+minimum+standard+guidelines+for+fluorescence-based+quantitative+real-time+PCR+experiments.">MIQE precis: Practical implementation of minimum standard guidelines for fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR experiments.</a> BMC Mol. Biol. 11, 74 (2010).</li><li>Brinkhof, B., Spee, B., Rothuizen, J., Penning, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+evaluation+of+canine+reference+genes+for+accurate+quantification+of+gene+expression.">Development and evaluation of canine reference genes for accurate quantification of gene expression.</a> Anal. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canine+congenital+portosystemic+shunts:+disconnections+dissected.">Canine congenital portosystemic shunts: disconnections dissected.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 211, 14-20 (2015).</li><li>Sobczynska-Rak, A., Polkowska, I., Silmanowicz, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elevated+Vascular+Endothelial+Growth+Factor+(VEGF)+levels+in+the+blood+serum+of+dogs+with+malignant+neoplasms+of+the+oral+cavity.">Elevated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels in the blood serum of dogs with malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity.</a> Acta Vet. 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The authors have no competing financial interests.

In studies focusing on canine ECs the CnAOEC primary line is used to model the endothelial lineages of the dog3, 12, 13. In human studies, the HUVEC culture is still considered the gold standard. Clearly, focusing merely on ECs derived from umbilical cord is a firm restriction in cardiovascular research. Endothelial cells have a specific gene expression pattern determining arteriovenous specification. In order to account for these differences in postnatal vessels we present this novel isolation method based on...

Dogs are used as large animal model for cardiovascular disease research and can also suffer from inborn (genetic) vascular abnormalities1, 2. To study these diseases commercial endothelial cell lines are often used to assess endothelial cell (EC) functionality. For dogs there is one commercial endothelial cell line available (CnAOEC), derived from canine aorta. This cell line is mostly used in studies as control normal ECs3-5. In human cardiovascular research the most commonly used endothelial cell lines are Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Umbilical Artery Endothelial Cells (HUAECs) derived from human umbilical cord vein and artery, respectively. HUVECs have been used as the golden standard in vascular research since the 1980s6. They are considered to be the classic model system to study endothelial function and disease adaptation. Endothelial cells isolated from different blood vessels vary in appearance and functionality due to genetic background and exposure to the microenvironment7. In addition, HUVECs and HUAECs are derived from umbilical cord, a developmental vascular structure that might not fully mimic adult blood vessels with respect to the conditions they are exposed to and response to disease. Hence, translating results found in HUVECs and HUAECs to cardiovascular disease in general is inadequate.
When studying adaptation and behavior of adult ECs, primary ECs from the vessel of interest should be used as a more direct approach. To isolate these cells, several methods have been reported. A widely described method, which is also used for HUVECs, is flushing the vessel with an enzymatic digestion solution8. This often results in contamination with non-ECs such as smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts9. Another frequently used method for isolation is enzymatic digestion of minced vessel tissue followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on endothelial cell marker Cluster of Differentiation (CD)317, 8. FACS sorting and subsequent cell culture requires relatively large amounts of cells and is therefore not suitable for the isolation of endothelium from small blood vessels. We therefore aimed at developing a new robust method for isolating a pure endothelial cell population from various canine blood vessels with high purity. To test the efficiency of the new isolation method, we isolated and obtained pure Canine Primary Endothelial Cell (CaPEC) cultures from different canine arteries and veins, both large and small. This method also enables the culture of endothelial cells originating from diseased and/or aberrant vessels such as inborn intra- or extra-hepatic portosystemic shunts, a common disease in dogs2. The method allows the isolation of additional relevant cell types of the same vessel such as vascular smooth muscle cells since most of the vessel remains intact during the procedure.

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isolation and culture of primary endothelial cells from canine arteries and veins

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study vasculogenesis, (tumor) angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. The current standard for in vitro research on human endothelial cells (ECs) is the use of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Umbilical Artery Endothelial Cells (HUAECs). For canine endothelial research, only one cell line (CnAOEC) is available, which is derived from canine aortic endothelium. Although currently not completely understood, there is a difference between ECs originating from either arteries or veins. For a more direct approach to in vitro functionality studies on ECs, we describe a new method for isolating Canine Primary Endothelial Cells (CaPECs) from a variety of vessels. This technique reduces the chance of contamination with fast-growing cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, a problem that is common in standard isolation methods such as flushing the vessel with enzymatic solutions or mincing the vessel prior to digestion of the tissue containing all cells. The technique we describe was optimized for the canine model, but can easily be utilized in other species such as human.

Different blood vessels were successfully subjected to the described isolation protocol (Figure 2). It was possible to dissect and invert aorta, vena cava, vena porta, and coronary artery from healthy dogs (all vessels from each dog, n= 4). With the same approach ECs were isolated from two congenital portosystemic shunts (extrahepatic and intrahepatic, n= 1 each). Although aorta was easily inverted, thoracic aorta segments were more challenging than abdominal aorta. In th...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Primary Endothelial Cells from Canine Arteries and Veins at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Primary Endothelial Cells from Canine Arteries and Veins

Novel isolation methods of primary endothelial cells from blood vessels are needed. This protocol describes a new technique that completely inverts blood vessels of interest, exposing only the endothelial side to enzymatic digestion. The resulting pure endothelial cell culture can be used to study cardiovascular diseases, disease modelling, and angiogenesis.

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study ...

The overall goal of this method is to isolate and culture primary endothelial cells from dogs to study cardiovascular disease in vitro. This method can help answer key questions in the field of cardiovascular research such as the behavior of endothelial cells during angiogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. The main advantage of this technique is that a pure population of primary endothelial cells can be obtained and cultured even from very small blood vessels.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle because the inversion and suturing of the vessel can seem difficult, but are in fact easily learned in practice. To isolate and culture primary canine endothelial cells or CAPECs, use 0.5%gelatin to pre-coat six-well plates and incubate in a humidified chamber at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2 for two hours. After aseptically removing blood vessels of interest from a canine cadaver according to the text protocol, transfer the blood vessels to Petri dishes filled with ice cold HBSS.Then using surgical scissors, remove any adherent tissue and fat from the outside of the vessel making sure the vessel itself is visible at all times when cutting and keeping the vessel itself intact. Use ligatures to close any branches of the vessel and then use surgical scissors or a scalpel to remove the branches. With a curved Halsted mosquito forceps, carefully enter a vessel end, clamp the tip of the forceps at the other end of the vessel and then retract, slowly inverting the vessel until it is completely inside out with the endothelial cell layer on the outside.It is important to keep the blood vessel moistened with HBSS to facilitate the inversion process. Next, place purse string sutures at both ends of the vessel to close it completely to prevent exposure of any non-endothelial vascular tissue to digestion. Then using the ligature ends to manipulate the inverted vessel, transfer the vessel to a 50 milliliter tube and use HBSS to rinse it twice to remove erythrocytes or residual freezing medium in case of thawing.Add 30 milliliters of collagenase type two and dispase in canine endothelial cell growth medium or CECGM and incubate the tube at 37 degrees Celsius with gentle agitation to digest the vessel. Remove the vessel from the tube and centrifuge the cell suspension at 250 times g for five minutes. Then resuspend the cell pellet in CECGM and seed two milliliters of the suspension per well in one to three wells depending on the vessel size.Culture the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified atmosphere with 5%CO2 in air and change the culture medium twice a week. When the cells reach 70 to 80%confluency, use pre-warmed HBSS to wash away dead or non-attached cells. Then add 200 microliters of recombinant cell dissociation enzyme to each well and place the dish back into the incubator for five minutes or until the cells detach.Transfer the cells to a 15 milliliter tube and stop trypsinization by adding 10 milliliters of CECGM with 10%FCS, centrifuge for five minutes at 250 times g. Then continue the culture in a gelatin pre-coated plate or flask. To characterize canine aortic endothelial cells or CnAOECs, culture the cells in CECGM on a 0.5%gelatin pre-coated T75 flask.When the CnAOECs reach 70 to 80%confluency, trypsinize the cells as demonstrated earlier in this video. Then centrifuge the cell suspension at 250 times g for five minutes. Discard the supernatant and use one milliliter of culture medium to resuspend the cells.Dilute a 10 microliter aliquot of the cell suspension one to one with 0.4%Trypan Blue. Then use an automated cell counter to count the cells and plate four times 10 to the fifth viable cells in a new T75 flask. Add 10 milliliters of pre-warmed CECGM to the flask and culture at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified atmosphere with 5%CO2.To isolate RNA from passage one of CAPECs and CnAOECs, collect at least one times 10 to the three cells as a pellet. Add 20 microliters of sample preparation reagent and incubate for one minute to lyse the cells. After the incubation, store the sample at negative 70 degrees Celsius.Measure gene expression and assess EC functionality according to the text protocol. Using the protocol demonstrated in this video, it was possible to dissect and invert aorta, vena porta, vena cava, and coronary artery from healthy dogs and two congenital portosystemic shunts. Between one and two weeks post-isolation, adhered endothelial cells were visible in the culture plate.CAPECs from aorta, vena cava, and vena porta had a polygonal shape and grew in patches and reached 80%confluency after 10 days in culture. On average, the cells could be maintained a maximum of eight passages and then stopped growing. As seen here by qPCR, isolated endothelial cells expressed the endothelial cell marker CD31.The expression in endothelial cells derived from aorta, vena cava, and vena porta from four dogs exhibited comparable CD31 expression to a control culture of CnAOECs. This figure shows that CAPECs derived from aorta, vena cava, and vena porta displayed branching six hours after incubation on the angiogenesis slide. Once mastered, this technique can be done in three hours.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to work aseptically. Following this procedure, other methods like angiogenesis assays can be performed in order to answer additional questions like whether gene silencing or certain drugs will influence endothelial cell behavior. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to isolate primary endothelial cells from blood vessels, a technique that can also be applied to normal and abhorrent blood vessels from other species.

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11.1K visualizações.  Utrecht University. The overall goal of this method is to isolate and culture primary endothelial cells from dogs to study cardiovascular disease in vitro. This method can help answer key questions in the field of cardiovascular research such as the behavior of endothelial cells during angiogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. The main advantage of this technique is that a pure population of primary endothelial cells can be obtained and cultured even from very small blood vessels.Generally, i...