The work is supported by HHMI. We thank our lab members for their help with testing the protocol and revising the manuscript.

1. Construção do Iluminador LED NOTA: O equipamento de LED necessário é resumido na Lista de Materiais. A configuração LED inteiro é pequeno e pode ser colocado em qualquer lugar no laboratório, embora recomendamos que ser colocado em um quarto escuro para controlar a exposição à luz de vermes 4. <ol><li> Ligue o LED a um controlador com cabos (Figura 1A, D). </li><li> Ligue o aparelho a uma função de gerador / amplificador digital com um cabo BNC (Figura 1A, C, D). </li><li> Corrigir os LED de luz 10 cm acima do palco usando um suporte personalizado (Figura 1A). NOTA: Nós fizemos o suporte com peças de metal. </li><li> Cubra a instalação de iluminação LED parcialmente, mas evitar a acumulação de calor (Figura 1B), o que torna vermes doente. NOTA: Nós usamos uma cobertura de plástico rígido feito por encomenda com a parte superior aberta e inferior (Figura 1A). A tampa não é necessária para a própria mutagénese, mas é usado o to limitar a exposição desnecessária da luz azul para os arredores. Aconselhamos a não cobrir a configuração LED totalmente (Figura 1B) para evitar o sobreaquecimento os vermes. </li><li> Use óculos de laser de proteção. NOTA: usar óculos de laser de proteção porque a luz é muito brilhante. Óculos de sol pode funcionar tão bem. </li><li> Mudar a alavanca do controlador de LED para &#39;Int.&#39; para iluminação contínua (Figura 1D) e estabelece-lo em 65% da potência máxima (Figura 1C). </li><li> Use um fotômetro para medir a intensidade da luz azul sobre a fase em que os vermes são colocados utilizando o protocolo do fabricante. A configuração dá 2,0 mW / mm 2 sob iluminação contínua. </li></ol> 2. Tratamento Light Blue NOTA: Utilize a tensão CZ20310 juSi164 [Pmex-5-HIS-72 :: miniSOG-3&#39;UTR (TBB-2) + Cb-unc-119 (+)] unc-119 (ED3) III 4 A estirpe está disponível. no Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC, http: //www.cgc.cbs.umn.edu/). <ol><li> Manter a tensão His-MSOG no escuro em meio de crescimento nematóide padrão (NGM) placas com E. coli OP50 seguindo um protocolo padrão 10,11. NOTA: Sob luz ambiente, juSi164 estirpes molecular contendo não apresentam uma taxa de mutação acima de uma taxa espontânea 4. passagem estirpe de rotina usando um escopo de dissecação com uma lâmpada de halogéneo geralmente não causa mutações também. No entanto, os cuidados devem ser tomados para evitar a exposição desnecessária à luz, por exemplo, mantendo as tensões em uma incubadora-escuro dentro standard, ou cobrindo as tensões com papel alumínio. Aconselha-se a congelar alíquotas da estirpe após recebê-la no caso de mutações desnecessárias se acumulam ao longo do tempo. </li><li> Escolha grávida jovem adulto (cerca de 12 h pós-L4) animais com um verme pegar 11. NOTA: Os animais mais jovens mostram efeito menos mutagênico 4, enquanto que os animais mais velhos podem ter menor tamanho da ninhada. </li><li> Corte um filtro paper para atender a uma placa de 60 mm com 25 mm x 25 milímetros furo quadrado e coloque sobre uma placa unseeded (Figura 1E). NOTA: Um perfurador quadrado pode ser usado, mas o tamanho do punção não tem de ser preciso. </li><li> Queda de 100 ul de 100 mM de CuCl 2, no papel de filtro para restringir uniformemente vermes dentro do furo quadrado sobre a placa. </li><li> Escolha número desejado de grávidas hermafroditas adultos jovens (ver Passo 3, por exemplo) e transferir para o centro da placa de CuCl2. </li><li> Usar a laser óculos de proteção. </li><li> Ligue o LED e o gerador de função. </li><li> Mudar a alavanca do controlador de LED para &quot;Ext.&quot; para controlá-lo por o gerador de funções (Figura 1D). </li><li> Definir o controlador a 65% da potência máxima e o gerador de função como onda senoidal, 4 Hz (Figura 1C). </li><li> Colocar a placa de CuCl 2 do Passo 2.5, sem uma tampa sobre o palco sob o diodo emissor de luz (Figura 1A &lt;/ Strong&gt;). </li><li> Iluminar os animais com luz azul durante 30 min. </li><li> Transferir vermes aparência saudável a um prato semeado como P 0. NOTA: O número desejado de P 0 depende do tipo de tela. Consulte a Etapa 3 para um exemplo. Os P 0 vermes pode parecer ser descoordenada imediatamente após o tratamento de luz e vai recuperar ao longo do tempo. </li><li> Mantenha vermes cobertos com folha em uma incubadora ou no escuro; e siga o procedimento padrão para começar a triagem fenótipos desejados entre os seus descendentes 2,10. </li></ol> 3. Exemplo de uma tela genética Adiante NOTA:. Este é um exemplo do ecrã clonal com 120 genomas haplóides para verificar se o diodo emissor de luz e a tensão estão a trabalhar Figura 2 mostra um esquema do processo. <ol><li> [Day1] Após o tratamento luz azul, escolher cinco vermes aparência saudável em uma placa NGM com OP50 como P 0, mantê-los em um 20 ° C incubadora, e deixá-los colocar ovos para 1d (placa &#39;Day1&#39;). </li><li> [Day2] Transferência P 0 para uma nova placa sem sementes (placa &#39;Day2&#39;). </li><li> [Day3] Escolha e matar P 0 na placa o &#39;Day2&#39;, queimando-os. </li><li> [Day4] Escolha 30 gravídico jovem adulto F 1 da chapa &#39;Day1&#39; e transferi-los em placas individuais (30 F 1 Bocas para &#39;Day1&#39;). </li><li> [Dia5] Repita o passo 3.4 para a placa do &quot;Day2 &#39;(30 F 1 placas para&#39; Day2 &#39;). </li><li> [Day7-9] Verifique as morfologias anormais e / ou comportamento de F 2 vermes em comparação com a estirpe WT (Figura 3A) sob um microscópio estereoscópico padrão quando se tornam adultos. NOTA: uma mutação hereditárias exibe cerca de um quarto dos vermes com o mesmo fenótipo entre F 2, quando é recessiva com alta penetrância. No entanto, alguns mutantes podem crescer lentamente, e / ou mostrar penetrância parcial. Portanto, é possível que menos do que um quarto dos mutantes pode ser encontrado numaprato. </li><li> Escolha vermes com fenótipos visíveis individualmente e verificar a herdabilidade do fenótipo na próxima geração. </li></ol> 4. Exemplo de Integração Extracromossômica Transgene <ol><li> Injetar o DNA de interesse em CZ20310 juSi164 [Pmex-5-His-72 :: miniSOG-3&#39;UTR (tbb-2) + Cb-unc-119 (+)] unc-119 (ED3) e preparar vermes transgênicos com uma baixa taxa de transmissão (10-30%) na sequência de um protocolo de 12,13 injeção padrão. NOTA: Como alternativa, as matrizes extracromossômicos estabelecidos podem ser cruzados para as cepas juSi164. Para evitar a genotipagem em juSi164, heterozigotos juSi164 pode ser usado como a P 0, embora a eficiência pode ser diminuída. O método de genotipagem para juSi164 é descrito na Seção 5. </li><li> [Dia1] Tratar ~ 20 animais transgénicos como P 0 com luz azul, como descrito no Passo 2. NOTA: Mais P 0 vermes são necessárias, dependendo do tr<html> taxa de ansmission. Os transgenes podem ser identificados por co-injecção ou fenótipos marcador 12,13. </li><li> Escolha 10 saudável P procura 0 em placas individuais, mantê-los em um 20 ° C incubadora, e deixá-los põem ovos por alguns dias (P 0 placas) </li><li> [Day4] Único out 20 transgênico F 1 vermes de cada placa P 0 em placas individuais e deixá-los pôr ovos. (20 f 1 x 10 placas de P 0 = 200 F 1 placas no total). </li><li> [Day7] Encontrar F 1 placas com&gt; 75% F 2 com transgenes. </li><li> Escolha cinco animais transgénicos a partir da taxa de transmissão de&gt; 75% F 1 F 2 placas (placas). </li><li> [Dia10] Mantenha F 2 placas com taxa de transmissão de 100% como potenciais linhas integradas. </li><li> Outcross as potenciais linhas integradas, usando um procedimento padrão 10 para verificar a segregação mendeliana e remover possíveis mutações de fundo. </li></ol>le &quot;&gt; 5. Genotipagem <ol><li> Lyse outcrossed 20 F 2 vermes em tampão de lise utilizando um protocolo padrão 14. </li><li> Executar PCR utilizando os iniciadores para MosSCI inserção 9, juSi164, (Tabela 1) com uma temperatura de recozimento de 58 ° C, seguindo um protocolo padrão 14. NOTA: Não é necessário ao genótipo unc-119 (ED3), porque unc-119 (ED3) pode ser detectado pelo comportamento descoordenado após a remoção do transgene resgatando (juSi164) nas seguintes etapas 5.4 e 5.5. </li><li> Execute eletroforese em gel de agarose 15 e examinar os tamanhos da banda (Tabela 1) para encontrar o WT para juSi164. </li><li> Examinar se a progênie F 2 tem paralisado vermes devido à existência de unc-119 (ED3). </li><li> Se vermes descoordenados são encontrados na etapa 5.4, individuais vários vermes nonuncoordinated obter todos os vermes nonuncoordinated na próxima geração. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Aqui, nós descrevemos um procedimento detalhado de mutagénese utilizando optogenetic His-MSOG expresso na linha germinativa e fornecem um exemplo de um rastreio genético para a frente em pequena escala. Comparado a mutagénese química padrão, este método de mutagénese optogenetic tem várias vantagens. Em primeiro lugar, não é tóxico, mantendo assim o pessoal de laboratório longe de agentes mutagénicos químicos tóxicos, tais como EMS, ENU e trimetilpsoraleno com luz ultravioleta (TMP / UV). Em segundo luga...

Telas genéticos forward têm sido amplamente utilizados para gerar mutantes genéticos perturbadoras vários processos biológicos em organismos modelo tais como Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) 1. As análises de tais mutantes levar à descoberta de genes funcionalmente importantes e suas vias de sinalização 1,2. Tradicionalmente, a mutagénese em C. elegans é conseguida usando produtos químicos mutagénicos, radiação ou transposons 2. Produtos químicos, tais como metanossulfonato de etilo (EMS) e N-etil-N -nitrosourea (ENU) são tóxicos para os seres humanos; de raios gama ou de raios ultravioleta (UV) mutagénese radiação requer equipamento especial; e estirpes transposon-activa, tais como cepas mutantes 3, pode causar mutações desnecessários durante a manutenção. Nós desenvolvemos uma abordagem simples para induzir mutações hereditárias usando um fotossensibilizador geneticamente codificado 4. Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio (ROS) podem danificar o DNA 5.O Gerador de mini-oxigênio singlete (miniSOG) é uma proteína verde fluorescente de 106 aminoácidos que foi projetado a partir do LOV (luz, oxigênio, e tensão) de domínio de Arabidopsis phototropin 2 6. Após a exposição à luz azul (~ 450 nm), miniSOG gera ROS, incluindo oxigénio singuleto com FL avin mononucleótido como um cofactor 6-8, que está presente em todas as células. Construiu-se uma proteína de fusão His-MSOG por marcação miniSOG para o terminal C da histona-72, um C. variante elegans de histona 3. Geramos um transgene de cópia única 9 para expressar His-MSOG na linha germinativa de C. elegans. Em condições normais de cultura no escuro, os vermes transgênicos His-MSOG tem o tamanho da ninhada normal e tempo de vida 4. Após a exposição à luz LED azul, os vermes His-MSOG produzir mutações hereditárias entre seus descendentes 4. O espectro de mutações induzidas inclui mudanças de nucleótidos, tais como G: C para T: A e G: C para C: G, e pequena chromosome Exclusões 4. Este processo de mutagénese é simples de executar, e requer uma configuração mínima segurança do laboratório. Aqui, descrevemos a instalação de iluminação LED e procedimentos para mutagénese optogenética.

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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:256px;">Ultra High Power LED light source</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Prizmatix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">UHP-mic-LED-460</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">460 &#177; 5 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">LED controller</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Prizmatix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">UHPLCC-01</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:256px;">Digital function generator/amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">PASCO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">PI-9587C</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">PI-9587C is no longer available. The replacement is PI-8127.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:256px;">BNC cable male/male</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">THORLABS</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">CA3136</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">USB-TTL interface</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Prizmatix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:256px;">Photometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">THORLABS</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">PM50 and Model D10MM</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">1001-110</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:256px;">Copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2&#8729;2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">C6641</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MZ95</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="163">
			<td height="163" style="height:163px;width:256px;">NGM plate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Dissolve 5g NaCl, 2.5g Peptone, 20g Agar, 10 &#181;g/ml cholesterol in 1 L H2O. After autoclaving, add 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgSO4, 25 mM KH2PO4(pH6.0).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="88">
			<td height="88" style="height:88px;width:256px;">Lysis solution</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">10 mM Tris(pH8.8), 50 mM KCl, 0.1% Triton X100, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 100 &#181;g/ml Proteinase K</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optogenetic random mutagenesis using histone-minisog in c. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most mutagenesis-based screens, researchers have relied on the use of toxic chemicals, carcinogens, or irradiation, which requires designated equipment, safety setup, and/or disposal of hazardous materials. We have developed a simple approach to induce heritable mutations in C. elegans using germline-expressed histone-miniSOG, a light-inducible potent generator of reactive oxygen species. This mutagenesis method is free of toxic chemicals and requires minimal laboratory safety and waste management. The induced DNA modifications include single-nucleotide changes and small deletions, and complement those caused by classical chemical mutagenesis. This methodology can also be used to induce integration of extrachromosomal transgenes. Here, we provide the details of the LED setup and protocols for standard mutagenesis and transgene integration.

Foi realizado um rastreio genético para a frente com CZ20310 juSi164 unc-119 (ED3), utilizando a exposição à luz 30 min seguindo o protocolo padrão descrito nas secções 2 e 3. Entre 60 F 1 placas correspondentes a 120 genomas haplóides mutagenizados, encontramos 8 F 1 placas com F 2 vermes que exibem fenótipos visíveis, tais como defeito tamanho do corpo (Figura 3B), o movimento descoordenado (Figura 3C),</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans at JoVE.com

Mutagênese aleatória optogenética usando histona-miniSOG em C. elegans | Genética | Vídeo

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Geneticamente codificado histona-miniSOG induz mutações hereditárias do genoma de uma forma dependente da luz azul. Este método de mutagénese é simples, rápido, livre de produtos químicos tóxicos, e bem adequada para triagem genética para a frente e integração do transgene.

A mutagénese aleatória optogenetic Usando Histona-miniSOG em<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

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Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Classical and Modern Genetics

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9.0K visualizações.  University of California in San Diego and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.  Geneticamente codificado histona-miniSOG induz mutações hereditárias do genoma de uma forma dependente da luz azul. Este método de mutagénese é simples, rápido, livre de produtos químicos tóxicos, e bem adequada para triagem genética para a frente e integração do transgene. 

Vídeo: Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

We describe a PCR- and homologous recombination-based system for generating targeted mutations in histone genes in budding yeast cells. The resulting mutant alleles reside at their endogenous genomic sites and no exogenous DNA sequences are left in the genome following the procedure. Since in haploid yeast cells each of the four core histone proteins is encoded by two non-allelic genes with highly homologous open reading frames (ORFs), targeting mutagenesis specifically to one of two genes encoding a particular histone protein can be problematic. The strategy we describe here bypasses this problem by utilizing sequences outside, rather than within, the ORF of the target genes for the homologous recombination step. Another feature of this system is that the regions of DNA driving the homologous recombination steps can be made to be very extensive, thus increasing the likelihood of successful integration events. These features make this strategy particularly well-suited for histone gene mutagenesis, but can also be adapted for mutagenesis of other genes in the yeast genome.

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

A strategy for generating mutations in histone genes at their endogenous location in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented.

Visadas<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; mutagénese de histona Genes em brotamento Yeast

We describe a PCR- and homologous recombination-based system for generating targeted mutations in histone genes in budding yeast cells. The resulting ...

Genética

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the nature of biological investigation. Of these, RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) has emerged as a powerful tool for gene-expression analysis and transcriptome mapping. However, handling RNA-Seq datasets requires sophisticated computational expertise and poses inherent challenges for biology researchers. This bottleneck has been mitigated by the open access Galaxy project that allows users without bioinformatics skills to analyze RNA-Seq data, and the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), a Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis suite that helps derive biological meaning from large data sets. However, for first-time users and bioinformatics' amateurs, self-learning and familiarization with these platforms can be time-consuming and daunting. We describe a straightforward workflow that will help C. elegans researchers to isolate worm RNA, conduct an RNA-Seq experiment and analyze the data using Galaxy and DAVID platforms. This protocol provides stepwise instructions for using the various Galaxy modules for accessing raw NGS data, quality-control checks, alignment, and differential gene expression analysis, guiding the user with parameters at every step to generate a gene list that can be screened for enrichment of gene classes or biological processes using DAVID. Overall, we anticipate that this article will provide information to C. elegans researchers undertaking RNA-Seq experiments for the first time as well as frequent users running a small number of samples.

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Galaxy and DAVID have emerged as popular tools that allow investigators without bioinformatics training to analyze and interpret RNA-Seq data. We describe a protocol for C. elegans researchers to perform RNA-Seq experiments, access and process the dataset using Galaxy and obtain meaningful biological information from the gene lists using DAVID.

Análise transcriptomic de<em&gt; C</em&gt;.<em&gt; elegans</em&gt; RNA Sequenciação de dados através da Suíte Tuxedo no Projeto Galaxy

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the nature of biological investigation. Of these, RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) has emerged ...

Analysis of the c-KIT Ligand Promoter Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Multiple cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, DNA recombination, and gene expression, require interactions between proteins and DNA. Therefore, DNA-protein interactions regulate multiple physiological, pathophysiological, and biological functions, such as cell differentiation, cell proliferation, cell cycle control, chromosome stability, epigenetic gene regulation, and cell transformation. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA interacts with histone and nonhistone proteins and is condensed into chromatin. Several technical tools can be used to analyze DNA-protein interactions, such as the Electrophoresis (gel) Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting. However, these techniques analyze the protein-DNA interaction in vitro, not within the cellular context. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that captures proteins at their specific DNA binding sites, thereby allowing for the identification of DNA-protein interactions within their chromatin context. It is done by fixation&#160;of the DNA-protein interaction, followed by&#160;immunoprecipitation of the protein of interest. Subsequently, the genomic site that the protein was bound to is characterized. Here, we describe and discuss ChIP and demonstrate its analytical value for the identification of the Transforming Growth Factor-&#946; (TGF-&#946;)-induced binding of the transcription factor SMAD2 to SMAD Binding Elements (SBE) within the promoter region of the tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (c-KIT) receptor ligand Stem Cell Factor (SCF).

DNA-protein interactions are essential for multiple biological processes. During the evaluation of cellular functions, the analysis of DNA-protein interactions is indispensable for understanding gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to analyze such interactions in vivo.

Análise do Promotor de Ligando C-KIT Usando Imunoprecipitação de Cromatina

Multiple cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, DNA recombination, and gene expression, require interactions between proteins and DNA. ...

Protocols for C-Brick DNA Standard Assembly Using Cpf1

CRISPR-associated protein Cpf1 cleaves double-stranded DNA under the guidance of CRISPR RNA (crRNA), generating sticky ends. Because of this characteristic, Cpf1 has been used for the establishment of a DNA assembly standard called C-Brick, which has the advantage of long recognition sites and short scars. On a standard C-Brick vector, there are four Cpf1 recognition sites &#8211; the prefix (T1 and T2 sites) and the suffix (T3 and T4 sites) &#8211; flanking biological DNA parts. The cleavage of T2 and T3 sites produces complementary sticky ends, which allow for the assembly of DNA parts with T2 and T3 sites. Meanwhile, a short &#34;GGATCC&#34; scar is generated between parts after assembly. As the newly formed plasmid once again contains the four Cpf1 cleavage sites, the method allows for the iterative assembly of DNA parts, which is similar to those of BioBrick and BglBrick standards. A procedure outlining the use of the C-Brick standard to assemble DNA parts is described here. The C-Brick standard can be widely used by scientists, graduate and undergraduate students, and even amateurs.

CRISPR-associated protein Cpf1 can be guided by a specially designed CRISPR RNA (crRNA) to cleave double-stranded DNA at desired sites, generating sticky ends. Based on this characteristic, a DNA assembly standard (C-Brick) was established, and a protocol detailing its use is described here.

Protocolos para Montagem Padrão de DNA C-Brick Usando Cpf1

CRISPR-associated protein Cpf1 cleaves double-stranded DNA under the guidance of CRISPR RNA (crRNA), generating sticky ends. Because of this ...

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Sensory systems allow animals to detect, process, and respond to their environment. Food abundance is an environmental cue that has profound effects on animal physiology and behavior. Recently, we showed that modulation of longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by food abundance is more complex than previously recognized. The responsiveness of the lifespan to changes in food level is determined by specific genes that act by controlling information processing within a neural circuit. Our framework combines genetic analysis, high-throughput quantitative imaging and information theory. Here, we describe how these techniques can be used to characterize any gene that has a physiological relevance to broad-range dietary restriction. Specifically, this workflow is designed to reveal how a gene of interest regulates lifespan under broad-range dietary restriction; then to establish how the expression of the gene varies with food level; and finally, to provide an unbiased quantification of the amount of information conveyed by gene expression about food abundance in the environment. When several genes are examined simultaneously under the context of a neural circuit, this workflow can uncover the coding strategy employed by the circuit.

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Here, we present a framework to relate broad-range dietary restriction to gene expression and lifespan. We describe protocols for broad-range dietary restriction and for quantitative imaging of gene expression under this paradigm. We further outline computational analyses to reveal underlying information processing features of the genetic circuits involved in food-sensing.

Quantificação da informação codificada pelos níveis de expressão gênica durante modulação do tempo de vida sob ampla restrição alimentar em C. elegans.

Sensory systems allow animals to detect, process, and respond to their environment. Food abundance is an environmental cue that has profound effects on ...

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Mechanisms that involve whole genome polyploidy play important roles in development and evolution; also, an abnormal generation of tetraploid cells has been associated with both the progression of cancer and the development of drug resistance. Until now, it has not been feasible to easily manipulate the ploidy of a multicellular animal without generating mostly sterile progeny. Presented here is a simple and rapid protocol for generating tetraploid Caenorhabditis elegans animals from any diploid strain. This method allows the user to create a bias in chromosome segregation during meiosis, ultimately increasing ploidy in C. elegans. This strategy relies on the transient reduction of expression of the rec-8 gene to generate diploid gametes. A rec-8 mutant produces diploid gametes that can potentially produce tetraploids upon fertilization. This tractable scheme has been used to generate tetraploid strains carrying mutations and chromosome rearrangements to gain insight into chromosomal dynamics and interactions during pairing and synapsis in meiosis. This method is efficient for generating stable tetraploid strains without genetic markers, can be applied to any diploid strain, and can be used to derive triploid C. elegans. This straightforward method is useful for investigating other fundamental biological questions relevant to genome instability, gene dosage, biological scaling, extracellular signaling, adaptation to stress, development of resistance to drugs, and mechanisms of speciation.

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

This method allows for the generation of tetraploid and triploid Caenorhabditis nematodes from any diploid strain. Polyploid strains generated by this method have been used to study chromosome interactions in meiotic prophase, and this method is useful for examining important basic questions in cell, developmental, evolutionary, and cancer biology.

Manipulação de ploidia em Caenorhabditis elegans

Mechanisms that involve whole genome polyploidy play important roles in development and evolution; also, an abnormal generation of tetraploid cells has ...

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast

Random mutagenesis of a target gene is commonly used to identify mutations that yield the desired phenotype. Of the methods that may be used to achieve random mutagenesis, error-prone PCR is a convenient and efficient strategy for generating a diverse pool of mutants (i.e., a mutant library). Error-prone PCR is the method of choice when a researcher seeks to mutate a pre-defined region, such as the coding region of a gene while leaving other genomic regions unaffected. After the mutant library is amplified by error-prone PCR, it must be cloned into a suitable plasmid. The size of the library generated by error-prone PCR is constrained by the efficiency of the cloning step. However, in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the cloning step can be replaced by the use of a highly efficient one-step fusion PCR to generate constructs for transformation. Mutants of desired phenotypes may then be selected using appropriate reporters. Here, we describe this strategy in detail, taking as an example, a reporter inserted at centromeric heterochromatin.

This article describes a detailed methodology for random mutagenesis of a target gene in fission yeast. As an example, we target rpt4+, which encodes a subunit of the 19S proteasome, and screen for mutations that destabilize heterochromatin.

Gene-alvo Mutagenesis aleatório para selecionar heterocromatina-desestabilizando Proteassoma mutantes no fermento de fissão

Random mutagenesis of a target gene is commonly used to identify mutations that yield the desired phenotype. Of the methods that may be used to achieve ...

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been co-opted as a powerful tool for precise eukaryotic genome engineering. Here, we present a rapid and simple method using chimeric single guide RNAs (sgRNA) and CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for the efficient and precise generation of genomic point mutations in C. elegans. We describe a pipeline for sgRNA target selection, homology-directed repair (HDR) template design, CRISPR-Cas9-RNP complexing and delivery, and a genotyping strategy that enables the robust and rapid identification of correctly edited animals. Our approach not only permits the facile generation and identification of desired genomic point mutant animals, but also facilitates the detection of other complex indel alleles in approximately 4 - 5 days with high efficiency and a reduced screening workload.

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Here, we present a method to engineer the genome of C. elegans using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and homology dependent repair templates.

Uma rápida e superficial Pipeline para gerar Genomic ponto mutantes em c. elegans usando CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteínas

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been ...

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

A few species of sap-sucking whiteflies are some of the most damaging terrestrial pests worldwide because of the crop damage they inflict and plant viruses they vector. Despite numerous studies of the biology of these species in different environments, a key life history parameter, offspring sex ratios, has received little attention, yet is important for predicting population dynamics. The primary sex ratio (sex ratio at oviposition) of Bemisia tabaci has never been reported but can be found by determining the egg fertilization rate of this haplodiploid insect. The technique involves the dechorionation of eggs with bleach, a series of fixation steps, and the application of the general DNA fluorescent stain, DAPI (4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, a DNA-binding fluorescent dye), to bind to female and male pronuclei. Here, we present the technique, and an example of its application, to test whether an endosymbiotic bacterium, Rickettsia sp. nr. bellii, influenced the primary sex ratio of B. tabaci. This method may assist in population studies of whiteflies, or in determining if sex allocation exists with certain environmental stimuli.

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

We present a simple cytogenetic technique using 4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to determine the fertilization rate and primary sex ratio of the haplodiploid invasive pest Bemisia tabaci.

Determinação da taxa de fertilização do ovo de Bemisia tabaci usando uma técnica citogenética

A few species of sap-sucking whiteflies are some of the most damaging terrestrial pests worldwide because of the crop damage they inflict and plant ...

High-Throughput Quantitative RT-PCR in Single and Bulk C. elegans Samples Using Nanofluidic Technology

This paper presents a high-throughput reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for Caenorhabditis elegans that is fast, robust, and highly sensitive. This protocol obtains precise measurements of gene expression from single worms or from bulk samples. The protocol presented here provides a novel adaptation of existing methods for complementary DNA (cDNA) preparation coupled to a nanofluidic RT-qPCR platform. The first part of this protocol, named &#8216;Worm-to-CT&#8217;, allows cDNA production directly from nematodes without the need for prior mRNA isolation. It increases experimental throughput by allowing the preparation of cDNA from 96 worms in 3.5 h. The second part of the protocol uses existing nanofluidic technology to run high-throughput RT-qPCR on the cDNA. This paper evaluates two different nanofluidic chips: the first runs 96 samples and 96 targets, resulting in 9,216 reactions in approximately 1.5 days of benchwork. The second chip type consists of six 12 x 12 arrays, resulting in 864 reactions. Here, the Worm-to-CT method is demonstrated by quantifying mRNA levels of genes encoding heat shock proteins from single worms and from bulk samples. Provided is an extensive list of primers designed to amplify processed RNA for the majority of coding genes within the C. elegans genome.

High-Throughput Quantitative RT-PCR in Single and Bulk C. elegans Samples Using Nanofluidic Technology

In this article a high-throughput protocol for fast and reliable determination of gene expression levels in single or bulk C. elegans samples is described. This protocol does not require RNA isolation and produces cDNA directly from samples. It can be used together with high-throughput multiplexed nanofluidic real-time qPCR platforms.

RT-PCR quantitativo de alta produtividade em amostras de elegans C. single e bulk usando tecnologia nanofluidica

This paper presents a high-throughput reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for Caenorhabditis elegans that is fast, robust, and highly ...

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