We acknowledge Leena Patel and Diamond Woodard for helping in the Drosophila medium preparation and Dr. Igor Chesnokov for providing access to the camera-attached stereomicroscope.

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T., St Johnston, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Damage+to+the+Drosophila+follicle+cell+epithelium+produces+&amp;#34;false+clones&amp;#34;+with+apparent+polarity+phenotypes.">Damage to the Drosophila follicle cell epithelium produces &amp;#34;false clones&amp;#34; with apparent polarity phenotypes.</a> Biol Open. 2 (12), 1313-1320 (2013).</li><li>Murphy, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+mitochondria+produce+reactive+oxygen+species.">How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species.</a> Biochem J. 417 (1), 1-13 (2009).</li><li>Mandal, S., Guptan, P., Owusu-Ansah, E., Banerjee, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+regulation+of+cell+cycle+progression+during+development+as+revealed+by+the+tenured+mutation+in+Drosophila.">Mitochondrial regulation of cell cycle progression during development as revealed by the tenured mutation in Drosophila.</a> Dev Cell. 9 (6), 843-854 (2005).</li><li>Tipping, M., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+as+a+model+for+context-dependent+tumorigenesis.">Drosophila as a model for context-dependent tumorigenesis.</a> J Cell Physiol. 229 (1), 27-33 (2014).</li><li>Herranz, H., Eichenlaub, T., Cohen, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+in+Drosophila:+Imaginal+Discs+as+a+Model+for+Epithelial+Tumor+Formation.">Cancer in Drosophila: Imaginal Discs as a Model for Epithelial Tumor Formation.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 116, 181-199 (2016).</li><li>Pandey, U. B., Nichols, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+disease+models+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+and+the+role+of+the+fly+in+therapeutic+drug+discovery.">Human disease models in Drosophila melanogaster and the role of the fly in therapeutic drug discovery.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 63 (2), 411-436 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have no competing financial interests.

Passos críticos dentro do Protocolo Fotodegradação: Prevenção de fotodegradação indevida de amostras fluorescentes é absolutamente necessário para a realização de microscopia confocal eficiente. Portanto, o tempo usado para localizar amostras através da ocular ou para definir os parâmetros de aquisição de imagem através do modo de varredura ao vivo deve ser minimizado para minimizar a fotodegradação. O dano tecidual: Uma ...

As mitocôndrias são classicamente descritos como a potência celular, uma vez que eles são os principais lugares de produção de energia em células diferenciadas. Além disso, as mitocôndrias desempenham um papel crítico no metabolismo, a geração de calor, a modificação lipídica, o cálcio e homeostase redox, a orquestração de processos de sinalização de células, etc 1. As mitocôndrias desempenham também um papel activo na indução de morte celular 2, bem como na regulação do ciclo celular 3. Essa multifuncionalidade levanta as seguintes questões fundamentais: a) como mitocôndrias desempenhar todas estas funções em simultâneo e b) existem piscinas mitocondriais específicos ou subzonas que são especializados para funções distintas? Neste contexto, é importante notar que as mitocôndrias são multifuncionais dinâmica na sua forma, tamanho e estrutura dentro das células individuais e que a forma de estado estacionário de mitocôndrias pode variar entre os tipos de células. Décadas de pesquisa de vários laboratóriooratórios sugerem que a alteração da forma mitocondrial, tamanho e estrutura, chamados coletivamente de dinâmica mitocondrial, é crucial para a manutenção de várias funções mitocondriais 4,5,6. Estes resultados levantam a possibilidade de que mitocôndrias podem cumprir a sua multi-funcionalidade em virtude do seu dinamismo estrutural. grandes esforços estão em curso para entender a relação estrutura-função mitocondrial. A dinâmica da estrutura mitocondrial é mantida principalmente pela sua capacidade de sofrer eventos de fissão e de fusão com o outro. Fissão de grandes mitocôndrias converte-os em elementos mitocondriais menores, enquanto a fusão entre duas mitocôndrias menores funde-os em um elemento mitocondrial maior 7. Além disso, a fusão de duas mitocôndrias transiente pode ocorrer para permitir a mistura do seu conteúdo. Os eventos de fissão e de fusão das membranas mitocondriais interior e exterior são cuidadosamente regulada pela especificaçãoific conjuntos de proteínas. A maquinaria do núcleo fissão é composto de proteína relacionada com dinamina 1 (Drp1), que é recrutados a partir do citosol para a mitocôndria pela sua interacção com certos bona proteínas mitocondriais fide (por exemplo, Fis1 ou Mff1), enquanto função Drp1 também pode ser regulado por outras proteínas na superfície mitocondrial 4. Embora Drp1 opera na membrana externa, as suas capacidades de fissão impacto da membrana interior assim. A orquestração da cisão das membranas mitocondriais exteriores e interiores não é bem compreendido. Por outro lado, a fusão da membrana interna é regulada no núcleo pelas actividades de OPA1, enquanto mitofusins governar a fusão da membrana externa 5. O saldo das contrariando fissão e fusão eventos de mitocôndrias ditar a forma mitocondrial steady-state em uma célula. Por exemplo, a repressão da fissão mitocondrial resultaria em fusão completa e sem oposição, enquanto que a sobre-actividade das mitocôndriasl fissão resultaria em fragmentação da mitocôndria 3. O estudo da relação estrutura-função mitocondrial envolve principalmente duas abordagens complementares: a) análise dos fenótipos celulares e organismais após a manipulação genética de proteínas fissão / fusão mitocondrial e b) as avaliações diretas de estrutura e função mitocondrial. É digno de nota que as análises genéticas podem nem sempre revelar a funcionalidade directa da molécula no lado (neste caso, as proteínas de fissão / fusão mitocondriais), como os fenótipos podem surgir devido a efeitos secundários. Portanto, é de extrema importância para desenvolver e usar ferramentas para estudar a estrutura e função mitocondrial diretamente. Qualquer avaliação da estrutura mitocondrial envolve várias ferramentas de microscopia. Uso de microscopia de fluorescência de células vivas tem avançado muito nos estudos de dinâmica mitocondrial, uma vez que o dinamismo mitocondrial pode ser monitorado de forma qualitativa e Quantitätvamente utilizando as ferramentas e técnicas apropriadas 8 de microscopia de fluorescência. Ferramentas com base em microscopia de fluorescência foram desenvolvidos para estudar a estrutura e a função mitocondrial em tecidos vivos e fixos de Drosophila melanogaster, elucidar a importância de dinamismo mitocondrial in vivo 9. Estes e os métodos relacionados são descritos aqui, com o objectivo de estudar a estrutura e a função mitocondrial no ovário de Drosophila. O ovário Drosophila consiste em germinativas e somáticas linhagens, que surgem a partir de suas respectivas células-tronco adultas que residem no germário 10,11. Dezesseis células germinativas sincicial (GCs) se encapsulado por células do folículo somáticas (FCS) para formar câmaras de ovos individuais que emergem fora do germário (Figura 1). Um dos 16 GCs se comprometeu a tornar-se um oócito, e os restantes 15 GCs desenvolvem em células enfermeira que suportam o crescimento da câmara de oócito, Facilitando a maturação do ovo, antes de ser colocado. A maioria dos CFs submetidos a 9 ciclos de divisões mitóticas antes de sair do ciclo celular mitótico para diferenciar terminalmente em uma camada de células epiteliais modelado que consiste de células anterior dos folículos (AFCs), células foliculares posterior (PFC), e as células do corpo principal (CBMs) . As câmaras de ovo consecutivos são ligados por células haste, que são células que são também derivados das CFs no início do desenvolvimento diferenciadas. Forma mitocondrial regulado pelo Drp1 proteína fissão mitocondrial está ativamente envolvido no processo de diferenciação durante o desenvolvimento normal da camada FC ovário Drosophila 9,12. Os métodos utilizados nestes estudos para identificar o envolvimento de Drp1 em Drosophila desenvolvimento da camada de células do folículo são descritos aqui.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Grace&#039;s Media (Insect Dissecting Medium)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>30611031-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>41 Paraformaldehyde AQ</td><td>Electronic Microscopy Sciences</td><td>50-259-99</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mitotracker Green (overall mitochondrial stain)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>m7514</td><td>Reconstitute and Aliquot</td></tr><tr><td>Tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>87917-25MG</td><td>Reconstitute and Aliquot</td></tr><tr><td>MitoSox (Mito-Ros stain)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>m36008</td><td>Reconstitute and Aliquot</td></tr><tr><td>PolyLysine</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>ICN15017625</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly Vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AS-515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly Conicals</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AS-355</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly Vial Flugs</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AS273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly Conical Flugs</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AS 277</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jazzmix Drosophila food (Drosophila food)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AS153</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A9647-50G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cyclin E Antibody (d-300)</td><td>Santa Cruz</td><td>sc- 33748</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ATPB antibody [3D5] - Mitochondrial Marker</td><td>AbCam</td><td>ab14730</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cy3 AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115-165-146</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cy5 AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>111-175-144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hoechst</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H3570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VectaShield</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Azer Scientific EverMark Select Microscope Slides</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-026-252</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope Cover Glass</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-542-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mat Tek Corp&amp;nbsp;Glass Bottom Mircrowell Dish</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P35G-0-14-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Active Dried Yeast</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>ICN10140001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal Microscope</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>LSM 700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Technologies</td><td>11251-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Moria Nickel Plated Pin Holder</td><td>Fine Science Technologies</td><td>26016-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minutien Pins</td><td>Fine Science Technologies</td><td>26002-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYFP ( w[*]; P{w[+mC]=sqh-EYFP-Mito}3 )</td><td>Bloomington Stock Center</td><td>7194</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly Pad</td><td>Fly stuff</td><td>59-118</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blowgun</td><td>Fly stuff</td><td>54-104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blowgun needle</td><td>Flystuff</td><td>54-119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting Microscope</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>Stemi 2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analyses software</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>Zen&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analyses software</td><td>Open source</td><td>Image J</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Research Macro Zoom Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>MVX10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QICAM Fast 1394 Cooled Digital Camera, 12-bit, Mono&amp;nbsp;</td><td>QImaging</td><td>QIC-F-M-12-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QCapture Pro 5.1</td><td>QImaging</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

studying mitochondrial structure and function in drosophila ovaries

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial functionality. Fluorescence microscopy is an indispensable tool for the direct assessment of mitochondrial structure and function in live cells and for studying the mitochondrial structure-function relationship, which is primarily modulated by the molecules governing fission and fusion events between mitochondria. This paper describes and demonstrates specific methods for studying mitochondrial structure and function in live as well as in fixed tissue in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The tissue of choice here is the Drosophila ovary, which can be isolated and made amenable for ex vivo live confocal microscopy. Furthermore, the paper describes how to genetically manipulate the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1, in Drosophila ovaries to study the involvement of Drp1-driven mitochondrial fission in modulating the mitochondrial structure-function relationship. The broad use of such methods is demonstrated in already-published as well as in novel data. The described methods can be further extended towards understanding the direct impact of nutrients and/or growth factors on the mitochondrial properties ex vivo. Given that mitochondrial dysregulation underlies the etiology of various diseases, the described innovative methods developed in a genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila, are anticipated to contribute significantly to the understanding of the mechanistic details of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship and to the development of mitochondria-directed therapeutic strategies.

Os métodos descritos podem ser utilizados para estudar a estrutura e a função mitocondrial em ovários de Drosophila vivas e fixadas (Figura 2B). São fornecidos alguns exemplos de resultados previstos obtidos com os métodos descritos. A dissecção do ovário Drosophila: Quando dissecados ainda mais, o abdómen cortadas (Figura 3B) a partir do conjunto de Dros...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries at JoVE.com

Estudando estrutura e função mitocondrial em ovários de Drosophila | Biologia | Vídeo

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial functionality. Specific methods for studying mitochondrial structure and function in live and fixed Drosophila ovaries are described and demonstrated in this paper.

Estudar mitocondrial estrutura e função em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; ovários

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial ...

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Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

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23.9K visualizações.  University of Alabama at Birmingham. Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial functionality. Specific methods for studying mitochondrial structure and function in live and fixed Drosophila ovaries are described and demonstrated in this paper. 

Vídeo: Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

Dissecção da Drosophila Ovários

Biologia

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and transmitted from one generation to the next through the female oocyte is of fundamental importance. Because of the genetic tractability, and the elegant, ordered simplicity by which oocyte development proceeds, Drosophila oogenesis has become an invaluable system for mitochondrial study. An EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) labeling method was utilized to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in Drosophila ovaries. This method is superior to the BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) labeling method in that it allows for good structural preservation and efficient fluorescent dye penetration of whole-mount tissues.
Here we describe a detailed protocol for labeling replicating mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila adult ovaries with EdU. Some technical solutions are offered to improve the viability of the ovaries, maintain their health during preparation, and ensure high-quality imaging. Visualization of newly synthesized mtDNA in the ovaries not only reveals the striking temporal and spatial pattern of mtDNA replication through oogenesis, but also allows for simple quantification of mtDNA replication under various genetic and pharmacological perturbations.

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

Drosophila oogenesis continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of mitochondrial proliferation and inheritance. This manuscript describes a detailed protocol used to label the replicating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Drosophila adult ovaries with 5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine (EdU), which facilitates uncovering mechanisms associated with mitochondrial inheritance that were previously debatable.

In Situ Rotulagem de replicação de DNA mitocondrial em Drosophila Adulto Ovários por Edu Coloração

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and ...

Genética

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. 
Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster.

Preparação de mitocondriais frações enriquecidas para Análise metabólica em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human organs, possess highly conserved metabolic pathways and have a relatively short lifespan that allows the study of different fundamental mechanisms in a short period of time. It is, however, surprising that one of the mechanisms essential for cellular metabolism, the mitochondrial respiration, has not been thoroughly investigated in this model. It is likely because the measure of the mitochondrial respiration in Drosophila usually requires a very large number of individuals and the results obtained are not highly reproducible. Here, a method allowing the precise measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption using minimal amounts of tissue from Drosophila is described. In this method, the thoraxes are dissected and permeabilized both mechanically with sharp forceps and chemically with saponin, allowing different compounds to cross the cell membrane and modulate the mitochondrial respiration. After permeabilization, a protocol is performed to evaluate the capacity of the different complexes of the electron transport system (ETS) to oxidize different substrates, as well as their response to an uncoupler and to several inhibitors. This method presents many advantages compared to methods using mitochondrial isolations, as it is more physiologically relevant because the mitochondria are still interacting with the other cellular components and the mitochondrial morphology is conserved. Moreover, sample preparations are faster, and the results obtained are highly reproducible. By combining the advantages of Drosophila as a model for the study of metabolism with the evaluation of mitochondrial respiration, important new insights can be unveiled, especially when the flies are experiencing different environmental or pathophysiological conditions.

In this paper, a method to measure oxygen consumption using high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized thoraxes of Drosophila is described. This technique requires a minimal amount of tissue compared to the classic mitochondrial isolation technique and the results obtained are more physiologically relevant.

Medição do consumo de oxigênio mitocondrial nas fibras Permeabilized da drosófila usando quantidades mínimas de tecido

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human ...

Bioquímica

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a pupal case. The challenge of dissecting pupal ovaries also lies in their physical location within the pupa: the ovaries are surrounded by fat body cells inside the pupal abdomen, and these fat cells must be removed to allow for proper antibody staining. To overcome these challenges, this protocol utilizes customized Pasteur pipets to extract fat body cells from the pupal abdomen. Moreover, a chambered coverglass is used in place of a microcentrifuge tube during the staining process to improve visibility of the pupae. However, despite these and other advantages of the tools used in this protocol, successful execution of these techniques may still involve several days of practice due to the small size of pupal ovaries. The techniques outlined in this protocol could be applied to time course experiments in which ovaries are analyzed at various stages of pupal development.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

The Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system for studying stem cell niche development. Though methods for dissecting larval and adult ovaries have been published, pupal ovary dissections require different techniques that have not been published in detail. Here we outline a protocol for dissecting, staining, and mounting pupal ovaries.

Dissecção e coloração dos ovários Pupal drosófila

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a ...

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton rearrangements, or polarity patterning within the cells. When studying oocyte nucleus positioning, live-imaging techniques are essential to capture the dynamic events of this process. The Drosophila egg chamber is a multicellular structure and an excellent model system to study this phenomenon because of its large size and availability of numerous genetic tools. During Drosophila mid-oogenesis, the nucleus migrates from a central position within the oocyte to adopt an asymmetric position mediated by microtubule-generated forces. This migration and positioning of the nucleus are necessary to determine the polarity axes of the embryo and the subsequent adult fly. One characteristic of this migration is that it occurs in three dimensions (3D), creating a necessity for live imaging. Thus, to study the mechanisms that regulate nuclear migration, we have developed a protocol to culture the dissected egg chambers and perform live imaging for 12 h by time-lapse acquisitions using spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Overall, our conditions allow us to preserve Drosophila egg chambers alive for a long period of time, thereby enabling the completion of nuclear migration to be visualized in a large number of samples in 3D.

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

In Drosophila, the oocyte nucleus undergoes microtubule-dependent migration during oogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol that was developed to follow the migration by performing live imaging on egg chambers ex-vivo. Our procedure maintains egg chambers alive for 12 h to acquire multi-position 3D time-lapse movies using spinning-disk confocal microscopy.

Migração Nuclear no Oócito de Drosophila

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton ...

Confocal and Super-Resolution Imaging of Polarized Intracellular Trafficking and Secretion of Basement Membrane Proteins During Drosophila Oogenesis

The basement membrane (BM) - a specialized sheet of extracellular matrix present at the basal side of epithelial cells - is critical for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial tissue morphology and organ morphogenesis. Moreover, the BM is essential for tissue modeling, serving as a signaling platform, and providing external forces to shape tissues and organs. Despite the many important roles that the BM plays during normal development and pathological conditions, the biological pathways controlling the intracellular trafficking of BM-containing vesicles and how basal secretion leads to the polarized deposition of BM proteins are poorly understood. The follicular epithelium of the Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system to study the basal deposition of BM membrane proteins, as it produces and secretes all major components of the BM. Confocal and super-resolution imaging combined with image processing in fixed tissues allows for the identification and characterization of cellular factors specifically involved in the intracellular trafficking and deposition of BM proteins. This article presents a detailed protocol for staining and imaging BM-containing vesicles and deposited BM using endogenously tagged proteins in the follicular epithelium of the Drosophila ovary. This protocol can be applied to address both qualitative and quantitative questions and it was developed to accommodate high-throughput screening, allowing for the rapid and efficient identification of factors involved in the polarized intracellular trafficking and secretion of vesicles during epithelial tissue development.

Confocal and Super-Resolution Imaging of Polarized Intracellular Trafficking and Secretion of Basement Membrane Proteins During Drosophila Oogenesis

The basement membrane is essential for tissue and organ morphogenesis during development. To better understand the mechanisms leading to proper placement of this structure, the protocol presented describes methods to visualize and characterize the intracellular trafficking and secretion of basement membrane proteins in epithelial cells using confocal and super-resolution microscopy.

Imagem confocal e super-resolução de tráfico intracelular polarizado e secreção de proteínas de membrana de porão durante Drosophila Oogenesis

The basement membrane (BM) - a specialized sheet of extracellular matrix present at the basal side of epithelial cells - is critical for the establishment ...

Analisando a fisiologia mitocondrial e a bioenergética em moscas-das-frutas

Analyzing Mitochondrial Function in a Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-Null Mutant Using High-resolution Respirometry

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy metabolism with impairment of mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria are organelles that control both energy metabolism and cellular processes involved in cell survival and death. For this reason, approaches to evaluate mitochondrial function can offer important insights into cellular conditions in pathological and physiological processes. In this regard, high-resolution respirometry (HRR) protocols allow evaluation of the whole mitochondrial respiratory chain function or the activity of specific mitochondrial complexes. Furthermore, studying mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics requires genetically and experimentally tractable models such as Drosophila melanogaster.
This model presents several advantages, such as its similarity to human physiology, its rapid life cycle, easy maintenance, cost-effectiveness, high throughput capabilities, and a minimized number of ethical concerns. These attributes collectively establish it as an invaluable tool for dissecting complex cellular processes. The present work explains how to analyze mitochondrial function using the Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-null mutant. The pink1 gene is responsible for encoding PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, through a process recognized as mitophagy, which is crucial for the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria from the mitochondrial network. Mutations in this gene have been associated with an autosomal recessive early-onset familial form of PD. This model can be used to study mitochondrial dysfunction involved in the pathophysiology of PD.

Autor em destaque: Explorando a função mitocondrial e a toxicidade química usando Drosophila melanogaster 

Here we present a high-resolution respirometry protocol to analyze bioenergetics in PINK1B9-null mutant fruit flies. The method uses the Substrate-Uncoupler-Inhibitor-Titration (SUIT) protocol.

Analisando a função mitocondrial em um mutanteB9-nulo de Drosophila melanogaster PINK1 usando respirometria de alta resolução

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy ...

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