Reconhecemos a Hannah Fox pela ajuda na preparação deste manuscrito. Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH conceder R01AI030612.

1. cultura celular, infecção Viral e rotulação de EdC ( Figura 1) o seguinte protocolo envolve trabalhar com vírus. Por favor, consulte sua instituição &#39; protocolos de biossegurança s sobre manipulação segura de vírus e outros agentes biológicos. Este protocolo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de revisão institucional da Universidade de Pittsburgh.
<ol><li>Trypsinize um frasco de cultura de tecidos confluente 150 cm 2 de MRC-5 células e as células de transferência para uma placa de cultura de tecido de 2 600 cm contendo 100 mL DMEM acrescido de 10% FBS. Incube a 37 ° C, na presença de 5% de CO 2 para 3-4 dias para chegar a fase estacionária e Confluencia. Um prato de 2 cm de 600 confluente contém ~ 7 x 10 7 células. Preparar 1 para cada condição e 1 chapa para cada controle negativo correspondente. 
	Nota: Células devem alcançar a fase estacionária para inibir a replicação do DNA celular para garantir que apenas vDNA é rotulado e purificada em etapas subsequentes. 
	Nota: Cada amostra requer uma cortesia unlabeled controlo negativo preparado usando as mesmas condições de infecção e ponto de tempo sem a adição de EdC. 
	Nota: A escala versão desta experiência deve ser efectuada em tandem para testar para a rotulagem do DNA celular por imagem utilizando o crescimento de células comparáveis, infecção, EdC rotulando as condições e pontos (consulte a etapa 2).</li>
	<li>Diluir 7 x 10 8 PFU HSV-1 em 7 mL salina de carbono frio (TBS). Remover o meio de crescimento e armazenar a 37 ° C. Para infectar, adicione o 7 mL vírus diluído para MRC-5 células e rock por 1h à temperatura ambiente. Após a adsorção, remover o inóculo, enxaguar com 50 mL temperatura TBS e substituir o original meio de crescimento. Incube a 37 ° C, na presença de 5% de CO 2. Esta etapa deve ser efectuada para cada condição experimental e controlo negativo. 
	Nota: Rotulagem de EdC aumento pode ser conseguido usando mutantes de HSV-1 defeituosos para a expressão do dUTPase viral (gene UL50) e/ou glycosylase uracil (UL2 gene). HSV-1 dUTPase tem baixa especificidade e pode diminuir a ativação de diversos nucleosídeos análogos 25 , 27.</li>
	<li>Genomas virais de rótulo com EdC. Siga as instruções para rotular os genomas de entrada (1.3.1.), replicação de genomas (1.3.2.), ou forquilhas de replicação viral (1.3.3).. 
	Nota: Só passo 1.3.1, 1.3.2 ou 1.3.3 deve ser realizado dependendo se entrada genomas, genomas replicadas ou forquilhas de replicação devem ser analisados em etapas subsequentes, respectivamente. 
	Nota: EdU ou f-ara EdU pode ser substituído por EdC. A toxicidade de análogos de nucleosídeos deve ser monitorizada e minimizada.
	<ol><li>Uso prelabeled ações para realizar a infecção na etapa 1.2 e vá para a etapa 2 ou 3 dentro de 4h pós infecção (hpi) para investigar replicada vDNA ( figura 1A). 
		Nota: Prepare o vírus prelabeled ações usando o protocolo descrito anteriormente, 25. Reservas de vírus devem ser passadas através de uma coluna de G-25 para remover qualquer residual EdC.</li>
		<li>Etiqueta vDNA replicação pela adição de 5-25 µM EdC para o meio de cultura celular de células infectadas para 2-4 h ( figura 1B). Antes de adicionar, diluir EdC em 1 mL de meio de crescimento.</li>
		<li>Para rotular as forquilhas de replicação viral, após o início da replicação vDNA (&#8805; 4 hpi), etiqueta de pulso replicando vDNA com 5-25 µM EdC para 5 a 20 min. Para perseguir, lavar 3x com meio de perseguição contendo 25-100 µM 2´deoxycytidine (deoxyC) e então incubar na presença de meio de perseguição por um adicional 20-40 min ( Figura 1). 
		Nota: Pulso e chase médio deve ser incubado a 37 ° C e 5% CO 2 antes do uso. 
		Nota: Para experiências de perseguição do pulso, é importante considerar a quantidade de tempo que leva para nucleosídeos entrar na célula e ser phosphorylated antes que eles podem ser incorporados em replicação de DNA. Isso deve ser determinado empiricamente. 
		Nota: Para determinar a resolução de experimentos de perseguição de pulso, calcule a taxa de replicação viral nas condições experimentais utilizadas. Isto pode ser determinado por PCR quantitativo de genomas virais durante uma única etapa crescimento tempo curso 26. 
		Nota: Para imagens de genomas virais prosseguir para a etapa 2 e para a purificação de genomas virais prossiga para o passo 3.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 2. Imagem de EdC rotulado de DNA ( Figura 2A) Nota: é útil realizar imagens em conjunto com o método de purificação do genoma viral para verificar que o DNA celular não é rotulado em experimentos. Imagem também pode ser usada para visualizar a natureza de vDNA etiquetado e validar dados de proteômica. Exemplos de DNA viral e celular, os padrões de coloração são mostrados na Figura 3.
<ol><li>Realizar infecções e EdC rotulando como indicado na etapa 1, exceto usando reduzidas condições em lamelas em um prato de cultura de tecidos de 12 poços contendo 1 mL de meio de cultura.</li>
	<li>Correção de células com 1 mL 3,7% paraformaldeído em 1X PBS por 15 min no RT Após a fixação, enxaguar células 2x com 1ml 3% BSA em PBS. 
	Cuidado: Paraformaldehyde pode causar lesões graves ou permanentes. Siga as precauções de segurança. 
	Nota: O protocolo pode ser pausado aqui e lamelas podem ser armazenadas a 4 ° C, na segunda lavagem por até 3 dias.</li>
	<li>Permeabilize células com 1 mL de tampão de permeabilização [ver Tabela de materiais] por 20 min à temperatura ambiente enquanto balançando.</li>
	<li>Enxaguar com 1 mL de BSA 3% e, em seguida, bloco com BSA de 3% 1 mL de PBS durante 30 min à temperatura ambiente enquanto balançando.</li>
	<li>Adicione 1 mL da reação clique cocktail [ver Tabela de materiais] para lamelas covalentemente conjugar Alexa Fluor 488 azida de EdC rotulado de DNA. Incube a temperatura ambiente por 30 min, enquanto balançando. Aspirar e lavar duas vezes com 1 mL de PBS.</li>
	<li>Mancha DNA celular com 1 mL de uma diluição de 1:2,000 de Hoechst em PBS durante 30 min à temperatura ambiente enquanto balançando. Aspirar e lavar duas vezes com 1 mL de PBS.</li>
	<li>Mancha com anticorpos primários e secundários, de acordo com o padrão de imunofluorescência indirecta protocolos 25. 
	Nota: VDNA rotulado colocalizes com ICP8, ICP4 ou UL42 e rotulado celular DNA colocalizes com mancha de Hoechst.</li>
	<li>Montar lamelas em slides e imagem células usando um microscópio de fluorescência. 
	Nota: Slides podem ser armazenadas a 4 ° C durante várias semanas.</li>
</ol> 3. Purificação de proteínas associadas e vDNA Nota: vários aspectos deste protocolo foram adaptados de Leung et al. 22 Nota: todos os buffers e reagentes devem ser refrigerados no gelo antes da utilização e todas as etapas devem ser realizadas no gelo salvo indicação em contrário.
<ol><li>Colheita núcleos. 
	Nota: Antes de isolamento dos núcleos, formaldeído pode ser usado para a ligação cruzada proteínas para o DNA. Condições mais rigorosas de lavagem podem ser usadas durante a purificação de DNA em grânulos streptavidin-revestido. Para crcondições osslinking e lavagem ver Sirbu et al 21. <ol><li>substituir o meio de cultura com 20 mL de solução tampão de núcleos (NEB) e incube por 20 min a 4 ° C, com ocasionais de balanço. Núcleos se tornará visíveis no microscópio.</li>
		<li>Raspar núcleos da placa usando um raspador de célula e transfira para um tubo cónico de 50 mL. Centrifugação por 10min a 2.500 x g a 4 ° C para núcleos de Pelotas, descartar o sobrenadante. 
		Nota: Trypan coloração azul pode ser usado para verificar o isolamento dos núcleos de células.</li>
		<li>Suavemente desalojar a pelota nuclear em 10 mL de PBS, transferir para um tubo cônico de 15 mL, pelota e por centrifugação por 10min a 2.500 x g a 4 ° C. completamente remover PBS. 
		Nota: Núcleos podem ser congelados e o protocolo pode ser interrompido neste ponto. Para fazer isso, delicadamente Ressuspender o nuclear em 500 µ l de congelamento do buffer e incubar o tubo em um banho de gelo seco-etanol. Armazenar os núcleos congelados a-80 ° C. Antes da utilização, descongelar núcleos à temperatura ambiente, transferir rapidamente de gelo, adicionar 10 mL de PBS, pedra delicadamente para misturar, pelota por centrifugação por 10min a 2.500 x g a 4 ° C e remover completamente a PBS. Núcleos de congelamento pode resultar em rendimento reduzido.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Covalentemente conjugado biotina-azida de EdC rotulado vDNA.
	<ol><li>Ressuspender o pellet nuclear na reação de 10ml clique misturar [ver Tabela de materiais] suavemente pipetando acima e para baixo 5 vezes com uma pipeta de 10 mL. 
		Nota: É importante que os reagentes incluídos no mix clique reação são adicionados na ordem indicada.</li>
		<li>Rode durante 1h a 4 ° C. Enquanto roda preparar e relaxar Buffers B1, B2 e B3 [ver Tabela de materiais].</li>
		<li>Núcleos de pelota por centrifugação por 10min a 2.500 x g a 4 ° C. completamente remover clique em mistura de reação e lavar o sedimento por suavemente resuspending em 10 mL de PBS e centrifugação por 10min a 2.500 x g a 4 ° C.</li>
		<li>Suavemente resuspenda o pellet nuclear em 1 mL de PBS e transferir para um tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 mL usando a ponta da pipeta um grande furo. Núcleos de pelotas por centrifugação durante 10 minutos a 2.500 x g a 4 ° C. completamente remover PBS e congelamento flash em azoto líquido. 
		Nota: O protocolo pode ser interrompido neste ponto e núcleos congelados podem ser armazenados no-80 ° C. Freeze degelo ajuda com Lise subsequente, por isso é recomendado que os núcleos ser flash congelado mesmo quando avançar para o passo 3.3 no mesmo dia.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Lyse núcleos e fragmento de DNA.
	<ol><li>Descongelar núcleos no gelo e ressuspender em 500 µ l de Buffer B1 pipetando para cima e para baixo. Incubar no gelo por 45 min.</li>
		<li>Sonicate amostras 6 vezes por 30 s cada em amplitude de 40%, usando uma sonda de microtip de 3 mm. Colocar as amostras no gelo por 30 s entre pulsos. Depois sonication, amostras devem aparecer, claro, não nublado. 
		Nota: Condições Sonication devem ser otimizadas para sonicators individuais. Para obter instruções detalhadas sobre como otimizar condições sonication referir Leung et al. 22.</li> <li>os restos da célula de pelotas por centrifugação a 14.000 x g durante 10 minutos a 4 ° C. O tamanho da pelota deve diminuir substancialmente. Filtrar o sobrenadante através de filtro de célula 100 µM e manter o fluxo através de.</li>
		<li>Adicionar 500 µ l tampão B2 a filtrada sobrenadante. 900 µ l desta amostra será usado na etapa 3.4.2.</li>
		<li>Tomar uma alíquota de cada condição para isolamento de DNA (50 µ l ou volume 1/20th) e adicionar 50 µ l 2 x solução de SDS-bicarbonato [ver Tabela de materiais]. Prossiga para o protocolo de isolamento de DNA (passo 3.6).</li>
		<li>Tomar uma alíquota de cada condição para a entrada da proteína (50 µ l ou volume 1/20th) e adicionar 50 µ l 2 x amortecedor da amostra Laemmli, congelamento em nitrogênio líquido e armazene a -80 ° C. utilizar na etapa 3.5.6.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Bind biotinilado DNA para streptavidin revestido grânulos.
	<ol><li>Preparar Streptavidin T1 grânulos magnéticos Transferindo 300 µ l de chorume grânulo para um tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 mL. Prepare um tubo de grânulos por amostra. Lavagem de contas 3 x 1 ml de tampão B2 num Vortex para Ressuspender, aplicando um ímã para separar as contas, e aspirando o tampão de lavagem. 
		Nota: Otimizado resultado de condições no rendimento maximizado e vinculação de fundo mínimo de vinculação. Determinou-se experimentalmente que grânulos magnéticos Streptavidin T1 têm uma capacidade de ligação significativamente maior do que grânulos de agarose, bem como outros grânulos de estreptavidina e menos fundo vinculação do Streptavidin C1 grânulos ( Figura 4A ).</li>
		<li>Adicionar 900 µ l da amostra da etapa 3.3.4. aos talões lavados e rodar durante a noite a 4 ° C. 
		Nota: Fazer grânulos de vórtice não, uma vez que a amostra é adicionada a eles. 
		Nota: Se uma quantidade significativa de DNA ou proteína está isolada no controle negativo sem rótulo, esta etapa pode ser reduzida de durante a noite a 4 h para reduzir a ligação fundo.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Lave grânulos e eluir vDNA e proteínas associadas. 
	Nota: É recomendável usar filtro dicas para as etapas restantes.
	<ol><li>Amostras de lugar em uma cremalheira do tubo de microcentrífuga magnético, remover sobrenadante, Ressuspender delicadamente em 1 mL de tampão B2, rode a 4 ° C por 5 min.</li>
		<li>Repita o passo 3.5.1 três vezes.</li>
		<li>Colocar as amostras em um rack de tubo de microcentrífuga magnético, remover o sobrenadante, delicadamente Resuspenda em 1 mL de tampão B3 e rode a 4 ° C por 5 min.</li>
		<li>Mistura de grânulo transferir 100 µ l (volume de 1/10 th) para um tubo novo para isolamento de DNA acoplado. Aplicar este tubo ao ímã, remover o sobrenadante, resuspenda grânulos em 100 µ l 1 x solução de SDS-bicarbonato e prossiga para o protocolo de isolamento de DNA (passo 3.6).</li>
		<li>Aplicar o tubo contendo a mistura de grânulo de 900 µ l restantes da etapa 3.5.3. ao ímã, remover o sobrenadante e ressuspender grânulos em 50 µ l 2 x Laemmli tampão de amostra para eluir proteínas e complexos DNA-proteína.</li>
		<li>Amostras de ferver a 95 ° C por 15 min, vortex, rapidamente girar a microcentrífuga e aplicar o ímã. Eluato de transferência para um novo tubo, congelamento flash e loja a -80 ° C. 
		Nota: Bloqueios de tampão de uso para assegurar que os tubos não pop abrir enquanto ferver. 
		Nota: O protocolo pode ser interrompido neste ponto e as amostras podem ser armazenadas a-80 ° C durante várias semanas.</li>
		<li>Analisar amostras da proteína por azul de Coomassie mancha, mancha ocidental ou espectrometria de massa por procedimentos padrão 25. Resultados representativos são mostrados na Figura 4 e Figura 5. 
		Nota: Para determinar se o rendimento de proteína é suficiente para espectrometria de massa, 7,5 µ l de cada amostra é usado para análise pela coloração de azul de Coomassie e 7,5 µ l para a mancha ocidental de um representante do genoma viral associada da proteína (ICP4, ICP8 ou UL42). O mesmo volume de lysates da etapa 3.3.6. são executados ao lado de Controlarar para níveis de entrada de proteínas. A amostra restante (35 µ l) é então analisada por massa espectrometria conforme descrito anteriormente 25.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Isolamento de DNA <ol><li>incubar as amostras da escadaria 3.3.5. e 3.5.4. a 65 ° C para 4-16 h Remove uma amostra de grânulos magnéticos, se necessário.</li>
		<li>Extrair amostras com álcool de fenol: clorofórmio: isoamílico 150 µ l (PCI) e transferir a fase aquosa para um tubo novo.</li>
		<li>Extrair o restante PCI com 100 µ l Tris-EDTA (TE) e adicionar a fase aquosa para um tubo novo.</li>
		<li>Extrair amostras com álcool de clorofórmio: isoamílico 200 µ l (24:1).</li>
		<li>Purificar a fase aquosa, usando o Kit de purificação de PCR de acordo com o fabricante &#39; protocolo de s. 
		Nota: O indicador de pH em Buffer PB ficará roxo quando adicionado à amostra. Adicionar 10 & #181; PH de NaOAc 3M L 5.0 para diminuir o pH da amostra.</li>
		<li>Concentração de DNA determinar usando um dados. 
		Nota: Este protocolo normalmente rende 100-400 ng grânulo-ligado DNA. Sem DNA deve ser detectado no eluído do controlo negativo no qual EdC não foi adicionado na etapa 1.3.</li>
		<li>DNA pode ser armazenado em uma baixa ligação DNA tube 4 ou - 20 ° C e pode ser usado para PCR em tempo real ou a análise do sequenciamento de alto rendimento.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+genomes+are+associated+with+ND10+nuclear+substructures+in+quiescently+infected+human+fibroblasts.">Herpes simplex virus type 1 genomes are associated with ND10 nuclear substructures in quiescently infected human fibroblasts.</a> J Virol. 81, 10991-11004 (2007).</li><li>Tang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+minimum+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+components+necessary+to+localize+transcriptionally+active+DNA+to+ND10.">Determination of minimum herpes simplex virus type 1 components necessary to localize transcriptionally active DNA to ND10.</a> J Virol. 77, 5821-5828 (2003).</li><li>Ishov, A. M., Maul, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+periphery+of+nuclear+domain+10+(ND10)+as+site+of+DNA+virus+deposition.">The periphery of nuclear domain 10 (ND10) as site of DNA virus deposition.</a> J Cell Biol. 134, 815-826 (1996).</li><li>Maroui, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latency+Entry+of+Herpes+Simplex+Virus+1+Is+Determined+by+the+Interaction+of+Its+Genome+with+the+Nuclear+Environment.">Latency Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is Determined by the Interaction of Its Genome with the Nuclear Environment.</a> PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005834 (2016).</li><li>Sirbu, B. M., Couch, F. B., Cortez, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+the+spatiotemporal+dynamics+of+proteins+at+replication+forks+and+in+assembled+chromatin+using+isolation+of+proteins+on+nascent+DNA.">Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of proteins at replication forks and in assembled chromatin using isolation of proteins on nascent DNA.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 594-605 (2012).</li><li>Leung, K. H., Abou El Hassan, M., Bremner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+efficient+method+to+purify+proteins+at+replication+forks+under+native+conditions.">A rapid and efficient method to purify proteins at replication forks under native conditions.</a> BioTechniques. 55, 204-206 (2013).</li><li>Hobbs, W. E., DeLuca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perturbation+of+cell+cycle+progression+and+cellular+gene+expression+as+a+function+of+herpes+simplex+virus+ICP0.">Perturbation of cell cycle progression and cellular gene expression as a function of herpes simplex virus ICP0.</a> J Virol. 73, 8245-8255 (1999).</li><li>Lomonte, P., Everett, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+immediate-early+protein+Vmw110+inhibits+progression+of+cells+through+mitosis+and+from+G(1)+into+S+phase+of+the+cell+cycle.">Herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein Vmw110 inhibits progression of cells through mitosis and from G(1) into S phase of the cell cycle.</a> J Virol. 73, 9456-9467 (1999).</li><li>Dembowski, J. A., DeLuca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+recruitment+of+nuclear+factors+to+productively+replicating+herpes+simplex+virus+genomes.">Selective recruitment of nuclear factors to productively replicating herpes simplex virus genomes.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11, e1004939 (2015).</li><li>Dembowski, J. A., Dremel, S. E., DeLuca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication-Coupled+Recruitment+of+Viral+and+Cellular+Factors+to+Herpes+Simplex+Virus+Type+1+Replication+Forks+for+the+Maintenance+and+Expression+of+Viral+Genomes.">Replication-Coupled Recruitment of Viral and Cellular Factors to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Forks for the Maintenance and Expression of Viral Genomes.</a> PLoS Pathog. 13, e1006166 (2017).</li><li>Bjornberg, O., Nyman, P. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dUTPases+from+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+and+mouse+mammary+tumour+virus+are+less+specific+than+the+Escherichia+coli+enzyme.">The dUTPases from herpes simplex virus type 1 and mouse mammary tumour virus are less specific than the Escherichia coli enzyme.</a> J Gen Virol. 77 (Pt 12), 3107-3111 (1996).</li><li>Chiou, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA-+and+protein-scission+activities+of+ascorbate+in+the+presence+of+copper+ion+and+a+copper-peptide+complex.">DNA- and protein-scission activities of ascorbate in the presence of copper ion and a copper-peptide complex.</a> J Biochem. 94, 1259-1267 (1983).</li><li>Kennedy, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+consequences+of+copper+complexes+used+to+catalyze+bioorthogonal+click+reactions.">Cellular consequences of copper complexes used to catalyze bioorthogonal click reactions.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 133, 17993-18001 (2011).</li><li>Snel, B., Lehmann, G., Bork, P., Huynen, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STRING:+a+web-server+to+retrieve+and+display+the+repeatedly+occurring+neighbourhood+of+a+gene.">STRING: a web-server to retrieve and display the repeatedly occurring neighbourhood of a gene.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 3442-3444 (2000).</li></ol>

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Este protocolo inclui várias etapas que, se não seguido com atenção, podem resultar em rendimento de proteína significativamente reduzida ou contaminação com o DNA celular. É fundamental que células fixas são utilizadas para todas as experiências para garantir que o DNA celular não é rotulado e purificado. Isto pode ser confirmado pela ausência de polimerases de DNA celulares na amostra de proteína porque HSV-1 não utiliza DNA-polimerase celular para a síntese do genoma. Durante EdC rotulagem e núcleos ...

Vírus têm uma capacidade limitada para realizar funções essenciais e, portanto, dependem de fatores do hospedeiro para facilitar os aspectos críticos da infecção, incluindo transporte, replicação, reparo, recombinação e expressão gênica viral. As atividades desses fatores do hospedeiro são, muitas vezes acentuadas por proteínas virally codificadas. Além disso, o vírus devem evitar deteção e interferência por respostas celulares à infecção viral. Portanto, interações hospedeiro de vírus ditam o resultado da infecção. De suma importância é entender como vírus alteram o ambiente celular para adaptar-se a maquinaria celular para facilitar processos virais. De particular interesse é identificar quais fatores e processos atuam sobre genomas virais durante todo o ciclo infeccioso.
Vírus do herpes simplex tipo 1 (HSV-1) é que uma dupla encalhado DNA vírus que infecta uma parte substancial da população humana. Dentro da primeira hora de infecção, o genoma viral entra no núcleo, onde uma cascata ordenada da expressão dos genes virais resulta em coordenação com viral de replicação de DNA (vDNA)1. No núcleo, genomas estão sujeitos a regulamento epigenético, passam por reparo e recombinação, em são empacotados em capsids, tal que o primeiros virions descendentes são produzidos dentro de menos de seis horas. A avaliação abrangente das proteínas do genoma viral associada ao longo do curso da infecção vai estabelecer as bases para investigar os detalhes moleculares de processos que agem sobre genomas virais e irão fornecer insights sobre quais fatores virais e celulares estão envolvidas em vários estágios de infecção.
Métodos anteriores para a investigação de fatores do hospedeiro envolvidos na infecção viral incluem purificação da afinidade das proteínas virais para a análise de proteínas celulares associados2,3,4,5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9. estes ensaios têm sido fundamentais para a identificação de fatores celulares envolvidos em respostas antiviral de acolhimento, bem como a modificação de cromatina viral, expressão gênica, e reparo do DNA. No entanto, é difícil verificar se interações dependem da associação com vDNA e proteomics apenas fornecer insights sobre as interações que ocorrem em função de um fator viral específico. Imunoprecipitação da cromatina (ChIP) tem sido utilizada para identificar onde as proteínas virais e celulares específicas bind para genomas virais10,11,12,13,14 , 15 e hibridização fluorescente in situ (FISH) combinado com imunocitoquímica permitiu a visualização de fatores celulares que colocalize com vDNA16,17,18, 19 , 20. estes ensaios permitem análise espacial e temporal. No entanto, as limitações incluem a necessidade de anticorpos altamente específicos, sensibilidade limitada e a necessidade de anterior insight interações hospedeiro de vírus. Portanto, desenvolvemos um método baseado na iPOND (isolamento de proteínas DNA nascente)21 e aniPOND (iPOND nativo acelerada)22 para seletivamente rotular e purificar vDNA de infectados células para a imparcial identificação do genoma viral proteínas associadas por espectrometria de massa. iPOND tem sido fundamental para a investigação da dinâmica do garfo de replicação celular.
Para a purificação seletiva de genomas virais de células infectadas, replicar vDNA é rotulado com nucleosídeos ethynyl modificado, 5-ethynyl-2´-desoxiuridina (EdU) ou 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxycytidine (EdC) (Figura 1), seguido por ligações covalentes conjugação de azida de biotina, através do clique em química para facilitar a purificação de única etapa de genomas virais e proteínas associadas em grânulos streptavidin-revestido (Figura 2B). Importante, infecções são realizadas em células estacionárias, que não estão envolvidas na replicação do DNA celular para permitir a rotulagem específica de vDNA. Além disso, a infecção HSV-1 faz com que a detenção do ciclo celular e inibe de23,de replicação de DNA celular24. Vírus podem ser prelabeled antes da infecção para a análise de proteínas associadas com entrada genomas virais (figura 1A) ou rotulado durante a replicação do DNA para a análise de proteínas associadas com vDNA recém sintetizado (figura 1B) 25. Além disso, a análise de perseguição do pulso pode ser usado para investigar a natureza das proteínas associadas com replicação viral garfos (Figura 1)26. Além disso, ethynyl-modificado vDNA pode ser covalentemente conjugado com um fluoróforo para investigação espacial da dinâmica da proteína (Figura 2A e Figura 3). Imagem permite a visualização directa de vDNA é uma abordagem complementar para a validação das interações da proteína-vDNA e pode ser adaptada para controlar genomas virais durante a infecção. Nós antecipamos que essas abordagens podem ser mais modificadas para estudar qualquer aspecto da infecção herpética, incluindo latência e reativação e estudar outros vírus de DNA. Além disso, etiquetando com uridina 5-ethynyl (UE) pode permitir para a análise do genoma viral de RNA.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1930">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">MRC-5 cells</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">CCL-171</td>
			<td style="width:1215px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">26140-179</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12800-082</td>
			<td>substituted with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 12 mM&#160; (for growth in flasks) or 30 mM (for growth in dishes) sodium-bicarbinate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:419px;">600 cm2 tissue culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">166508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Tris Buffered Saline (TBS), pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 491 mM MgCl, 680 mM CaCl, 25.1 mM Tricine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:419px;">HSV-1 stock</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>stocks with titers greater than 1x109 PFU/mL work best</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Sephadex G-25&#160; column (PD-10 Desalting Column)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">17085101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">D128-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">5&#180;-Ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxycytidine (EdC)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">T511307</td>
			<td>Dissolve in DMSO to prepare 40 mM stock, aliquot, and store at -20 &#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">2&#180;-deoxycytidine (deoxyC)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">D3897</td>
			<td>Dissolve in water to prepare 40 mM stock, aliquot, and store at -20 &#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:419px;">Nuclear Extraction Buffer (NEB)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (20 mM Hepes pH 7.2, 50 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 300 mM Sucrose, 0.5% Igepal)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Cell scraper</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Bellco glass</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">7731-22000</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Trypan blue solution</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:419px;">PBS, pH 7.2 (10x)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>1.37 M NaCl, 27 mM KCl, 100 mM Na2HPO4, 18 mM KH2PO4 (dilute to 1x in sterile water before use)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4-5H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">C489</td>
			<td>Prepare 100 mM stock and store at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 month</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">(+) Sodium L-ascorbate</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A4034</td>
			<td>Freshly prepare 100 mM stock and store on ice until use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Biotin azide</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">B10184</td>
			<td>Prepare 10 mM stock in DMSO, aliquot, and store at -20 &#176;C for up to 1 year&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:419px;">Click Reaction Mix</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare immediately before use by adding reagents in the indicated order (10 mL: 8.8 mL 1x PBS, 200 mL 100 mM CuSO4, 25mL 10 mM Biotin Azide, 1 mL 100 mM sodium ascorbate)&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">cOmplete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">11697498001</td>
			<td>Dissolve in 1 mL water to prepare 50x stock, can store at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 week, or directly add 1 pill to 50 mL buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">freezing buffer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (7 mL 100% glycerol, 3 mL NEB, 200 &#956;L 50x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Buffer B1</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (25 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 1% Igepal, 1x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Buffer B2</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 0.5% Igepal, 1x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Buffer B3</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 1x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibra Cell Ultra Sonic Processer equipped with a 3 mm microtip probe</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sonics</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">VCX 130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin T1</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">65601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Mini-Tube Rotator</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">260750F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">2X Laemmli sample buffer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>Mix 400 mg of SDS, 2 mL 100% glycerol, 1.25 mL of 1 M Tris (pH 6.8), and 10 mg of bromophenol blue in 8 mL water. Store at 4&#160; &#176;C for up to 6 months. Before use add 1 M DTT to a final concentration of 200 mM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">cap locks for 1.5 mL tube</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NC9679153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Standard western blotting reagents</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">NOVEX Colloidal Blue Staining Kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">LC6025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">12-well tissue culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">3513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12-545-100</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12-552-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:419px;">16% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">15710</td>
			<td>dilute to 3.7% in 1x PBS before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">BP1605</td>
			<td>prepare 3% in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Permeabilization buffer (0.5% Triton-X 100)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">T8787</td>
			<td>prepare 0.5% Triton-X 100 in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:419px;">Click reaction cocktail - Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 488 Imaging Kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Molecular Probes</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">C10337</td>
			<td>prepare according to manufactorer&#39;s protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">H1399</td>
			<td>prepare 10 mg/mL in water, can store at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 year</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">mouse anti-ICP8 primary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">ab20194</td>
			<td>Use a 1:200 dilution in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">mouse anti-UL42 primary antibody (2H4)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">ab19311</td>
			<td>Use a 1:200 dilution in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Goat anti-mouse 594-conjugated secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">a11005</td>
			<td>Use a 1:500 dilution in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Immu-mount</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">9990402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">2x SDS-bicarb solution</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>2% SDS, 200 mM NaHCO3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>mix 25:24:1 at least 1 day before use, store at 4 &#176;C in the dark</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>mix 24:1 at least 1 day before use, store at room temperature in the dark</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">10x Tris EDTA (TE), pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>100 mM Tris, 10 mM EDTA (dilute to 1x before use)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qiaquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">28104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">3 M sodium acetate pH 5.2</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Q32866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Q32851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qubit assay tubes</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Q32856</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Fluorescence microscope equipped with imaging software</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Microcentrifuge for 1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Tabletop centrifuge for 15 and 50 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Biosafety cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Heat blocks</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>65 &#176;C and 95 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of viral dna for the identification of associated viral and cellular proteins

O objetivo do presente protocolo é de isolar o vírus do herpes simplex tipo 1 (HSV-1) de DNA de células infectadas para a identificação de associado viral e proteínas celulares por espectrometria de massa. Apesar de proteínas que interagem com genomas virais desempenham papéis importantes na determinação do resultado da infecção, uma análise abrangente das proteínas do genoma viral associado não foi anteriormente possível. Aqui vamos demonstrar um método que permite a purificação direta do HSV-1 genomas de células infectadas. Replicação de DNA viral seletivamente é rotulado com nucleotídeos modificados que contêm um grupo funcional de alquino. Rotulado de DNA é então especificamente e irreversivelmente com a tag através a ligação covalente de azida de biotina, através de um de cobre (I)-catalisada reação de cicloadição ou clique azida-alquino. Biotina-tag DNA purified em grânulos streptavidin-revestido e proteínas associadas são eluídas e identificadas por espectrometria de massa. Este método permite a seleção de alvos e isolamento de forquilhas de replicação do HSV-1 ou toda genomas de ambientes biológicos complexos. Além disso, a adaptação desta abordagem permitirá para a investigação de vários aspectos da infecção herpética, bem como o exame dos genomas de outros vírus de DNA.

O uso da química clique para a purificação do DNA de células primeiro foi realizado pelo iPOND método21. O objetivo do iPOND é purificar forquilhas de replicação celular, para a identificação de proteínas associadas. Nós adaptamos essa técnica para estudar especificamente as interações da proteína vDNA durante a infecção. Manipulação da abordagem de rotular genomas virais com EdC (Figura 1), combinadas com infecçõ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins at JoVE.com

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

O objetivo do presente protocolo é especificamente tag e seletivamente isolar o DNA viral de células infectadas para caracterização de proteínas do genoma viral associada.

Purificação de DNA Viral para a identificação de proteínas Viral e celulares associadas

The goal of this protocol is to isolate herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA from infected cells for the identification of associated viral and ...

purification-viral-dna-for-identification-associated-viral-cellular

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.4K visualizações.  University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. O objetivo do presente protocolo é especificamente tag e seletivamente isolar o DNA viral de células infectadas para caracterização de proteínas do genoma viral associada.

Vídeo: Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence of novel viral pathogens, such as SARS coronavirus and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, that are not detectable by traditional methods. To address these challenges, we have previously developed and validated a pan-viral microarray platform called the Virochip with the capacity to detect all known viruses as well as novel variants on the basis of conserved sequence homology1. Using the Virochip, we have identified the full spectrum of viruses associated with respiratory infections, including cases of unexplained critical illness in hospitalized patients, with a sensitivity equivalent to or superior to conventional clinical testing2-5. The Virochip has also been used to identify novel viruses, including the SARS coronavirus6,7, a novel rhinovirus clade5, XMRV (a retrovirus linked to prostate cancer)8, avian bornavirus (the cause of a wasting disease in parrots)9, and a novel cardiovirus in children with respiratory and diarrheal illness10. The current version of the Virochip has been ported to an Agilent microarray platform and consists of ~36,000 probes derived from over ~1,500 viruses in GenBank as of December of 2009. Here we demonstrate the steps involved in processing a Virochip assay from start to finish (~24 hour turnaround time), including sample nucleic acid extraction, PCR amplification using random primers, fluorescent dye incorporation, and microarray hybridization, scanning, and analysis.

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The Virochip is a pan-viral microarray designed to simultaneously detect all known viruses as well as novel viruses on the basis of conserved sequence homology. Here we demonstrate how to run a Virochip assay to analyze clinical samples for the presence of both known and unknown viruses.

Usando um ensaio Microarray Pan-Viral (Virochip) para Tela de amostras clínicas para patógenos virais

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Separation of Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA and RNA from an Environmental Viral Community Using Hydroxyapatite Chromatography

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2. Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, contribute to the cycling of nutrients, alter host cell phenotype, and influence the evolution of both host cell and viral communities through the lateral transfer of genes 3. Numerous studies have highlighted the staggering genetic diversity of viruses and their functional potential in a variety of natural environments. 
Metagenomic techniques have been used to study the taxonomic diversity and functional potential of complex viral assemblages whose members contain single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and RNA genotypes 4-9. Current library construction protocols used to study environmental DNA-containing or RNA-containing viruses require an initial nuclease treatment in order to remove nontargeted templates 10. However, a comprehensive understanding of the collective gene complement of the virus community and virus diversity requires knowledge of all members regardless of genome composition. Fractionation of purified nucleic acid subtypes provides an effective mechanism by which to study viral assemblages without sacrificing a subset of the community&#x2019;s genetic signature. 
Hydroxyapatite, a crystalline form of calcium phosphate, has been employed in the separation of nucleic acids, as well as proteins and microbes, since the 1960s11. By exploiting the charge interaction between the positively-charged Ca2+ ions of the hydroxyapatite and the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid subtypes, it is possible to preferentially elute each nucleic acid subtype independent of the others. We recently employed this strategy to independently fractionate the genomes of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA-containing viruses in preparation of DNA sequencing 12. Here, we present a method for the fractionation and recovery of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA viral nucleic acids from mixed viral assemblages using hydroxyapatite chromotography.

We describe an efficient method to separate single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules from environmental viral communities. Nucleic acids are fractionated using hydroxyapatite chromatography with increasing concentrations of phosphate-containing buffers. This method permits the isolation of all viral nucleic acid types from environmental samples.

Separação de Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA e RNA de uma Comunidade Ambiental Viral Usando Cromatografia hidroxiapatita

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2.  Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, ...

Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids

Viruses are obligate cellular parasites, and thus the study of their DNA requires isolating viral material away from host cell contaminants and DNA. Several downstream applications require large quantities of pure viral DNA, which is provided by this protocol. These applications include viral genome sequencing, where the removal of host DNA is crucial to optimize data output for viral sequences, and the production of new viral recombinant strains, where co-transfection of purified plasmid and linear viral DNA facilitates recombination.1,2,3 
This procedure utilizes a combination of extractions and density-based centrifugation to isolate purified linear herpesvirus nucleocapsid DNA from infected cells.4,5 The initial purification steps aim to isolate purified viral capsids, which contain and protect the viral DNA during the extractions and centrifugation steps that remove cellular proteins and DNA. Lysis of nucleocapsids then releases viral DNA, and two final phenol-chloroform steps remove remaining proteins. The final DNA captured from solution is highly concentrated and pure, with an average OD260/280 of 1.90. Depending on the quantity of infected cells used, yields of viral DNA range from 150-800 &mu;g or more. The purity of this DNA makes it stable during long-term storage at 4C. This DNA is thus ideally suited for high-throughput sequencing, high fidelity PCR reactions, and transfections. 
Prior to beginning the protocol, it is important to know the average number of cells per dish (e.g. an average of 8 x 106 PK-15 cells in a confluent 15 cm dish), and the titer of the viral stock to be used (e.g. 1 x 108 plaque-forming units per ml). These are necessary to calculate the appropriate multiplicity of infection (MOI) for the protocol.6 For instance, to infect one 15 cm dish of PK-15 cells with the above viral stock, at an MOI of 5, you would use 400 &mu;l of viral stock and dilute it with 3.6 ml of medium (total inoculation volume of 4 ml for one 15 cm plate).
Multiple viral DNA preparations can be prepared at the same time. The number of simultaneous preparations is limited only by the number of tubes held by the ultracentrifuge rotor (one per virus; see step 3.9 below). Here we describe the procedure as though being done for one virus.

We describe the process of isolating high purity herpesvirus nucleocapsid DNA from infected cells. The final DNA captured from solution is of high concentration and purity, making it ideally suited for high-throughput sequencing, high fidelity PCR reactions, and transfections to produce new viral recombinants.

Preparação de DNA viral a partir nucleocapsids

Viruses are obligate cellular parasites, and thus the study of their DNA requires isolating viral material away from host cell contaminants and DNA. ...

Production and Titering of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently being tested in human clinical trials. Wild-type AAV is a non-pathogenic member of the parvoviridae family and inherently replication-deficient. The broad transduction profile, low immune response as well as the strong and persistent transgene expression achieved with these vectors has made them a popular and versatile tool for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. rAAVs can be easily and cheaply produced in the laboratory and, based on their favourable safety profile, are generally given a low safety classification. Here, we describe a method for the production and titering of chimeric rAAVs containing the capsid proteins of both AAV1 and AAV2. The use of these so-called chimeric vectors combines the benefits of both parental serotypes such as high titres stocks (AAV1) and purification by affinity chromatography (AAV2). These AAV serotypes are the best studied of all AAV serotypes, and individually have a broad infectivity pattern. The chimeric vectors described here should have the infectious properties of AAV1 and AAV2 and can thus be expected to infect a large range of tissues, including neurons, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney among others. The method described here uses heparin column purification, a method believed to give a higher viral titer and cleaner viral preparation than other purification methods, such as centrifugation through a caesium chloride gradient. Additionally, we describe how these vectors can be quickly and easily titered to give accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVs) vectors are becoming increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals. We describe how rAAVs can be produced in the laboratory and how these vectors can be titered to give an accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Produção e titulação de adeno-associados recombinantes Vetores Virais

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently ...

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC) proteins expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). The TCR complex is composed of the ligand binding TCR&alpha;&beta; heterodimer that associates non-covalently with CD3 dimers (the &#949;&delta; and &#949;&gamma; heterodimers and the &zeta;&zeta; homodimer)1. Upon engagement of the receptor, the CD3 &zeta; chains are phosphorylated by the Src family kinase, Lck. This leads to the recruitment of the Syk family kinase, Zap70, which is then phosphorylated and activated by Lck. After that, Zap70 phosphorylates the adapter proteins LAT and SLP76, initiating the formation of the proximal signaling complex containing a large number of different signaling molecules2. 
The formation of this complex eventually results in calcium and Ras-dependent transcription factor activation and the consequent initiation of a complex series of gene expression programs that give rise to T cell differentiation2. TCR signals (and the resulting state of differentiation) are modulated by many other factors, including antigen potency and crosstalk with co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory, chemokine, and cytokine receptors 3-4. Studying the spatial and temporal organization of the proximal signaling complex under various stimulation conditions is, therefore, key to understanding the TCR signaling pathway as well as its regulation by other signaling pathways.
One very useful model system to study signaling initiated by the TCR at the plasma membrane in T cells is glass-supported lipid bilayers, as described previously5-6. They can be utilized to present antigenic pMHC complexes, adhesion, and co-stimulatory molecules to T cells-serving as artificial APCs. By imaging the T cells interacting with the lipid bilayer using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), we can restrict the excitation to within 100 nm of the space between the glass and the cell surface 7-8. This allows us to image primarily the signaling events occurring at the plasma membrane. As we are interested in imaging the recruitment of signaling proteins to the TCR complex, we describe a two-camera TIRF imaging system wherein the TCR, labeled with fluorescent Fab (fragment antigen binding) fragments of the H57 antibody (purified from hybridoma H57-597, ATCC, ATCC Number:HB-218) which is specific for TCR&beta;, and signaling proteins, tagged with GFP, may be imaged simultaneously and in real time. This strategy is necessary due to the highly dynamic nature of both the T cells and of the signaling events that are occurring at the TCR. This imaging modality has allowed researchers to image single ligands 9-11 as well as recruitment of signaling molecules to activated receptors and is an excellent system to study biochemistry in-situ12-16.

The compartmentalization of proteins either within the plasma membrane or into intracellular locations is one regulatory mechanism that can greatly influence signaling outcomes; hence, to understand signaling it is important to study the spatial and temporal behavior of the proteins involved. We describe here a TIRF microscopy based system to study signal transduction in T cells, but is broadly applicable.

A técnica de microscopia TIRF para imagens em tempo real, simultâneo da TCR e seus associados proteínas sinalizadoras

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture.
Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult1, pharmacological compounds2-6, and bacterial7-9 and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome - associated coronavirus10-14. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE15,16 . Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells.
To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments17,18 . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 &Omega;&times;cm2, Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Estabelecer uma cultura líquida, coberta de vias respiratórias humanas epiteliais Polarized Calu-3 células para estudar a resposta Cell Host para patógenos respiratórios<em&gt; In vitro</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage sequences share no homology to current annotated proteins. As a result, a large proportion of phage genes are annotated as hypothetical. This reality heavily affects the annotation of both structural and auxiliary metabolic genes. Here we present phenomic methods designed to capture the physiological response(s) of a selected host during expression of one of these unknown phage genes. Multi-phenotype Assay Plates (MAPs) are used to monitor the diversity of host substrate utilization and subsequent biomass formation, while metabolomics provides bi-product analysis by monitoring metabolite abundance and diversity. Both tools are used simultaneously to provide a phenotypic profile associated with expression of a single putative phage open reading frame (ORF). Representative results for both methods are compared, highlighting the phenotypic profile differences of a host carrying either putative structural or metabolic phage genes. In addition, the visualization techniques and high throughput computational pipelines that facilitated experimental analysis are presented.

Here, we present phenomic approaches for the functional characterization of putative phage genes. Techniques include a developed assay capable of monitoring host anabolic metabolism, the Multi-phenotype Assay Plates (MAPs), in addition to the established method of metabolomics, capable of measuring effects to catabolic metabolism.

Phenomics fago: Abordagens fisiológicas para Caracterizar Novel Proteínas Virais

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage ...

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Cell-based systems are useful for discovering antiviral agents. Dissecting the viral life cycle, particularly the early entry stages, allows a mechanistic approach to identify and evaluate antiviral agents that target specific steps of the viral entry. In this report, the methods of examining viral inactivation, viral attachment, and viral entry/fusion as antiviral assays for such purposes are described, using hepatitis C virus as a model. These assays should be useful for discovering novel antagonists/inhibitors to early viral entry and help expand the scope of candidate antiviral agents for further drug development.

Here, we present a protocol that examines specific steps of the viral entry to identify and evaluate novel antiviral agents.

No início virais Ensaios de entrada para a identificação e avaliação de compostos antivirais

Cell-based systems are useful for discovering antiviral agents. Dissecting the viral life cycle, particularly the early entry stages, allows a mechanistic ...

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

Coxiella burnetii, the agent causing Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium. PCR based diagnostic assays have been developed for detecting C. burnetii DNA in cell cultures and clinical samples. PCR requires specialized equipment and extensive end user training, and therefore, it is not suitable for routine work especially in a resource-constrained area. We have developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to detect the presence of C. burnetii in patient samples. This method is performed at a single temperature around 60 &#176;C in a water bath or heating block. The sensitivity of this LAMP assay is very similar to PCR with a detection limit of about 25 copies per reaction. This report describes the preparation of the reaction using lyophilized reagents and visualization of results using hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) or a UV lamp with fluorescent intercalating dye in the reaction. The LAMP reagents were lyophilized and stored at room temperature (RT) for one month without loss of detection sensitivity. This LAMP assay is particularly robust because the reaction mixture preparation does not involve complex steps. This method is ideal for use in resource-limited settings where Q fever is endemic.

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

We described here a simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method using lyophilized reagents for the detection of C. burnetii in patient samples.

O Desenvolvimento da liofilizado Loop-mediadas isotérmicas de amplificação Reagentes para a detecção de<em&gt; Burnetii Coxiella</em

Coxiella burnetii, the agent causing Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium. PCR based diagnostic assays have been developed for detecting C. ...

Measuring Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibody Titers by Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay

Antibodies to neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface protein on influenza virus, contribute toward protection against influenza. Traditional methods to measure NA inhibiting (NI) antibody titers are not practical for routine serology. This protocol describes the enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA), a practical alternative method to measure NI titers that is performed in 96 well plates coated with a large glycoprotein substrate, fetuin. NA cleaves terminal sialic acids from fetuin, exposing the penultimate sugar, galactose. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is a lectin with specificity for galactose and therefore the extent of desialylation can be quantified using a PNA-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, followed by addition of a chromogenic peroxidase substrate. The optical density that is measured is proportional to NA activity. To measure NI antibody titers, serial dilutions of sera are incubated at 37 &#176;C O/N on fetuin-coated plates with a fixed amount of NA. The reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that results in &#8805;50% inhibition of NA activity is designated as the NI antibody titer. The ELLA provides a practical format for routine evaluation of human antibody responses following influenza infection or vaccination.

We describe the enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) for measuring influenza neuraminidase (NA)-inhibition antibody titers in sera. The assay uses peanut agglutinin to quantify galactose residues that become accessible when NA removes sialic acid from fetuin-coated, 96-well plates.

Medição de Inibição da Neuraminidase Influenza títulos de anticorpos por Enzyme-linked Lectina Ensaio

Antibodies to neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface protein on influenza virus, contribute toward protection against influenza. Traditional ...

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