Este estudo foi financiado por concessões do Instituto Nacional de câncer (R01CA166376 e R01CA191489 para D.X. Nguyen) e o departamento de defesa (W81XWH-16-1-0227 para D.X. Nguyen).

<ol>
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Marcantes clínicos paralelos foram documentados entre câncer de pulmão e outras doenças crônicas do pulmão36. Em particular, pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiopática (IPF) tem uma predileção maior para desenvolver câncer de pulmão, e esta associação é independente de fumar história37,38. IPF é caracterizada pela destruição progressiva da arquitetura pulmonar e insuficiência respiratória através da deposição de ECM<s...

Câncer de pulmão é a principal causa de câncer relacionados a mortes em todo o mundo1. Pacientes com câncer de pulmão eventualmente sucumbiram de metástase para órgãos distantes, nomeadamente para o sistema nervoso central, fígado, glândulas supra-renais e os ossos2,3,4. Malignidade torácica foram tradicionalmente classificada como câncer de pulmão de pequenas células (CPPC) ou não-pequenas células lung cancer (NSCLC)5. CPNPC é o mais frequentemente diagnosticado malignidade e podem ser subdividido em diferentes subtipos histológicos, incluindo adenocarcinoma do pulmão (LUAD) e pulmão carcinoma de células escamosas (LUSC)6. Análise genômica dos cancros do pulmão primário humano ressecadas revelou que tumores dentro de um determinado histotype também podem expressar diversas perturbações moleculares, ainda mais, contribuindo para sua progressão clínica divergente e confundindo o prognóstico do paciente. A notável heterogeneidade dos cancros do pulmão representa um desafio significativo para o projeto racional, testes pré-clínicos e implementação de estratégias terapêuticas eficazes. Consequentemente, há uma necessidade de ampliar o repertório de modelos de câncer de pulmão experimental tractable para estudar as diversas origens celulares, subtipos moleculares e fases desta doença.
Várias abordagens usando modelos animais têm sido empregadas para estudar pulmão câncer na vivo, cada um com suas próprias vantagens e desvantagens dependendo as questÃ µ es biológicas de interesse. Modelos do rato geneticamente modificados (GEMMs) podem direcionar alterações genéticas específicas em um tipo de células progenitoras determinado, resultando em tumores que o progresso dentro de um hospedeiro imunocompetentes7. Embora extremamente poderoso e clinicamente relevantes, a morbidade de latência, variabilidade e/ou pulmão tumor associada com GEMMs pode ser proibitiva para certas medidas quantitativas e a detecção de metástases de fase final em órgãos distantes8. Uma abordagem complementar é o uso de modelos de aloenxerto, segundo o qual as células de câncer de pulmão, obtidos diretamente a partir de um tumor de rato ou derivado primeiro como linhagens celulares estabelecidas na cultura, são re-introduzidas em syngeneic anfitriões. De forma análoga, xenografts de câncer de pulmão são estabelecidos de amostras de paciente tumor derivado ou linhas de células humanas. Xenografts de linha celular humana ou pacientes derivadas xenografts (PDXs) são geralmente mantidos em ratos imunodeprimidos e, portanto, impedem a completa vigilância imune9. Apesar desta desvantagem, eles fornecem uma avenida para propagar a limitar as quantidades de humano biospecimens e estudo fundamental na vivo Propriedades de células cancerosas humanas, que codificam as aberrações genômicas mais complexas que os tumores GEMM.
Uma propriedade útil de aloenxertos e xenografts é que eles são receptivos a tradicional ensaios limitante de diluição de célula, empregados para quantificar a frequência de tumor iniciando células (TICs) dentro de uma população de células malignas10. Nesses experimentos, um número definido de células é injetado por via subcutânea o flanco dos animais e a frequência de tiques pode ser estimada com base na taxa de tomada de tumor. Tumores subcutâneos, entretanto, podem ser mais hipóxico11 e não podem modelo chaves restrições fisiológicas do microambiente do tumor de pulmão. Entrega de intratraqueal de tronco epitelial ou progenitoras para os pulmões de ratos é um método para estudar a regeneração pulmonar e das vias respiratórias de biologia de células-tronco12. No entanto, a taxa de enxertia desta técnica pode ser relativamente baixa, a menos que os pulmões são primeiro sujeitas a formas fisiológicas de lesão, tais como infecção viral13,14. Suporte de células estromais inflamatórias e/ou a ruptura da membrana de porão pulmão pode melhorar a retenção das células transplantadas em nichos de células-tronco relevantes na vias aéreas distais15. Fibrose, induzindo agentes também pode pre-condição os pulmões para melhorar a enxertia de células pluripotentes induzidas16 e células-tronco mesenquimais17. Se formas semelhantes de lesão das vias respiratórias podem afetar a taxa de enxertia, capacidade inicial de tumor e a consequência natural de células de câncer de pulmão deve ainda ser sistematicamente avaliada.
Neste estudo, descrevemos um método para aumentar a eficiência de ortotópico enxertia de células de câncer pulmonar, por pré-condicionamento nos pulmões de ratos com lesão. LUAD surge nas vias aéreas distais com um subconjunto significativo desses cânceres desenvolvendo um estroma fibrótico18 que muitas vezes se correlaciona com o prognóstico pobre19. Bleomicina, um peptídeo de híbrido natural nonribosomal-policetídeo, tem sido amplamente utilizada para induzir fibrose pulmonar em ratos20. Instilação de vias aéreas de bleomicina promove primeiro atrito epitelial nos alvéolos e recrutamento de células inflamatórias, incluindo macrófagos, neutrófilos e monócitos21. Isto é seguido por tecido remodelação nas vias aéreas distais, membrana basal reorganização22,23 e deposição de matriz extracelular (ECM)24. Os efeitos de uma injeção de bleomicina único são transitórios, com fibrose resolvendo após 30 dias na maioria dos estudos25. Usando modelos tanto aloenxertos e xenoenxertos, testamos se pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas de ratos com bleomicina poderia aumentar significativamente a taxa de tomada de células LUAD nos pulmões.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B5507-15UN</td>
			<td>CAUTION Health hazard GHS08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Exel Catheter 24G</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1484121</td>
			<td>Remove needle. For intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine (Ketaset inl 100 mg/mL C3N 10 mL)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>56344</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>33198</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketoprofen, 5,000 mg</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>10006661</td>
			<td>Analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Veterinary Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td>BUTLER ANIMAL HEALTH COMPANY LLC</td>
			<td>8897</td>
			<td>To prevent eye dryness while under anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin powder</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>122799</td>
			<td>For luminescent imaging. Reconstitute powder with PBS for a working concentration of 15mg/mL. Protect from Light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodent Intubation stand</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>RIS-100</td>
			<td>Recommended stand for intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MI-150 ILLUMINATOR 150W MI-150</td>
			<td>DOLAN-JENNER INDUSTRIES</td>
			<td>MI-150 / EEG2823M</td>
			<td>To illuminate and visualize trachea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps, 2.75 (7 cm) long serrat</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5111</td>
			<td>For intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Luer-Lok Sterile 5ml</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Satiny Smooth by Conair Dual Foil Wet/Dry Rechargeable Shaver</td>
			<td>Conair</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To shave mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn Scissors, 3.5&#34; straight 15 mm sharp/sharp sure cut blades</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5840SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>USA SCIENTIFIC INC</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial Scintillation 7 mL Borosilicate Glass GPI</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>701350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter pipette tips (200 &#956;L)</td>
			<td>USA SCIENTIFIC INC</td>
			<td>1120-8710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum USDA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2942-20ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain 0.4%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AMQAX1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask T/C 75cm sq canted neck, blue cap</td>
			<td>Fisher / Corning</td>
			<td>353135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Spectrum Xenogen Bioluminiscence</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>124262</td>
			<td>For in vivo bioluminescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Living image software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>128113</td>
			<td>For in vivo bioluminescence analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XGI-8 Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>118918</td>
			<td>For Isoflurane anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Ultra-Fine II Short Needle Insulin Syringe 1 cc. 31 G x 8 mm (5/16 in)</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>BD328418</td>
			<td>For retro-orbital luciferin injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1ml</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>14-823-434</td>
			<td>For intraperitoneal injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 G x 1/2 in. needle</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>305111</td>
			<td>For intraperitoneal injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>43368-9M</td>
			<td>CAUTION Health hazard GHS07, GHS08. For fixing tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet-Lite Pipette, Unv. SL-200XLS+</td>
			<td>METTLER-TOLEDO INTERNATIONAL</td>
			<td>17014411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#39;s Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCIENCES</td>
			<td>517-28-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y stain 0.25% (w/v) in 57%</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>67-63-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masson Trichrome Stain Kit</td>
			<td>IMEB Inc</td>
			<td>K7228</td>
			<td>For masson trichrome stain to visualize collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost plus glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1255015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>C3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Mycoplasma Detection Kit</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-1012K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Embedding compound</td>
			<td>ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCIENCES</td>
			<td>62550-12</td>
			<td>For embedding tissue for frozen sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica CM3050 S Research Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM3050 S</td>
			<td>To section tissue for staining analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keyence All-in One Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Keyence</td>
			<td>BZ-X700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>US National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>IJ1.46</td>
			<td>http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/ download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism 7.0 for Mac OS X</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Athymic (Crl:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu) mice</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>NIH-553</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>5557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6129SF1/J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>101043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIH-H2030 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-5914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>368T1</td>
			<td>generously provided by Monte Winslow (Standford University)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC9 cells</td>
			<td>Nguyen DX et al. Cell. 2009;138:51&#8211;62</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2030 BrM3 cells</td>
			<td>Nguyen DX et al. Cell. 2009;138:51&#8211;62</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pre-conditioning the airways of mice with bleomycin increases the efficiency of orthotopic lung cancer cell engraftment

Câncer de pulmão é uma doença refratária tratamento mortal que é biologicamente heterogênea. Para compreender e tratar eficazmente o espectro completo clínico de malignidade torácica, são necessários modelos animais adicionais que podem recapitular estágios e subtipos de câncer de pulmão humano diverso. Aloenxerto ou enxerto heterólogo modelos são versáteis e permitem a quantificação da capacidade tumorigênico em vivo, usando células malignas de origem humana ou murino. No entanto, métodos anteriormente descritos de enxertia de células de câncer de pulmão foram realizados em locais não-fisiológicas, tais como o flanco dos ratos, devido a ineficiência de transplante ortotópico de células para os pulmões. Neste estudo, descrevemos um método para melhorar a ortotópico enxertia do pulmão câncer célula pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas de ratos com bleomicina de agente induzindo a fibrose. Como um experimento de prova de conceito, nós aplicamos esta abordagem para engraft células tumorais de subtipo de adenocarcinoma do pulmão, obtidos de fontes humanas, ou rato em várias cepas de ratos. Demonstramos que ferir as vias aéreas com bleomicina antes da injeção de células de tumor aumenta a enxertia de células tumorais de 0-17% a 71-100%. Significativamente, esse método aprimorado incidência de tumor de pulmão e consequência subsequente usando modelos e diferentes cepas de rato. Além disso, células de câncer de pulmão engrafted disseminam dos pulmões em órgãos distantes relevantes. Assim, nós fornecemos um protocolo que pode ser usado para estabelecer e manter novos modelos ortotópico de câncer de pulmão com limitação da quantidade de células ou biospecimen e avaliar quantitativamente a oncogenicidade capacidade das células de câncer de pulmão em configurações fisiologicamente relevantes .

Para aumentar a eficiência da enxertia de célula de câncer LUAD nos pulmões de ratos, desenvolvemos um protocolo que primeiro pre-condições das vias aéreas utilizando a bleomicina seguida por injeção de células de tumor ortotópico (Figura 1). Confirmamos que, mesmo quando administrado em ratos imunodeprimidos modelo, bleomicina induzido fibrose transitória por dia 14, como evidenciado pela perda da arquitetura das vias aéreas e a deposição de c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment at JoVE.com

Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment

Nós descrevemos um método para melhorar significativamente a enxertia ortotópico de células de câncer de pulmão aos pulmões murino pelo pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas com lesão. Esta abordagem também pode ser aplicada para estudar interações do estroma dentro do microambiente pulmonar, disseminação metastática, co-morbidades do câncer pulmonar, e gerar mais eficiência paciente derivada xenografts.

Pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas de ratos com bleomicina aumenta a eficiência da enxertia de célula de câncer pulmão ortotópico

Lung cancer is a deadly treatment refractory disease that is biologically heterogeneous. To understand and effectively treat the full clinical spectrum of ...

pre-conditioning-airways-mice-with-bleomycin-increases-efficiency

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.5K visualizações.  Yale University School of Medicine. Nós descrevemos um método para melhorar significativamente a enxertia ortotópico de células de câncer de pulmão aos pulmões murino pelo pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas com lesão. Esta abordagem também pode ser aplicada para estudar interações do estroma dentro do microambiente pulmonar, disseminação metastática, co-morbidades do câncer pulmonar, e gerar mais eficiência paciente derivada xenografts.

Vídeo: Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment

Bronchial Thermoplasty:  A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Severe Asthma

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled manner to reduce excessive airway smooth muscle. Reducing airway smooth muscle decreases the ability of the airways to constrict, thereby reducing the frequency of asthma attacks. Bronchial thermoplasty is delivered by the Alair System and is performed in three outpatient procedure visits, each scheduled approximately three weeks apart. The first procedure treats the airways of the right lower lobe, the second treats the airways of the left lower lobe and the third and final procedure treats the airways in both upper lobes. After all three procedures are performed the bronchial thermoplasty treatment is complete.
Bronchial thermoplasty is performed during bronchoscopy with the patient under moderate sedation. All accessible airways distal to the mainstem bronchi between 3 and 10 mm in diameter, with the exception of the right middle lobe, are treated under bronchoscopic visualization. Contiguous and non-overlapping activations of the device are used, moving from distal to proximal along the length of the airway, and systematically from airway to airway as described previously. Although conceptually straightforward, the actual execution of bronchial thermoplasty is quite intricate and procedural duration for the treatment of a single lobe is often substantially longer than encountered during routine bronchoscopy. As such, bronchial thermoplasty should be considered a complex interventional bronchoscopy and is intended for the experienced bronchoscopist. Optimal patient management is critical in any such complex and longer duration bronchoscopic procedure. This article discusses the importance of careful patient selection, patient preparation, patient management, procedure duration, postoperative care and follow-up to ensure that bronchial thermoplasty is performed safely.
Bronchial thermoplasty is expected to complement asthma maintenance medications by providing long-lasting asthma control and improving asthma-related quality of life of patients with severe asthma. In addition, bronchial thermoplasty has been demonstrated to reduce severe exacerbations (asthma attacks) emergency rooms visits for respiratory symptoms, and time lost from work, school and other daily activities due to asthma.

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled manner to reduce excessive airway smooth muscle. Reducing airway smooth muscle decreases the ability of the airways to constrict, thereby reducing the frequency of asthma attacks.

Termoplastia brônquica: uma nova abordagem terapêutica para Asma Grave

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled ...

Medicina

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Um modelo ortotópico de câncer de bexiga murino

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotão imagem de invasão das células tumorais em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de carcinoma epidermóide oral

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Um modelo de tumor de bexiga ortotópico e Avaliação de Tratamento de sarna intravesical

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

Transplante ortotópico de aorta em camundongos para o Estudo da Doença Vascular

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%. New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology. To better understand the interaction of cancer cells with the pancreatic microenvironment, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression. Luciferase-tagged pancreatic cancer cells are resuspended in Matrigel and delivered into the pancreatic tail during laparotomy. Matrigel solidifies at body temperature to prevent leakage of cancer cells during injection. Primary tumor growth and metastasis to distant organs are monitored following injection of the luciferase substrate luciferin, using in vivo imaging of bioluminescence emission from the cancer cells. In vivo imaging also may be used to track primary tumor recurrence after resection. This orthotopic model is suited to both syngeneic and xenograft models and may be used in pre-clinical trials to investigate the impact of novel anti-cancer therapeutics on the growth of the primary pancreatic tumor and metastasis.

Improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology is critically needed to enable the development of better therapeutic options to treat pancreatic cancer. To address this need, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression using in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

Modelo ortotópico bioluminescente de progressão do câncer de pâncreas

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

Noninvasive Intratracheal Intubation to Study the Pathology and Physiology of Mouse Lung

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. With the increasing availability of knockout and transgenic derivatives, together with a vast amount of genetic information, mice provide one of the best models to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology and physiology of lung diseases. Inhalation, intranasal instillation, intratracheal instillation, and intratracheal intubation are the most widely used techniques by a number of investigators to administer materials of interest to mouse lungs. There are pros and cons for each technique depending on the goals of a study. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented. This technique was applied to administer bleomycin to mouse lungs as a model to study pulmonary fibrosis.

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented.

Não invasiva Intratraqueal intubação para estudar a Patologia e Fisiologia do Rato Lung

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular ...

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

Um modelo murino de isquemia-reperfusão, através da ligadura da artéria Descendente Anterior Esquerda

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.

Injeção Orthotopic de células cancerosas da mama na mamária Fat Pad de Ratos para o Estudo de crescimento tumoral.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that contribute to the onset and progression of intestinal diseases. The identification of new molecules that promote these pathologies has led to a flurry of activity focused on the development of potential new therapies to inhibit their function. As a result, various pre-clinical mouse models with an intact immune system and stromal microenvironment are now heavily used. Here we describe three experimental protocols to test the efficacy of new therapeutics in pre-clinical models of (1) acute mucosal damage, (2) chronic colitis and/or colitis-associated colon cancer, and (3) sporadic colorectal cancer. We also outline procedures for serial endoscopic examination that can be used to document the therapeutic response of an individual tumor and to monitor the health of individual mice. These protocols provide complementary experimental platforms to test the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds shown to be well tolerated by mice.

We describe methods for longitudinal monitoring of the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of colonic pathologies in mice using a rigid endoscope. This protocol can be readily used for the characterization of the therapeutic response of an individual tumor in live mice and also for monitoring potential disease relapse.

Avaliação não invasiva da eficácia de novos Therapeutics para Intestinal Patologias Usando imagem endoscópica série da Vivo Ratos

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...