Os autores gostaria de agradecer James Fosse pelo seu excelente trabalho em todos os Videografia e processamento de vídeo; Michael Marti pelo seu excelente trabalho na geração de imagens digitalizadas de gado; Lilia Walther por sua ajuda com a extração do RNA e Bioanalyzer é executado; Mitch Palmer e Carly Kanipe para sua revisão útil e feedback sobre imagens de linfonodo; e os cuidados com animais e pessoal veterinário no centro nacional de doença Animal para todos de seu trabalho árduo e assistência com a pecuária e a preparação para necropsias.

Os autores têm sem conflitos de interesse a divulgar. Toda pesquisa é financiada com fundos intramurais do departamento de agricultura dos EUA, Agricultural Research Service. Todas as referências a produtos específicos são fornecidas com a finalidade de reprodutibilidade experimental e não representam qualquer endosso destes produtos pelo governo federal.

A maioria dos estudos de transcriptomic e os protocolos associados concentrar em amostras humanas, rato, rato ou post-mortem. No entanto, investigações em animais e animais selvagens fornecem uma ampla gama de oportunidades para a caracterização da resposta imune à doença, tanto como aplicáveis à medicina veterinária e, no que diz respeito a doenças zoonóticas, a saúde pública. Este protocolo fornecido um resumo das considerações-chave para extração de RNA de alta integridade de tecidos de animais de gra...

A sequenciação do ARN da transcriptoma de linfonodos fornece a oportunidade para caracterizar a resposta imune dos animais para uma variedade de agentes patogénicos. Enquanto esta metodologia tem sido utilizada extensivamente em camundongos, análises tem recentemente expandido para maiores mamíferos1,2. Pecuária/grandes animais linfonodos podem ser usados para caracterizar respostas do hospedeiro a uma infecção, não só para a sua utilização em estudos de susceptibilidade genética ou vacina e para a identificação de alvos para o desenvolvimento de drogas, mas também como sistemas modelo para estudos em humanos em doenças zoonóticas. Por exemplo, no caso da brucelose (uma doença bacteriana zoonótica que impactos meio milhão de pessoas ao redor do mundo cada ano), apesar do aumento significativamente os custos, estudos em ovinos ou caprinos são mais relevantes para a infecção humana e vacina humana desenvolvimento de modelos animais de laboratório. Modelos de infecção mouse recapitular a infecção do sistema reticuloendotelial, mas não os sinais clínicos característicos3.
Em experimentos com animais grandes em comparação com estudos de animais de laboratório, o processo de tecido colheita necessariamente envolve um atraso maior entre a eutanásia e a coleção de tecido, que apresenta um potencial desafio para a preservação da RNA de alta qualidade. O RNA intacto é essencial para a geração de dados transcriptomic biologicamente relevantes. A geração do RNA de alta qualidade das amostras de tecido é particularmente crítico para estudos de grande patógeno animal realizado em instalações de contenção. Tais estudos são inerentemente mais difíceis de executar, como eles não só exigem aprovado instalações e pessoal altamente treinado, mas também carregam custos financeiros significativos, que, dependendo do trabalho, que podem variar de dezenas a centenas de milhares de dólares. Estes tipos de estudos envolvem também uma colaboração interdisciplinar e o conhecimento interdisciplinar para a sua conclusão, adicionando à sua complexidade. Portanto, formação sobre, desenvolvimento e adesão a um sistema simplificado para a coleta de amostra e preservação fornece benefícios significativos para a jusante estudos moleculares de tecidos de animais infectados.
A coleção de linfonodos maiores apresenta desafios adicionais para a coleta de tecido, em comparação com a amostragem semelhante de murino linfonodos. A preparação para a excisão de amostra exige um conhecimento básico da anatomia do nó de linfa, incluindo as estruturas internas relevantes. A estrutura de um nó de linfa é composta por lóbulos linfoides rodeados por seios cheios de linfa. Estas estruturas são colocadas dentro de uma cápsula fibrosa, resistente. 4 um lóbulo linfoide é "anatômica e funcional unidade básica do nó de linfa" e é composto de folículos, uma unidade profunda cortical e cordões medulares e seios4 (figura 1A). Linfócitos B e T são home aos folículos e profundo corticais unidades, respectivamente. Essas estruturas fornecem um andaime 3D e facilitam a interação entre os linfócitos e antígeno ou células apresentadoras.
Grosseiramente, folículos e unidades profundo corticais podem ser identificadas na superfície de corte como eles contêm uma malha reticular mais densa e aparecem mais escuros do que os seios, que são compreendidos por uma malha reticular mais delicada e aparecem mais leves (figura 1B). Por convenção, os patologistas referem-se às regiões dos gânglios linfáticos como o córtex superficial (folículos), o paracórtex (fundo corticais unidades) e a medula (cordões medulares e seios). Um exame adequado das três regiões tem sido considerado como a melhor prática em diretrizes de exame patológico de rotina para linfonodos5. Observe que há uma variação considerável a consistência, tamanho e cor dos gânglios linfáticos, mesmo dentro de um único animal. Como idade de animais, os gânglios linfáticos tendem a diminuir de tamanho e tornam-se mais firme do que aqueles de animais mais jovens, normalmente devido a um aumento em seu tecido conjuntivo e uma redução do linfoide normal estrutura6,7.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig1.jpg"> Figura 1. Anatomia do nó de linfa. (A), esta imagem mostra a anatomia do nó de linfa, representando estruturas chaves. (B) ainda esta imagem mostra um nó de linfa bovina cortado em secção transversal. Destacam-se as estruturas relevantes/camadas que são visíveis a olho nu. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>
Dependendo a questão experimental, linfonodos diferentes será de interesse para a recolha e análise. Linfonodos periféricos são aqueles localizados profundamente no tecido subcutâneo. Nos bovinos, linfonodos periféricos ou superficiais frequentemente utilizados na prática clínica e experimental incluem parótida, submandibular, retrofaríngeos, pré-escapulares, pré-femurais (precrural) e superficial inguinal (supramamários nas fêmeas, escrotal nos machos) ( A Figura 2). Na tabela 1, as propriedades de chaves linfáticos superficiais, conforme descrito no gado sistema8, são descritas. Abaixo, alguns planos de recolha de linfonodo potenciais para doenças infecciosas bacterianas, de gado são apresentados como ponto de partida para a investigação.
Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis: padrão necropsies por b. abortus-infectados de gado e b. melitensis-cabras infectadas no centro nacional de doença Animal recuperar supramamários das, prescapular e tecido de linfonodo parotídeo , tanto para a moagem para a enumeração de bactérias e para a preparação de RNA para o perfil de expressão acolhimento do RNA. B. abortus regularmente podem ser recuperados em cada um destes gânglios linfáticos em bovinos experimentalmente infectados9. A presença de bactérias em cada um desses tipos de nó de linfa pode ser detectada em b. melitensis-infectados cabras até pós-infecção pelo menos nove meses, utilizando as metodologias baseadas em RNA de nossos estudos (Boggiatto et al, inédito). Salmonela SP.: O prescapular, subiliac (pré-femurais), e linfonodos mesentéricos foram úteis durante a criação de perfil de carcaças de gado para uma prevalência de Salmonella 10,11,12 e seria de interesse potencial para estudos de transcriptomic. Escherichia coli O157: H7: linfonodos mesentéricos (no intestino médio e intestino delgado distal locais) podem ser os sites de uma recuperação ocasional das bactérias em bezerros infectados (mas não em bovinos adultos infectados)13. Leptospirose (Leptospira SP.): uma crônica persistência das bactérias tem sido observada em linfonodos drenam a glândula mamária14. Mycobacterium bovis : Nos bovinos, as bactérias foram recuperada infecção pós-experimental de gânglios linfáticos do mediastino e traqueobrônquica de bezerros15. Além disso, o linfonodo RNA tem sido utilizado para examinar as respostas de grande animal hospedeiro de vírus, tais como a síndrome respiratória e reprodutiva suína vírus2. A Figura 2 mostra a localização de um subconjunto desses principais linfonodos do corpo de bovinos.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig2.jpg"> Figura 2: Cartoon retratando locais selecionados do nó de linfa no Bos taurus . Os linfonodos numerados são anotados. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>
Este documento e o vídeo associado, apresentamos um protocolo para o isolamento de grandes linfonodos animais para estudos de RNA, projetados para ser informativo para biólogos moleculares envolvidos em estudos de transcriptomic de infecções de animais grandes. Primeiro, nós fornecemos uma visão geral do procedimento de isolamento para os gânglios linfáticos, usando amostragem de tecidos bovinos e bison como exemplos. Emparelhado com esta demonstração, conforme exibido no vídeo, é um fluxo de trabalho para uma amostra de tecido pode ser reproduzido para isolamento de RNA. Em seguida, descrevemos considerações importantes para o processamento de um linfonodo infectado, com foco na segurança, consistência e qualidade do RNA.
A preparação do RNA do tecido com um reagente de isotiocianato de guanidina-fenol acidificado é baseada no método original de Chomczynski e Sacchi16,17, com uma purificação sobre colunas de rotação silicone-baseado na presença de agentes de caotrópicas baseados no trabalho de Vogelstein e Gillespie18original. Também examinamos o potencial para a recuperação do RNA para transcriptomics de gado gânglios linfáticos preservados por métodos alternativos. Finalmente, podemos explorar o impacto da variável tempo sobre a qualidade do RNA em necropsias de animais grandes, incluindo uma experiência representativa, retratando o efeito de um aumento no tempo entre a eutanásia e a amostragem no perfil de RNA recuperado de bison e linfonodos de bovinos. Este artigo será útil não apenas para biólogos moleculares, mas também ao veterinários pesquisadores iniciando estudos transcriptomic.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1239px;" width="1240">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">RNA preservation solution (we used RNALater for all experiments)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM7020</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5 ml or 2 ml polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable scalpels</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Daigger Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EF7281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue forceps, rat tooth</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-460-117</td>
			<td>Other tissue forceps available including curved tip, tapered edge, etc. , depends on user preference</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 mm punch biopsy needles</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9949469</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sharps container (small and transportable for necropsy)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Stericycle</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8900SA</td>
			<td>1 qt. size shown here</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cutting boards or disposable trays</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-002-24A</td>
			<td>Available in a variety of sizes, depends on user preference</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Personal protective equipment</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Varies with pathogen (gloves, respirator masks, goggles, etc.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phenol-based RNA extraction reagent (we used TRIzol Reagent for all experiments)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15596026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silica column-based RNA extraction kit (we used the PureLink RNA Mini kit for all experiments)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12183018A</td>
			<td>Designed for up to 100 mg tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100% Ethanol (200 proof for molecular biology)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue homogenizer with enclosed homogenization tubes (we used the gentleMACS dissociator for all experiments)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-093-235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose (General, for gel electrophoresis)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">1X TBE</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP24301</td>
			<td>Can also make from scratch in the laboratory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">Deionized formamide</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S4117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">114391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">Xylene cyanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X4126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EDS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (we used the NanoDrop Spectrophotometer)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">Device for quantitative RNA assessment (we used the Bioanalyzer, with associated components and protocols)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G2939BA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="54">
			<td height="54" style="height:54px;width:787px;">FFPE RNA extraction kit (we used the RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit for Formalin Fixed, Paraffin Embedded Tissue)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM1975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">Plastic spreader (L-shaped spreader)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-665-231</td>
			<td>Only needed for sterility testing for samples from infected animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:787px;">Necropsy knives</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Livestock Concepts</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WI-0009209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

collection and processing of lymph nodes from large animals for rna analysis: preparing for lymph node transcriptomic studies of large animal species

Animais de grandes porte (gado e animais selvagens) servem como importantes reservatórios de agentes patogénicos zoonóticos, incluindo Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonellae Escherichia colie são úteis para o estudo da patogênese e/ou propagação das bactérias em hospedeiros naturais. Com a função chave de linfonodos na resposta imune do hospedeiro, linfonodo tecidos servem como uma fonte potencial de RNA para análises de transcriptomic a jusante, a fim de avaliar as mudanças temporais na expressão gênica em células no decorrer de uma infecção. Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral do processo de coleção de nó de linfa, amostragem de tecido e a jusante do RNA processamento em gado, usando bovinos (Bos taurus) como um modelo, com exemplos adicionais provenientes do Bisão-americano (bison Bison ). O protocolo inclui informações sobre a localização, identificação e remoção dos gânglios linfáticos de diversos sites chaves no corpo. Além disso, uma metodologia de amostragem de biópsia é apresentada que permite a uma consistência de amostragem em vários animais. Várias considerações para preservação de amostra são discutidas, incluindo a geração de RNA apropriado para jusante metodologias como a sequenciação do ARN e RT-PCR. Devido os longos atrasos inerentes a estudos de curso de tempo grandes animais vs rato, apresentam-se resultados representativos de bison e tecidos de bovinos do nó de linfa para descrever o tempo de degradação neste tipo de tecido, no contexto de uma revisão da trabalho metodológico anterior na degradação de RNA em outros tecidos. Em geral, este protocolo será útil para ambos os pesquisadores veterinários começando transcriptome projetos em grandes amostras de animais e biólogos moleculares interessados em aprender técnicas para processamento de em vitro e em vivo amostragem de tecido.

O uso das considerações apresentadas neste artigo (passos 1-4 do protocolo) vai ajudar na recuperação do RNA de grandes amostras de animais que é adequada para uma análise a jusante em estudos de expressão de gene de anfitrião. A qualidade do RNA para aplicações a jusante é avaliada através de várias medidas padrão. Por espectrofotometria, a uma260/A280 ratio fornece uma medida da contaminação da proteína, e a uma260/A230 ratio fornece um outro meio de avaliaç...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species at JoVE.

Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Coleta e processamento de linfonodos de animais de grandes porte para a análise do RNA: preparando-se para estudos de linfonodo Transcriptomic de espécies de animais grandes

Este protocolo fornece uma visão geral dos procedimentos para o isolamento do RNA para o perfil de transcriptomic do nó de linfa de tecidos de animais de grandes porte, incluindo etapas na identificação e excisão dos gânglios linfáticos do gado e animais selvagens, abordagens de amostragem para fornecer consistência em vários animais e considerações mais resultados representativos para a preservação de pós coleta e processamento para a análise do RNA.

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and ...

collection-processing-lymph-nodes-from-large-animals-for-rna-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

26.1K visualizações.  U.S. Department of Agriculture. Este protocolo fornece uma visão geral dos procedimentos para o isolamento do RNA para o perfil de transcriptomic do nó de linfa de tecidos de animais de grandes porte, incluindo etapas na identificação e excisão dos gânglios linfáticos do gado e animais selvagens, abordagens de amostragem para fornecer consistência em vários animais e considerações mais resultados representativos para a preservação de pós coleta e processamento para a análise do RNA.

Vídeo: Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.
The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. 
The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. 
Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.

A technique for performing intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) is outlined. Such technique allows for real-time, in vivo study of the lymph node microvasculature and structure both during homeostasis and infection. This technique can be adapted to cell trafficking studies and to other lymph node sites.

Microscopia intravital do linfonodo inguinal

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Non-surgical Intratracheal Instillation of Mice with Analysis of Lungs and Lung Draining Lymph Nodes by Flow Cytometry

Phagocytic cells such as alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) continuously sample antigens from the alveolar spaces in the 
lungs. LDCs, in particular, are known to migrate to the lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) where they present inhaled antigens to T cells initiating an 
appropriate immune response to a variety of immunogens1,2. To model interactions between the lungs and airborne antigens in mice, antigens can be 
administered intranasally1,3,4, intratracheally5 or as aerosols6. Delivery by each route involves distinct technical skills and limitations that need to be 
considered before designing an experiment. For example, intranasal and aerosolized exposure delivers antigens to both the lungs and the upper respiratory 
tract. Hence antigens can access the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)7, potentially complicating interpretation of the results. In addition, swallowing, 
sneezing and the breathing rate of the mouse may also lead to inconsistencies in the doses delivered. Although the involvement of the upper respiratory tract may 
be preferred for some studies, it can complicate experiments focusing on events specifically initiated in the lungs. In this setting, the intratracheal (i.t) 
route is preferable as it delivers test materials directly into the lungs and bypasses the NALT. Many i.t injection protocols involve either blind intubation of the 
trachea through the oral cavity or surgical exposure of the trachea to access the lungs. Herein, we describe a simple, consistent, non-surgical method for i.t 
instillation. The opening of the trachea is visualized using a laryngoscope and a bent gavage needle is then inserted directly into the trachea to deliver the 
innoculum. We also describe procedures for harvesting and processing of LDLNs and lungs for analysis of antigen trafficking by flow cytometry.

We illustrate non-surgical delivery of test materials into the lungs of anesthetized mice via the trachea. This method permits lung exposure to bacterial and viral pathogens, cytokines, antibodies, beads, chemicals, or dyes. We further describe harvesting and processing of lungs and lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) for flow cytometry.

Não-cirúrgico instilação endotraqueal de camundongos com Análise de Pulmões e Drenagem Linfática Nodes Lung por citometria de fluxo

Phagocytic cells such as alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) continuously sample antigens from the alveolar spaces in the 
lungs. LDCs, ...

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration of T cells into lymph nodes is a complex process which involves both cellular and chemical factors including chemokines. Recently, the use of two-photon microscopy has permitted to track T cells in intact lymph nodes and to derive some quantitative information on their behavior and their interactions with other cells. While there are obvious advantages to an in vivo system, this approach requires a complex and expensive instrumentation and provides limited access to the tissue. To analyze the behavior of T cells within murine lymph nodes, we have developed a slice assay 
1, originally set up by neurobiologists and transposed recently to murine thymus 2. In this technique, fluorescently labeled T cells are plated on top of an acutely prepared lymph node slice. In this video-article, the localization and migration of T cells into the tissue are analyzed in real-time with a widefield and a confocal microscope. The technique which complements in vivo two-photon microscopy offers an effective approach to image T cells in their natural environment and to elucidate mechanisms underlying T cell migration.

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

This protocol describes a method to image fluorescent T cells introduced into lymph node slices. The technique permits real-time analyses of T cell migration with traditional widefield fluorescence or confocal microscopes.

Ex vivo de imagens de células T em fatias Node murino linfáticos com Widefield e microscópios confocal

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration ...

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often followed over time. Similarly, the study of lymphocyte homeostasis requires time course experiments. Performing these studies within the same mouse is ideal to reduce the experimental variability as well as the number of mice used. Blood withdrawal allows performance of time course experiments, but it only gives information about circulating lymphocytes and provides a limited number of cells1-4. Since lymphocytes circulating through the body and residing in the lymph nodes have different properties, it is important to examine both locations. The sequential removal of lymph nodes by surgery provides a unique opportunity to follow an immune response or immune cell expansion in the same mouse over time. Furthermore, this technique yields between 1-2x106 cells per lymph node which is sufficient to perform phenotypic characterization and/or functional assays. Sequential lymph node surgery or lymphadenectomy has been successfully used by us and others5-11. Here, we describe how the brachial and inguinal lymph nodes can be removed by making a small incision in the skin of an anesthetised mouse. Since the surgery is superficial and done rapidly, the mouse recovers very quickly, heals well and does not experience excessive pain. Every second day, it is possible to harvest one or two lymph nodes allowing for time course experiments. This technique is thus suitable to study the characteristics of lymph node-residing lymphocytes over time. This approach is suitable to various experimental designs and we believe that many laboratories would benefit from performing sequential lymph node surgeries.

To follow the progression of an immune response over time within the same mouse, lymph nodes can be sequentially removed by surgery. Here, we describe how this technique can be performed.

Cirurgia Nó murino superficial linfático

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions1,2. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens3-5. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network2,6-12. 
Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ12-16. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures11,17-18. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.

Recent advances in 2-photon microscopy have enabled real-time in situ imaging of live tissues in animal models, thereby enhancing our ability to investigate cellular behavior in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here, we outline the preparations required to perform intravital imaging of the mouse popliteal lymph node.

Imagem intravital do Linfonodo Popliteal Rato

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the mechanisms governing its formation. Lymph nodes are always encapsulated in adipose tissue and we recently demonstrated the importance of this relation for the formation of lymph node stroma. Adipocyte precursor cells migrate into the lymph node during its development and upon engagement of the Lymphotoxin-b receptor switch off adipogenesis and differentiate into lymphoid stromal cells (B&#233;n&#233;zech&#160;et al.14). Based on the lymphoid stroma potential of adipose tissue, we present a method using a lymph node/fat pad chimera that allows the lineage tracing of lymph node stromal cell precursors. We show how to isolate newborn lymph nodes and EYFP+ embryonic adipose tissue and make a LN/ EYFP+ fat pad chimera. After transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse, the lymph node incorporates local adipose tissue precursor cells and finishes its formation. Progeny analysis of EYFP+ fat pad cells in the resulting lymph nodes can be performed by flow-cytometric analysis of enzymatically digested lymph nodes or by immunofluorescence analysis of lymph nodes cryosections. By using fat pads from different knockout mouse models, this method will provide an efficient way of analyzing the origin of the different lymph node stromal cell populations.

Generation of lymph node/fat pad chimeras for the study of lymph node stromal cell origin is described. The method involves the isolation of lymph nodes from newborn mice and embryonic fat pads, the generation of chimeric lymph node-fat pads, and their transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse.

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the ...

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by interaction of the pathogen with intestinal epithelial cells. This interaction leads to disruption of intercellular structures such as tight junctions (TJ). TJ ensure sealing of the epithelial layer to separate host tissue from gut lumen. Recent studies provide evidence that disruption of TJ by the parasitic protein EhCPADH112 is a prerequisite for E. histolytica invasion that is accompanied by epithelial barrier dysfunction. Thus, the analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in TJ disassembly during E. histolytica invasion is of paramount importance to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis. This article presents an easy model that allows the assessment of initial host-pathogen interactions and the parasite invasion potential. Parameters to be analyzed include transepithelial electrical resistance, interaction of EhCPADH112 with epithelial surface receptors, changes in expression and localization of epithelial junctional markers and localization of parasite molecules within epithelial cells.

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Human infection by Entamoeba histolytica leads to amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by pathogen interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, provoking the opening of cell-cell contacts and consequently diarrhea, sometimes followed by liver infection. This article provides a model to assess the early host-pathogen interactions to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis.

Análise do dano epitelial Produzido pela<em&gt; Entamoeba histolytica</em&gt; Infecção

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Isolamento de Murino Linfonodo células estromais

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

Isolamento de células mielóides de rato Pele e Drenagem Linfonodo Seguindo intradérmica imunização com vivos atenuados<em&gt; Plasmodium</em&gt; Esporozoítos

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

Intracellular Staining and Flow Cytometry to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets within Murine Aorta, Kidney and Lymph Nodes in a Model of Hypertension

It is now well known that T lymphocytes play a critical role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases1,2,3,4,5. For example, studies from our group have shown that hypertension is associated with an excessive accumulation of T cells in the vessels and kidney during the development of experimental hypertension6. Once in these tissues, T cells produce several cytokines that affect both vascular and renal function leading to vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention1,2. To fully understand how T cells cause cardiovascular and renal diseases, it is important to be able to identify and quantify the specific T cell subsets present in these tissues. T cell subsets are defined by a combination of surface markers, the cytokines they secrete, and the transcription factors they express. The complexity of the T cell population makes flow cytometry and intracellular staining an invaluable technique to dissect the phenotypes of the lymphocytes present in tissues. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to identify the surface and intracellular markers (cytokines and transcription factors) in T cells isolated from murine kidney, aorta and aortic draining lymph nodes in a model of angiotensin II induced hypertension. The following steps are described in detail: isolation of the tissues, generation of the single cell suspensions, ex vivo stimulation, fixation, permeabilization and staining. In addition, several fundamental principles of flow cytometric analyses including choosing the proper controls and appropriate gating strategies are discussed.

This article provides detailed methodology to identify and quantify functional T lymphocyte subsets present within murine kidney, aorta and lymph nodes by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. The model of angiotensin II induced hypertension was chosen to explain, step-by-step, the procedures and fundamental principles of flow cytometry and intracellular staining.

Intracelular Coloração e Citometria de Fluxo para identificar linfócitos subconjuntos dentro Murino Aorta, rim e linfonodos em um modelo de hipertensão

It is now well known that T lymphocytes play a critical role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases1,2,3,4,5. For example, studies from our ...

Coleta e processamento de linfonodos de animais de grandes porte para a análise do RNA: preparando-se para estudos de linfonodo Transcriptomic de espécies de animais grandes

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