Os autores gostaria de agradecer Benjamin J Weigler, DVM, pH.d. e Walt Mandeville, D.V.M. (recursos animais & Campus frequentando veterinário, Universidade de Nevada, Reno) para seus serviços excelentes animais fornecidos para os ratos, bem como seus conselhos sobre procedimentos cirúrgicos.

O seguinte protocolo foi aprovado pelo cuidado institucional do Animal e usar Comité (IACUC) na Universidade de Nevada-Reno (UNR) Animal recursos e cumpre com todas as orientações éticas institucionais relativas à utilização de animais de pesquisa.
1. os animais.
<ol><li>Obter camundongos C57BL/6 de maduro (4-6 semanas de idade) pesando entre 20-30 g casa da colônia de ratos de laboratório em uma instalação centralizada animal em urn Animal Resources.</li>
</ol>2. parcial obstrução cirurgia
Nota: Cirurgias são realizadas em uma sala dedicada para procedimentos cirúrgicos. Todos os instrumentos cirúrgicos são autoclavados antes da cirurgia. Luvas e batas cirúrgicas estéreis devem ser usadas por todo o pessoal na sala cirúrgica em todos os momentos.
<ol><li>Preparação para o mouse cirúrgica<ol>
<li>Verificar o sistema de entrega anestésico para garantir o fornecimento de oxigênio e isoflurano é adequado para o procedimento. Ligue o fornecimento de oxigênio. Ligar o medidor de vazão de gás e ajustá-lo a 500-1000 mL/min. lugar do animal na câmara de indução e selar o topo.</li>
		<li>Ligue o vaporizador de isoflurano para 5% e, em seguida, monitorar o animal até que se torne reclinada. Mude o sistema de entrega de anestésico para o cone de nariz.</li>
		<li>Lave a câmara de indução de qualquer gás residual com oxigênio e, em seguida, desligue a linha de câmara de indução, mantendo a linha do cone de nariz aberto.</li>
		<li>Remover o animal da câmara e cuidadosamente coloque pomada oftálmica nos olhos do animal.</li>
		<li>Coloque o cone de nariz em uma almofada quente pré-aquecido quando gás continua a fluir.</li>
		<li>Altere o fluxo de oxigênio de 100-200 mL/min, com 2-3% de isoflurano. Se o animal começa a se mover, gentlyrestrain o animal com o cone de nariz em até totalmente anestesiados novamente.</li>
		<li>Monitorar a respiração e a resposta à estimulação durante o procedimento e ajustar a porcentagem de isoflurano (2-5%) conforme necessário. Nível de anesthetization animal é monitorado pela falta de reflexo de pitada de dedo do pé antes que a cirurgia é realizada.</li>
		<li>Injete remédios contra a dor (buprenorfina, 1 µ g/g de peso corporal) intraperitonealmente longe do local da incisão.</li>
		<li>Aplique loção de remoção de cabelo sobre o abdome, usando um cotonete limpo. Deixe-o sentar-se loção para 3-5 min no mouse, em seguida retire os cabelos com compressas de gaze e algodão. Repita este passo até que todo o cabelo foi removido do abdômen do mouse.</li>
		<li>Limpe a pele com álcool 70%, usando cotonetes de algodão e gaze. Aplica uma solução swabsticks ou povidone-iodo para limpar o abdômen.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Cirurgia de obstrução parcial<ol>
<li>Cubra o local cirúrgico usando papel estéril de 25 x 50 cm com um 2.5 x 2.5 cm de abertura no meio para a área de cirurgia. Prenda a cortina para o animal colocando tiras estéril nos limites da abertura e da pele.</li>
		<li>Faça uma incisão abdominal de ~3.0 cm longitudinalmente usando um bisturi de lâmina n º 15, garantindo que apenas a pele é incisada e evitando o corte da camada de musculoperitoneal neste momento.</li>
		<li>Usando pinças e tesouras cirúrgicas, separe com cuidado a pele da camada de musculoperitoneal sem causar qualquer incisão para a camada de musculoperitoneal. Depois que as camadas foram suficientemente separadas (aproximadamente 1 cm x 4 cm), identificar o linea alba na camada musculoperitoneal e corte ~ 2 cm ao longo da linea alba para expor a cavidade intraperitoneal usando microfórceps e a tesoura.</li>
		<li>Cuidadosamente, localizar e identificar o ceco. Lenta e suavemente remova o ceco da cavidade intraperitoneal com microfórceps, trazendo o cólon proximal e íleo com o ceco lá fora para a cortina estéril. Imediatamente, umedeça o tecido intestinal com gaze embebido salina estéril 0,9% e manter o tecido exposto umedecido em todos os momentos, enquanto eles estão fora da cavidade abdominal.</li>
		<li>Localizar e identificar o mesentério entre o íleo e o cólon proximal. Fazer uma incisão (~ 1 cm) paralelo a e logo abaixo, o íleo, no mesentério e evitar cortar qualquer vasculatura.</li>
		<li>Pegue um anel de silicone autoclavado (6 mm de comprimento, diâmetro exterior de 4 mm, diâmetro interior de 3,5 mm). Corte longitudinalmente para abrir o tubo e abra o anel com microfórceps.</li>
		<li>Insira uma extremidade do anel aberto através da incisão no tecido mesentério. Devolver o anel que forma um anel completo, trazendo uma extremidade em contato com o outro, com o íleo, rodeado pelo anel.</li>
		<li>Certifique-se de que o anel de silicone rodeia completamente o íleo, feche o anel com sutura e coloque cuidadosamente o intestino volta na cavidade intraperitoneal.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Encerramento de cirurgia<ol>
<li>Realizar uma simples sutura contínua sobre a camada de musculoperitoneal ao longo da linea alba para fechar o musculoperitoneal ferida com uma sutura absorvível. Após a sutura é completa, limpa qualquer sangramento com solução salina 0,9% embebido gaze.</li>
		<li>Para fechar completamente a ferida, com uma sutura de nylon separados, realize uma sutura contínua simples na pele.</li>
		<li>Depois ambas as suturas foram concluídas, limpe a ferida com novo swabstick ou iodo-povidona.</li>
		<li>Intraperitonealmente injete antibióticos (gentamicina, 150 μL por rato com base em 20-30 g de massa corporal).</li>
		<li>Após a conclusão do procedimento, desligue o vaporizador de isoflurano e permitir que o animal de respirar só flui oxigênio até começar ganhando consciência.</li>
		<li>Uma vez que o animal está acordado, coloca o animal em uma área de recuperação separada com apoio térmico até totalmente recuperado.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. pós-operação observação.
<ol><li>Após a conclusão da cirurgia, mova os animais para uma incubadora em uma sala de recuperação onde a temperatura e umidade são regulamentadas. Monitore os animais no pós-operatório a cada 15 minutos para a primeira hora depois a cada 30 min para a segunda hora, enquanto os animais estão na incubadora.</li>
	<li>Tão logo a observação prescrita for concluída, mova os animais para sua própria gaiola individual e monitorá-los diariamente para indicações clínicas de dor18e para garantir que a ferida cirúrgica está curando corretamente sem quaisquer sinais de complicações ( deiscência) presente.</li>
</ol>

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<li>Bowen, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22129371">Duodenal Brunner's glade adenoma causing chronic small intestinal obstruction in a dog.</a> J Small Anim Pract. 53, 136-139 (2012).</li>
<li>Bettini, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hypertrophy+of+intestinal+smooth+muscle+in+cats%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Res+Vet+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle in cats.</a> Res Vet Sci. 75, 43-53 (2003).</li>
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<li>Ha, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28806761">Transcriptome analysis of PDGFRα+ Cells identifies T-types Ca2+ channel CACNA1G as a new pathological marker for PDGFRα+ cell hyperplasia.</a> PLoS One. 12, e0182265(2017).</li>
<li>Park, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Serum+response+factor+is+essential+for+prenatal+gastrointestinal+smooth+muscle+development+and+maintenance+of+differentiated+phenotype%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Neurogastroenterol+Motil%22%5BJournal%5D)">Serum response factor is essential for prenatal gastrointestinal smooth muscle development and maintenance of differentiated phenotype.</a> J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 21, 589-602 (2015).</li>
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</ol>

Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

Temos demonstrado que ratos recebendo a cirurgia intestinal do PO consistentemente e reproducibly desenvolveram hipertrofia intestinal de músculo liso, que imita a obstrução intestinal humana. Cirurgias de obstrução intestinal foram desenvolvidas para animais diferentes, incluindo ratos7ratos10, cobaias,11,13, de12 e gatos cachorro. O modelo do rato de obstrução intestinal tem tempo, custo, taman...

Obstruções intestinais são um bloqueio parcial ou total no intestino pequeno ou grande que impede o alimento digerido, fluidos e gases movendo-se através do intestino1. Devido a obstrução, a obstrução induz as paredes intestinais para tornar-se espessada, estreitamento do lúmen2. Obstrução intestinal pode ocorrer como resultado de cirurgias abdominais ou pélvicas que causam a formação de tecido de aderência abdominal ou de distúrbios GI, tais como doenças inflamatórias intestinais (doença de Crohn), diverticulite, hérnias, Volvo, estenose, intussuscepção, constipação, fecaloma, pseudo-obstrução, cancros e tumores de4,3,5. Obstruções intestinais, nestes casos, muitas vezes, levam para a hipertrofia da túnica muscular do intestino6.
PO do lúmen induz a distensão intestinal e aumenta a espessura da camada de músculo liso ao redor da obstrução em resposta à necessidade de continuar o peristaltismo funcional7,8,9,10, 11,12,13. Modelos animais de PO intestinal foram desenvolvidos para estudar a hipertrofia do músculo liso em ratos7ratos10, cobaias11, cães12e gatos13 que consistentemente desenvolver hipertrofia similar dentro o camadas de músculo intestinal.
Um modelo do rato do PO intestinal é a maneira mais custo-eficaz de gerar e estudar obstruções intestinais na vivo. Obstruções de intestino delgado são realizadas em camundongos, usando um anel de silicone cirurgicamente colocado em torno do íleo. Os ratos PO mostraram um aumento inicial do número de células (hiperplasia) e um aumento na espessura da camada muscular (hipertrofia) após PO cirurgia8,15. SMC são o principais plástico as células que estão crescendo dentro de camadas de músculo liso em resposta a condições hipertrófica14, mas outras células tais como ICC e PDGFRα+ células que estão intimamente associados com o SMC, são também repovoada. Informamos anteriormente que os ratos PO desenvolveram hipertrofia no intestino delgado, no qual SMC são condrossarcoma em células PDGFRα+ que são altamente proliferativas7,15,16. Por outro lado, ICC são degenerou e perdeu dentro das camadas hipertrofiado músculo liso durante o desenvolvimento do obsruction intestinal7. Outro grande benefício do modelo PO é sua capacidade de induzir alterações no sistema nervoso entérico e propagando padrões motor neurogênicos. A grande propagação padrão motor neurogênica no intestino do rato é o migração motor complexo (MMC), que é neurogênica e não requer ICC ou ondas lentas elétrica17. O modelo de PO pode fornecer insights claras sobre como MMCs e nervos entéricos são remodelados pela obstrução parcial.
Aqui, propomos um protocolo murino para intestinal cirurgia de PO, usando um anel de silicone. Ratos recebendo cirurgia PO confiantemente produzem hipertrofia na túnica muscular do intestino delgado. Dentro hipertrófica muscular, SMC, ICC, PDGFRα+e células neuronais são drasticamente remodeladas.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Surgical drape</td><td>Medical and veterinary supplies</td><td>SMS40</td><td>40&amp;rdquo;X100 yards</td></tr><tr><td>Underpad, econ, pro plus</td><td>Medical and veterinary supplies</td><td>MSC281224</td><td>17x24&amp;rdquo;</td></tr><tr><td>Iris scissors</td><td>Braintree scientific, Inc</td><td>SC-i-130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iris scissors</td><td>Vantage</td><td>V95-304</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont electronic &amp;amp; jeweler tweezers</td><td>Dumont</td><td>98-180-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Braided absorbable suture</td><td>Covidien polysorb</td><td>SL-5687G</td><td>5-0, polyglactin</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon non-absorbable mono filament</td><td>AD surgical</td><td>S-N618R13</td><td>6-0, nylon</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical blade</td><td>Dynarex</td><td></td><td>No.15</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder</td><td>Jacobson microvascular</td><td>36-1342TC</td><td>8.5 inch</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel handle</td><td>Flinn scientific</td><td>AB1049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microsurgical scissor</td><td>WPI</td><td>503305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petrolatum ophthalmic ointment</td><td>Puralube VET</td><td></td><td>3.5 g</td></tr><tr><td>Fluriso (isoflurane)</td><td>Vetone</td><td>V1 502017</td><td>250 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Steri-strip reinforced skin closure</td><td>3M</td><td>R1547</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical gloves</td><td>Medline</td><td>MSG2270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ear loop face mask</td><td>The safety zone</td><td>RS700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avant gauze non-woven sponges</td><td>Caring</td><td>PRM25444</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical cup</td><td>Admiral&amp;nbsp; craft OYC-2</td><td>725-A42</td><td>2.5 oz</td></tr><tr><td>Swabstick</td><td>ChloraPrep</td><td>260103</td><td>2% w/v Chlorhexidine&amp;nbsp; Gluconate (CHG) and 70% v/v Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tipped applicator</td><td>Puritan</td><td>806-WC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine</td><td>Zoo pharm</td><td>BZ8069317</td><td>1 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamycin sulfate</td><td>Vetone</td><td>G-6336-04</td><td>100 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Fast acting gel cream remover</td><td>Veet</td><td>8111002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>AHS</td><td>AH01T2516</td><td>1 ml with needle</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon ring</td><td>VWR</td><td>60985-720</td><td>6 mm in length, 4 mm exterior diameter, 3.5 mm interior diameter</td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6 mice</td><td>The Jackson Laboratory</td><td></td><td>4-6 weeks old</td></tr></tbody></table>

a mouse model of intestinal partial obstruction

Obstruções intestinais, que impedem ou bloqueiam o movimento peristáltico, podem ser causadas por aderências abdominais e mais gastrointestinais (GI) doenças incluindo tumorosa crescimentos. No entanto, o celular que remodela os mecanismos envolvidos na e obstrução intestinal causada por, é mal compreendidas. Foram desenvolvidos vários modelos animais de obstruções intestinais, mas o modelo do mouse é o custo/tempo mais eficaz. Usa o modelo de rato da implantação cirúrgica de uma obstrução intestinal parcial (PO) que tem uma alta taxa de mortalidade, se não é realizada corretamente. Além disso, ratos recebendo cirurgia PO não conseguem desenvolver hipertrofia se um bloqueio adequado não é usado ou não está devidamente colocado. Aqui, descrevemos um protocolo detalhado para cirurgia de PO que produz confiáveis e reprodutíveis obstruções intestinais, com uma taxa de mortalidade muito baixa. Este protocolo utiliza um anel de silicone colocado cirurgicamente que rodeia o íleo que bloqueia parcialmente o movimento digestivo no intestino delgado. O bloqueio parcial faz o intestino se tornam dilatadas devido a parada do movimento digestivo. A dilatação do intestino induz a hipertrofia do músculo liso no lado oral do anel que desenvolve progressivamente mais de 2 semanas até que causa morte. O modelo de mouse PO cirúrgico oferece um modelo in vivo de tecido intestinal hipertrófica útil para estudar as alterações patológicas das células intestinais, incluindo células musculares lisas (SMC), células intersticiais de Cajal (ICC), PDGFRα+e neuronal células durante o desenvolvimento de obstrução intestinal.

Obstrução parcial (PO) foi cirurgicamente induzida em ratos um mês de idade, colocando um anel de silicone ao redor do íleo perto do esfíncter ileocecal. Este anel criado um bloqueio parcial no íleo. Operações Sham (então) também foram realizadas sem um anel na idade/sexo correspondem ratos e estes ratos não apresentaram qualquer sintomas semelhantes aos encontrados em camundongos PO. Os ratos rapidamente recuperaram da cirurgia PO dentro de algumas horas. Eles não mostraram m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Obstruções intestinais são um bloqueio parcial ou total do intestino que pode causar dor abdominal, náuseas, vômitos e impedindo a passagem das fezes. Este procedimento para criar obsructions parcial intestinal em camundongos é confiável em estudar os mecanismos subjacentes do crescimento celular patológica e morte no intestino.

Um modelo do rato de obstrução Intestinal parcial

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

21.1K visualizações.  University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. Obstruções intestinais são um bloqueio parcial ou total do intestino que pode causar dor abdominal, náuseas, vômitos e impedindo a passagem das fezes. Este procedimento para criar obsructions parcial intestinal em camundongos é confiável em estudar os mecanismos subjacentes do crescimento celular patológica e morte no intestino.

Vídeo: A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Motility and Gut Wall Inflammation in Rodents: Analyses in a Standardized Model of Intestinal Manipulation

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the complex cellular and molecular of intestinal pathology. Although the tunica mucosa is often the organ of interest in many inflammatory diseases, recent works demonstrated that the muscularis externa (ME) is also a highly immunocompetent organ that harbours a dense network of resident immunocytes.1,2 These works were performed within the standardized model of intestinal manipulation (IM) that leads to inflammation of the bowel wall, mainly limited to the ME. Clinically this inflammation leads to prolonged intestinal dysmotility, known as postoperative ileus (POI) which is a frequent and unavoidable complication after abdominal surgery.3 The inflammation is characterized by liberation of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-64 or IL-1&beta; or inhibitory neurotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO).5 Subsequently, tremendous numbers of immunocytes extravasate into the ME, dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes and finally maintain POI.2 Lasting for days, this intestinal paralysis leads to an increased risk of aspiration, bacterial translocation and infectious complications up to sepsis and multi organ failure and causes a high economic burden.6
In this manuscript we demonstrate the standardized model of IM and in vivo assessment of gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and colonic transit. Furthermore we demonstrate a method for separation of the ME from the tunica mucosa followed by immunological analysis, which is crucial to distinguish between the inflammatory responses in these both highly immunoactive bowel wall compartments. All analyses are easily transferable to any other research models, affecting gastrointestinal function.

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a complication of abdominal surgery leading to increased morbidity and a prolonged hospital stay. Because prophylactic or therapeutic strategies are lacking intensified research is necessary. Therefore we established a standardized and feasible mouse model to investigate the pathophysiology of POI and to study potential therapeutic options.

Avaliação Funcional da motilidade intestinal e inflamação da parede do intestino em Roedores: Análises em um modelo padronizado de Manipulação Intestinal

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the ...

Medicina

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane (AOM) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) over healthy individuals. This risk is proportional to the duration and extent of disease, with a cumulative incidence as high as 30% in individuals with longstanding UC with widespread colonic involvement.1 Colonic dysplasia in IBD and colitis associated cancer (CAC) are believed to develop as a result of repeated cycles of epithelial cell injury and repair while these cells are bathed in a chronic inflammatory cytokine milieu.2 While spontaneous and colitis-associated cancers share the quality of being adenocarcinomas, the sequence of underlying molecular events is believed to be different.3 This distinction argues the need for specific animal models of CAC.
Several mouse models currently exist for the study of CAC. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), an agent with direct toxic effects on the colonic epithelium, can be administered in drinking water to mice in multiple cycles to create a chronic inflammatory state. With sufficient duration, some of these mice will develop tumors.4 Tumor development is hastened in this model if administered in a pro-carcinogenic setting. These include mice with genetic mutations in tumorigenesis pathways (APC, p53, Msh2), as well as mice pre-treated with genotoxic agents (azoxymethane [AOM], 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [DMH]).5 
The combination of DSS with AOM as a model for colitis associated cancer has gained popularity for its reproducibility, potency, low price, and ease of use. Though they have a shared mechanism, AOM has been found to be more potent and stable in solution than DMH. While tumor development in other models generally requires several months, mice injected with AOM and subsequently treated with DSS develop adequate tumors in as little as 7-10 weeks.6, 7 Finally, AOM and DSS can be administered to mice of any genetic background (knock out, transgenic, etc.) without cross-breeding to a specific tumorigenic strain. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for inflammation-driven colonic tumorigenesis in mice utilizing a single injection of AOM followed by three seven-day cycles of DSS over a 10 week period. This model induces tumors with histological and molecular changes closely resembling those occurring in human CAC and provides a highly valuable model for the study of oncogenesis and chemoprevention in this disease.8

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane AOM and Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

We demonstrate a protocol in which administration of the genotoxic agent azoxymethane (AOM) followed by three cycles of the pro-inflammatory agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) rapidly and consistently generates colon tumors in mice with morphologic and molecular similarities to those seen in human colitis-associated cancer.

Câncer de modelagem Colite Associada com Azoximetano (OMA) e sulfato de sódio Dextran (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Modelo murino de isquemia-reperfusão

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water while preventing passage of luminal bacteria and exogenous substances. A breach of this layer results in increased permeability to luminal contents and recruitment of immune cells, both of which are hallmarks of pathologic states in the gut including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 
Mechanisms regulating epithelial barrier function and transepithelial migration (TEpM) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are incompletely understood due to the lack of experimental in vivo methods allowing quantitative analyses. Here, we describe a robust murine experimental model that employs an exteriorized intestinal segment of either ileum or proximal colon. The exteriorized intestinal loop (iLoop) is fully vascularized and offers physiological advantages over ex vivo chamber-based approaches commonly used to study permeability and PMN migration across epithelial cell monolayers.
We demonstrate two applications of this model in detail: (1) quantitative measurement of intestinal permeability through detection of fluorescence-labeled dextrans in serum after intraluminal injection, (2) quantitative assessment of migrated PMN across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen after intraluminal introduction of chemoattractants. We demonstrate feasibility of this model and provide results utilizing the iLoop in mice lacking the epithelial tight junction-associated protein JAM-A compared to controls. JAM-A has been shown to regulate epithelial barrier function as well as PMN TEpM during inflammatory responses. Our results using the iLoop confirm previous studies and highlight the importance of JAM-A in regulation of intestinal permeability and PMN TEpM in vivo during homeostasis and disease. 
The iLoop model provides a highly standardized method for reproducible in vivo studies of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and will significantly enhance understanding of intestinal barrier function and mucosal inflammation in diseases such as IBD.

Dysregulated intestinal epithelial barrier function and immune responses are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease that remain poorly investigated due to a lack of physiological models. Here, we describe a mouse intestinal loop model that employs a well-vascularized and exteriorized bowel segment to study mucosal permeability and leukocyte recruitment in vivo.

Avaliação Funcional da Permeabilidade Intestinal e Migração Transepitelial de Neutrófilo em Camundongos usando um Modelo de Laço Intestinal Padronizado

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water ...

Imunologia e Infecção

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Modelo Murino para Estudo do Íleo Secundário Pós-Operatório por Manipulação Intestinal

Postoperative Ileus Murine Model

Most patients experience postoperative ileus (POI) after surgery, which is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization time. POI is a consequence of mechanical damage during surgery, resulting in disruption of motility in the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms of POI are related to aberrant neuronal sensitivity, impaired epithelial barrier function, and increased local inflammation. However, the details remain enigmatic. Therefore, experimental murine models are crucial for elucidating the pathophysiology and mechanism of POI injury and for the development of novel therapies.
Here, we introduce a murine model of POI generated via intestinal manipulation (IM) that is similar to clinical surgery; this is achieved by mechanical damage to the small intestine by massaging the abdomen 1-3 times with a cotton swab. IM delayed gastrointestinal transit 24 h after surgery, as assessed by FITC-dextran gavage and fluorescence detection of the segmental digestive tract. Moreover, tissue swelling of the submucosa and immune cell infiltration were investigated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and flow cytometry. Proper pressure of the IM and a hyperemic effect on the intestine are critical for the procedure. This murine model of POI can be utilized to study the mechanisms of intestinal damage and recovery after abdominal surgery.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Modelo Murino de Íleo Pós-Operatório

We describe a murine model of postoperative ileus generated via intestinal manipulation. Gastrointestinal transit function, pathologic changes, and immune cell activation were assessed 24 h after surgery.

Modelo Murino de Íleo Pós-Operatório

Most patients experience postoperative ileus (POI) after surgery, which is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization time. POI ...

Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular events, and cancers) through restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which these procedures allow such improvements often require their transposition into animals, especially in mice, because of the ease of generating genetically modified animals. Recently, the single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) has emerged as a procedure that uses both restrictive and malabsorptive effects, which is being used as an alternative to gastric bypass in case of major obesity. Thus far, this procedure has been associated with strong metabolic improvements, which has led to a marked increase in its use in daily clinical practice. However, the mechanisms underlying these metabolic effects have been poorly studied as a result of a lack of animal models. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice, with a special focus on perioperative management. The description and use of this new rodent model will be helpful for the scientific community to better understand the molecular, metabolic, and structural changes induced by the SADI-S and to better define the surgical indications for clinical practice.

Single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass (SADI-S) is an emerging bariatric procedure with important metabolic effects. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice.

Modelo de Bypass Duodeno-Ileal de Anastomose Única com Gastrectomia Vertical em Camundongos

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes ...

Rodent Model of Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with a myriad of conditions in both veterinary and human medicine. Intestinal IRI conditions, such as gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), mesenteric torsion, and colic, are observed in animals such as dogs and horses. An initial interruption of blood flow causes tissues to become ischemic. Although necessary to salvage viable tissue, subsequent reperfusion can induce further injury. The main mechanism responsible for IRI is free radical formation upon reperfusion and reintroduction of oxygen into damaged tissue, but there are many other components involved. The resulting local and systemic effects often impart a poor prognosis. 
Intestinal IRI has been the subject of extensive research over the past 50 years. An in vivo rodent model in which the base of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is temporarily ligated is currently the most common method used to study intestinal IRI. Here, we describe a model of intestinal IRI utilizing isoflurane anesthesia in 21% O2 medical air that yields reproducible injury, as demonstrated by consistent histopathology of the small intestines. Tissue injury was also assessed in the colon, liver, and kidneys.

We describe how to generate a widely used surgical model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rodents. The procedure involves occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by the restoration of blood flow. This model is useful for studies investigating occlusive causes of intestinal IRI in both veterinary and human medicine.

Modelo de lesão de isquemia-reperfusão intestinal por roedores via oclusão da artéria mesentérica superior

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with a myriad of conditions in both veterinary and human medicine. Intestinal IRI conditions, ...

Murine Ileal Resection Model: Studying Ileectomy-Induced Bile Metabolism in Murine Model

Source: Zhang, R., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/55728"> Ileectomy-induced Bile Overaccumulation in Mouse Intestine.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
This video describes the detailed protocol for intestinal resection in a murine model. This technique provides insights into ileectomy-induced bile malabsorption, overaccumulation, and toxicity in the mouse intestine.

Modelo de Ressecção Ileal Murina: Estudando o Metabolismo da Bílis Induzido por Ileectomia em Modelo Murino

Source: Zhang, R., et al.  Ileectomy-induced Bile Overaccumulation in Mouse Intestine. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
This video describes the detailed protocol for ...

Um modelo do rato de obstrução Intestinal parcial

Resumo

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