Pesquisa reportada nesta publicação foi apoiada pelo Instituto Nacional de dentária e Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) e o National Cancer Institute (NCI) do institutos nacionais da saúde sob prêmio número R56 DE025098, DE027695 UG3 e CA206296 F30. O conteúdo é exclusivamente da responsabilidade dos autores e não representa necessariamente a opinião oficial do institutos nacionais da saúde. Este trabalho também foi apoiado pela NSF DMR 1206219 e a inovação IADR no prêmio de cuidado Oral (2016).
Gostaríamos de agradecer o Dr. Eri Maruyama e Andrew Hollomon por sua ajuda com a coleta de saliva. Gostaríamos de agradecer sua assistência com dissecação de glândula Pei-Lun Weng. Gostaríamos de agradecer a Matthew Ingalls por sua assistência na preparação de figura. Gostaríamos de agradecer o Dr. Elaine Smolock e Emily Wu para leitura crítica deste manuscrito.

Todos na vivo os procedimentos descritos abaixo foram aprovados pela Comissão Universidade recursos animais na Universidade de Rochester, Rochester. NY.
1. preparação
<ol><li>Usando uma balança analítica, pese 20 mg de pilocarpina. Dissolvê-lo em 2 mL de solução salina estéril em um tubo de microcentrifugadora. Nota: Porque pilocarpina é sensível à luz e perde atividade ao longo do tempo, esta solução deve ser preparada no dia da injeção e protegida da luz até administrado.</li>
	<li>Usando uma balança analítica, pesar e identificar todos os tubos de coleção e capilares de vidro. O número de tubos de coleção e capilares de vidro deve corresponder ao número de ratos.</li>
</ol>2. traqueostomia
<ol><li>Pese de camundongos C57/BL6 usando uma balança analítica.</li>
	<li>Utilizando uma seringa de 0,5 mL com agulha 29 x ½", anestesia os ratos com uma solução salina estéril intraperitonealmente injetado de 100 mg/kg quetamina e 10 mg/kg de xilazina. Prossiga para a etapa seguinte quando o mouse não responde mais aos estímulos (ou seja, ausência do reflexo de retirada de pedal), que geralmente ocorre dentro de 5 a 10 min após a injeção.</li>
	<li>Depois da preparação de lubrificante em um aplicador com ponta de algodão, delicadamente aplicam-se aos olhos e posicione o mouse em uma posição supina no palco. O animal anestesiado deve ser mantido na superfície quente. Nota: Todas as etapas são realizadas à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Proteger o nariz, os membros e cauda no palco usando fita cirúrgica.</li>
	<li>Limpar e molhar a garganta com uma compressa com álcool. Nota: Isto vai ajudar a impedir a entrada de incisões subsequentes de peles.</li>
	<li>Levantar a pele do pescoço na linha média ventral com fórceps, fazer um corte pequeno, superficial, usando tesouras de dissecação. Orientar a tesoura na abertura e abra lentamente as lâminas por via subcutânea para separar tecido aviões.</li>
	<li>Mantendo a pele levantada, cuidadosamente, corte 1 cm abaixo da boca.</li>
	<li>Faça duas incisões laterais em aspectos inferiores e superiores do primeiro corte. Usando fórceps, delicadamente afastado refletem a pele para permitir o acesso a estruturas de cabeça e pescoço.</li>
	<li>Usando o microscópio de dissecação na ampliação de X 8, Visualizar as glândulas submandibulares (mediana: Figura 1).</li>
	<li>Usando a pinça fina, levante suavemente as glândulas para expor os quatro músculos infra-hioideos (cinta) sobrejacente a traqueia. Evite rasgar ou interromper a vasculatura circundante ou ductos excretores.</li>
	<li>Se a coleta de saliva de mais de um rato, repita passos 2.1-2.10 com cada rato antes de continuar. Nota: Este procedimento pode ser realizado com segurança em até 5 ratos simultaneamente.</li>
	<li>Com tesouras pequenas de dissecação, remova a porção medial dos músculos enquanto permanecer tão próximo quanto possível na linha mediana. Só corte quanto for necessário para visualizar a traqueia e manter músculos fora do caminho durante o procedimento. Evite roubar qualquer navios nas proximidades, porque se houver depleção de volume secundário a hemorragia significativa, a pilocarpina não será eficaz na indução de secreção.</li>
	<li>Refletem os músculos da cinta da traqueia.</li>
	<li>Visualize a laringe, traqueia e glândula tireoide. Certifique-se de que a traqueia é clara de sobrejacente tecido.</li>
	<li>Faça uma incisão horizontal na traqueia inferior/posterior a tireoide usando tesouras pequenas de dissecação. Certifique-se de que as vias aéreas é patente e clara de fluido.</li>
</ol>3. saliva coleção
<ol><li>Remova a fita perto palco de dissecação boca e ângulo para baixo (45°, cranialmente) para ajudar com o fluxo de saliva.</li>
	<li>Utilizando uma seringa de 0,5 mL com agulha 29 x ½", execute a injeção intraperitoneal de 10 pilocarpina de peso de corpo µ l/g para uma dose total de 100 mg/kg.</li>
	<li>Inicie um timer. Se vários mouses de dosagem, reduza o tempo de chumbo movendo-se rapidamente e por ter um assistente injetar simultaneamente os ratos restantes.</li>
	<li>Usando pinças padrão, abra a boca para acesso de tubo capilar.</li>
	<li>Depois de observa-se uma gota de saliva na boca, coloca a extremidade proximal do tubo capilar no fluido, com a extremidade distal, colocada em um tubo de coletando posicionado abaixo do palco dissecação (ambos os tubos pre-pesados). Nota: Em ratos fêmeas C57/BL6 6-10 semanas de idade, salivação bruta ocorre dentro de 2 min de injeção de pilocarpina.</li>
	<li>Se saliva está construindo na boca, mas não flui através do tubo, tente novamente o passo anterior. Certifique-se de que o tubo não é colocado diretamente contra uma superfície da mucosa, que pode obstruir a entrada.</li>
	<li>Colete a saliva para um total de 12 min após estimulação de pilocarpina. Garantir que o estoma permanece claro. Nota: Aumento do volume tidal e secreções (salivares, urinárias, fecais) são normais durante este tempo.</li>
	<li>Se os ratos têm deprimido função de saliva (ex., devido a lesão ou a intervenção), transfira o líquido restante da boca para o tubo de coleta usando uma micropipeta P200. Se a recolha de vários mouses, certifique-se de que as dicas são alteradas.</li>
	<li>Registro do peso da saliva coletada mais tubos de 12 min após a injeção de pilocarpina.</li>
</ol>4. a glândula dissecação
<ol><li>Eutanásia em ratos pela eutanásia de CO2 (conforme descrito nas orientações AVMA para eutanásia de animais: edição de 2013) seguido por toracotomia, tendo o cuidado de preservar as estruturas da cabeça e do pescoço. Por esta razão, evite deslocamento cervical como um método de eutanásia.</li>
	<li>Coloque o mouse em uma posição supina no palco. Reposicione as glândulas no site original sobre a traqueia (Figura 1).</li>
	<li>Usando um microscópio dissecação sob magnificação de X 8, Visualizar as glândulas maiores: o PG, SMG e SLG. Para distinguir as glândulas durante a dissecção, identifica que o PG é difuso, lateral para a SMG e SLG a mentir. Nota: Se a dissecar o PG, isto deve ser feito primeiro porque é o menos definidas e mais susceptível de ser rasgado.</li>
	<li>Agarrar a cauda do PG com fórceps, puxando-o longe de estruturas subjacentes e aplicar suavemente a tensão antes de cortar a cabeça do PG com tesoura de dissecação.</li>
	<li>Ruptura da cápsula que rodeia os SMGs usando fórceps. Separe delicadamente SMG a torto e a direito.</li>
	<li>Livre o dorso da SMG de tecido nonglandular aderido, usando fórceps.</li>
	<li>Remova o SMG do pescoço pelo ducto de Wharton tenso de desenho com fórceps e cortar o duto com tesoura de dissecação.</li>
	<li>Suavemente separa o SLG a SMG usando fórceps. Nota: A SIG é o aspecto súpero a SMG.</li>
	<li>Usando uma balança analítica, pesos registros de SMG.</li>
</ol>

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Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

Apresentamos um método várias etapas para avaliar a função de glândula salivar, que pode ser aplicada para estudar terapêutica e lesão da glândula. Nosso procedimento envolve a traqueostomia, coleta de saliva e dissecação de glândula, cada qual com aplicações experimentais que podem suportar um estudo integrado da biologia de glândula salivar. Por exemplo, traqueostomia murino tem sido usada para gestão geral das vias respiratórias durante os procedimentos de obstruir a cavidade oral.
<p class="jove_c...

Distúrbios da glândula salivar incluem síndromes de desregulação ou secreção prejudicada, levando a subprodução (xerostomia e hipossalivação) de saliva1ou superprodução (sialorrhea). Em ambos os casos, há interesse em melhorar a nossa compreensão da biologia da glândula salivar com o objectivo final de desenvolvimento terapêutico2.
As glândulas salivares são órgãos altamente radiosensitive e muitas vezes são danificadas durante a radioterapia de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, levando a permanente boca seca (xerostomia)3,4. Ao contrário de outros tecidos radiosensitive, no entanto, a taxa de rotatividade das glândulas salivares é relativamente baixa, e o mecanismo de perda secretora é mal compreendido5,6. Neste cenário de lesão única, estratégias de regeneração e protecção contra as radiações de tecido requerem avaliação funcional salivar. Experimentalmente, coleta de saliva murino é uma ferramenta particularmente valiosa em avaliar a resposta de glândula a radiação e agentes terapêuticos.
Aqui, apresentamos um método para executar e quantificar a secreção de saliva estimulada usando pilocarpine, um potente agonista muscarínico7. Pilocarpina estimula o sistema nervoso autônomo para induzir a secreção de glândula8,9. Para completar este teste apropriadamente, uma traqueostomia é necessária para garantir que o rato mantém uma via aérea patente durante todo o procedimento e para reduzir os riscos de asfixia e aspiração de secreções em pool na cavidade oral10.
Este é um procedimento terminal, culminando na remoção de uma das três principais glândulas salivares: as parótidas (PG), a submandibular (SMG) e a sublingual (SLG). Para estudos funcionais, glândula pesos são registados e são frequentemente usados para normalizar a saliva medição11,12,13. Este dados são particularmente importantes em estudos de radiação, em que a atrofia da glândula é um resultado esperado14,15
Há variabilidade na literatura em relação à secreção de saliva como estimulada é executada e relatou16. Por exemplo, doses de pilocarpina dentro da literatura extensão pelo menos três ordens de magnitude17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo de pilocarpina otimizada de alta dose com a intenção de melhor reprodutibilidade na execução do método, bem como fornecendo uma plataforma modular de técnicas (traqueostomia, coleta de saliva e dissecação de glândula) que pode ser adaptado como precisava.
Além de demonstração de protocolo, incluímos dados funcionais representativos do fluxo de saliva em 2 semanas seguintes à radiação fracionada (4 doses de Gy 6.85) para a região SMG.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pilocarpine hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P6503</td><td>Pilocarpine</td></tr><tr><td>Student Vannas Spring Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>91500-9</td><td>Spring Scissors for Tracheostomy</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Saline Solution</td><td>Medline</td><td>RDI30296H</td><td>Saline</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #7 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11274-20</td><td>Curved Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-10</td><td>Straight Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Pattern Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11000-12</td><td>Blunt Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Fine Scissors- Tungsten Carbide</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14568-09</td><td>Dissection Scissors</td></tr><tr><td>Microhematocrit Heparinized Capillary Tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22362566</td><td>Capillary tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Lubricant Eye Ointment</td><td>Refresh</td><td>N/A</td><td>Refresh Lacri-Lube</td></tr><tr><td>Goat polyclonal anti-Nkcc1</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td><td>SC-21545</td><td>Nkcc1 Antibody</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&#039;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>D1306</td><td>DAPI</td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism</td><td>GraphPad</td><td>ver6.0</td><td>Statistical Software</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tipped applicator</td><td>Medline</td><td>MDS202000</td><td>Applicator for eye ointment</td></tr><tr><td>0.5cc Insulin Syringe, 29G x 1/2&quot;</td><td>BD</td><td>7629</td><td>Syringe for intraperitoneal injection</td></tr></tbody></table>

murine salivary functional assessment via pilocarpine stimulation following fractionated radiation

Hipossalivação é comumente observada na reação auto-imune da síndrome de Sjögren ou seguir lesão de radiação para as glândulas salivares maiores. Nestes casos, perguntas permanecem sobre a patogênese da doença e de intervenções eficazes. A técnica otimizada que permite a avaliação funcional das glândulas salivares é inestimável para investigação terapêutica, disfunção e biologia de glândula exócrina. Aqui, apresentamos uma abordagem passo a passo para executar pilocarpina estimulou a secreção de saliva, incluindo a traqueostomia e a dissecação das três principais murino glândulas salivares. Também detalhamos a anatomia cabeça e pescoço murino apropriada acessada durante estas técnicas. Esta abordagem é escalável, permitindo vários mouses para serem processados simultaneamente, melhorando assim a eficiência do fluxo de trabalho. Nosso objetivo é melhorar a reprodutibilidade destes métodos, cada qual tem mais aplicativos dentro do campo. Além da recolha de saliva, discutimos métricas para quantificar e normalizando a capacidade funcional desses tecidos. Dados representativos são incluídos a partir de glândulas submandibulares com função deprimida glândula salivar 2 semanas seguintes à radiação fracionada (4 doses de 6.85 Gy).

Quando realizar pilocarpina dose alta estimulada coleta de saliva, é importante manter as vias aéreas para evitar aspiração ou asfixia de secreções na cavidade oral. Um esquema da traqueostomia é fornecido (Figura 1). Após incisão traqueal, o estoma deve ficar claro de tecidos e fluidos.
Para aprimorar a ação capilar durante a coleta de saliva, ratos devem ser posicionados de cabeça para...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation at JoVE.com

Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Murino salivar avaliação funcional através de pilocarpina estimulação seguinte fracionada de radiação

Apresentamos uma abordagem detalhada para realizar coleta de saliva, incluindo murino traqueostomia e o isolamento dos três glândulas salivares maiores.

Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In ...

murine-salivary-functional-assessment-via-pilocarpine-stimulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K visualizações.  University of Rochester. Apresentamos uma abordagem detalhada para realizar coleta de saliva, incluindo murino traqueostomia e o isolamento dos três glândulas salivares maiores.

Vídeo: Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their head and neck regions for cancer treatment. Both groups of patients experience symptoms such as xerostomia (dry mouth), dysphagia 
(impaired chewing and swallowing), severe dental caries, altered taste, oro-pharyngeal infections (candidiasis), mucositis, pain and discomfort.
One innovative approach of regenerative medicine for the treatment of salivary gland hypo-function is speculated in RS Redman, E Mezey 
et al. 2009: stem cells can be directly deposited by cannulation into the gland as a potent method in reviving the functions of the impaired organ. Presumably, 
the migrated foreign stem cells will differentiate into glandular cells to function as part of the host salivary gland. Also, this cannulation technique is an 
expedient and effective delivery method for clinical gene transfer application.
Here we illustrate the steps involved in performing the cannulation procedure on the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct 
(Fig 1). C3H mice (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) are used for this experiment, which have been kept under clean conventional conditions at 
the McGill University animal resource center. All experiments have been approved by the University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the 
guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
For this experiment, a trypan blue solution is infused into the gland through the opening of the Wharton's duct using a 
insulin syringe with a 29-gauge needle encased inside a polyethylene tube. Subsequently, the mouse is dissected to show that the infusions migrated 
into the gland successfully.

A protocol for the cannulation of the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct is described. For this experiment, the trypan blue solution is used as a dyer to demonstrate how this technique effectively delivers infusions into the targeted gland, and to suggest the reliability of this new approach as a potential clinical drug/cell therapy for the regeneration of salivary glands.

Canulação da glândula submandibular do rato através do duto salivar de Wharton

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their ...

Medicina

Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For many patients afflicted with CNS and non-CNS malignancies, radiotherapy and chemotherapy offer the best options for disease control. These treatments however come at a cost, and nearly all cancer survivors (~11 million in the US alone as of 2006) incur some risk for developing cognitive dysfunction, with the most severe cases found in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy (~200,000/yr) for the control of primary and metastatic brain tumors1. Particularly problematic are pediatric cases, whose long-term survival plagued with marked cognitive decrements results in significant socioeconomic burdens2. To date, there are still no satisfactory solutions to this significant clinical problem.
We have addressed this serious health concern using transplanted stem cells to combat radiation-induced cognitive decline in athymic rats subjected to cranial irradiation3. Details of the stereotaxic irradiation and the in vitro culturing and transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) can be found in our companion paper (Acharya et al., JoVE reference). Following irradiation and transplantation surgery, rats are then assessed for changes in cognition, grafted cell survival and expression of differentiation-specific markers 1 and 4-months after irradiation. To critically evaluate the success or failure of any potential intervention designed to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive sequelae, a rigorous series of quantitative cognitive tasks must be performed. To accomplish this, we subject our animals to a suite of cognitive testing paradigms including novel place recognition, water maze, elevated plus maze and fear conditioning, in order to quantify hippocampal and non-hippocampal learning and memory. We have demonstrated the utility of these tests for quantifying specific types of cognitive decrements in irradiated animals, and used them to show that animals engrafted with hNSCs exhibit significant improvements in cognitive function3.
The cognitive benefits derived from engrafted human stem cells suggest that similar strategies may one day provide much needed clinical recourse to cancer survivors suffering from impaired cognition. Accordingly, we have provided written and visual documentation of the critical steps used in our cognitive testing paradigms to facilitate the translation of our promising results into the clinic.

Cognitive impairment resulting from the radiotherapeutic management of brain tumors represents a clinically intractable condition that adversely impacts quality of life. The capability to critically evaluate potential interventions for ameliorating radiation-induced cognitive decrements ultimately depends on the capability to undertake rigorous quantitative assessments of cognition.

Diminui quantificar cognitivos causados ​​pela radioterapia craniana

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For ...

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

Interrogatório funcional do Adulto Hypothalamic Neurogenesis com Focal Radiológica Inibição

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

Neurociência

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal model of epilepsy, we generated pilocarpine-treated chronic epileptic mice. We present a protocol for three different behavioral tests using these epileptic mice: novel object location (NL), novel object recognition (NO), and pattern separation (PS) tests to evaluate learning and memory for places, objects, and contexts, respectively. We explain how to set the behavioral apparatus and provide experimental procedures for the NL, NO, and PS tests following an open field test that measures the animals&#8217; basal locomotor activities. We also describe the technical advantages of the NL, NO, and PS tests with respect to other behavioral tests for assessing memory function in epileptic mice. Finally, we discuss possible causes and solutions for epileptic mice failing to make 30 s of good contact with the objects during the familiarization sessions, which is a critical step for successful memory tests. Thus, this protocol provides detailed information about how to assess epilepsy-associated memory impairments using mice. The NL, NO, and PS tests are simple, efficient assays that are appropriate for the evaluation of different kinds of memory in epileptic mice.

This article presents experimental procedures for assessing memory impairments in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. This protocol can be used to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms of epilepsy-associated cognitive decline, which is one of the most common comorbidities in epilepsy.

Avaliação da função de memória em camundongos epilépticos induzidos por pilocarpina

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal ...

Comportamento

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

Adaptação Humanos videofluoroscópicos Andorinha Métodos de Estudo de detectar e caracterizar Disfagia em modelos de doenças Murino

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

Isolamento de Células-Tronco do rato das Glândulas Salivares

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Biologia

Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland

Two common goals of salivary gland therapeutics are prevention and cure of tissue dysfunction following either autoimmune or radiation injury. By locally delivering bioactive compounds to the salivary glands, greater tissue concentrations can be safely achieved versus systemic administration. Furthermore, off target tissue effects from extra-glandular accumulation of material can be dramatically reduced. In this regard, retroductal injection is a widely used method for investigating both salivary gland biology and pathophysiology. Retroductal administration of growth factors, primary cells, adenoviral vectors, and small molecule drugs has been shown to support gland function in the setting of injury. We have previously shown the efficacy of a retroductally injected nanoparticle-siRNA strategy to maintain gland function following irradiation. Here, a highly effective and reproducible method to administer nanomaterials to the murine submandibular gland through Wharton's duct is detailed (Figure 1). We describe accessing the oral cavity and outline the steps necessary to cannulate Wharton's duct, with further observations serving as quality checks throughout the procedure.

Local drug delivery to the submandibular glands is of interest in understanding salivary gland biology and for the development of novel therapeutics. We present an updated and detailed retroductal injection protocol, designed to improve delivery accuracy and experimental reproducibility. The application presented herein is the delivery of polymeric nanoparticles.

Injeção de Retroductal de nanopartículas para a glândula Submandibular murino

Two common goals of salivary gland therapeutics are prevention and cure of tissue dysfunction following either autoimmune or radiation injury. By locally ...

Bioengenharia

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. Irreparable cell damage results in a chronic loss of salivary function that impairs basic oral activities, and increases the risk of oral infections and dental caries. Salivary hypofunction and its complications gravely impact a patient's comfort. Current symptomatic management of the condition is ineffective, and newer therapies to assuage the condition are needed. 
Salivary glands are exocrine glands, which expel their secretions into the mouth via excretory ducts. Cannulation of these ducts provides direct access to the glands. Retroductal delivery of a contrast agent to major salivary glands is a routine out-patient procedure for diagnostic imaging. Using a similar procedure, localized treatment of the glands is feasible. However, performing this technique in preclinical studies with small animals poses unique challenges. In this study we describe the technique of retroductal administration in rat submandibular glands, a procedure that was refined in Dr. Bruce Baum's laboratory (NIH)1, and lay out a procedure for local gland irradiation.

Salivary gland hypofunction, a major adverse effect of head and neck radiotherapy diminishes a patient's quality of life. The demonstration of efficacy of new therapies in animal models is a prerequisite before clinical transition. This protocol describes retroductal administration and local irradiation of rat submandibular glands.

Retroductal submandibular Glândula instilação e localizada fracionado irradiação em um modelo de rato de salivar Hipofunção

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

A Method for the Measurement of Salivary Gland Function in Mice

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced saliva production. Similarly, saliva production is severely compromised in patients receiving radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Rodent models, developed to mimic these clinical conditions, facilitate an understanding of the disease pathogenesis and allow for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the ability to accurately, reproducibly, and repeatedly measure salivary gland function in animal models is critical. Building on procedures previously described in the literature, a method was developed that meets these criteria and was used to evaluate salivary gland function in mice. An additional advantage of this new method is that it is easily mastered, and has little inter-operator variation. Salivary gland function is evaluated as the amount (weight or volume) or rate (mL/min) of saliva produced in response to pilocarpine stimulation. The collected saliva is a good source for the analyses of protein content, immunoglobulin concentrations, and other biomolecules.

Salivary gland hypofunction is a frequent consequence of autoimmune disease and radiation therapy. Reproducible evaluation of salivary gland function in mouse models of these diseases is a technical challenge. Here, a simple method for accurate and reproducible measurement of saliva production in mice is described.

Um método para a medição da função da glândula salivar em ratos

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.

Using three-dimensional organotypic cultures to visualize morphology and functional markers of salivary glands may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of tissue damage following radiation. Described here is a protocol to section, culture, irradiate, stain, and image 50&#8211;90 &#956;m thick salivary gland sections prior to and following exposure to ionizing radiation.

Tratamento de radiação de culturas organotypic de glândulas salivares submandibulares e parótidas modelos chave in vivo características

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with ...

Murino salivar avaliação funcional através de pilocarpina estimulação seguinte fracionada de radiação

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