Este trabalho foi financiado pelo prêmio nenhum. OCE-1323652 através da no.1012629 nacional Science Foundation oceano ciência Postdoctoral Fellowship e prêmio da Burroughs Wellcome fundo pós-doutorado programa de enriquecimento.

1. remoção da parafina
Atenção: Execute as seguintes etapas sob uma coifa.
<ol><li>Dewax os slides fino-seccionado de parafina com xilol 100% sob o capô em potes de vidro Coplin por 10 min. Não use frascos plásticos de Coplin, xileno derrete o plástico. Esterilize os frascos de Coplin em autoclave antes de usar.</li>
	<li>Prepare-se quatro frascos de Coplin de vidro estéril com o seguinte: etanol 100%, 80% de etanol, etanol 70% e 60% de etanol. Dilua o etanol com água livre de RNase.<ol>
<li>Transferir os slides para a jarra de Coplin vidro estéril com 100% de etanol e embeba-os por 10 min. Depois de 10 min, esvaziar o copo de Coplin e substitua por nova 100% de etanol. Mergulhe os slides novamente por 10 min.</li>
		<li>Transferi os slides para a jarra de Coplin vidro estéril com 80% de etanol por 1 min.</li>
		<li>Transferi os slides para a jarra de Coplin vidro estéril com etanol a 70% por 1 min.</li>
		<li>Transferi os slides para a jarra de Coplin vidro estéril com etanol 60% por 1 min.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. pré-tratamento de Slides para preparação de hibridização da sonda RNA
<ol><li>Execute as lavagens seguintes à temperatura ambiente, a menos que especificado em contrário. Realize lavagens de temperatura em um agitador orbital a uma velocidade lenta. Use utentes slide estéril com espaço para até cinco slides para a lavagem dos slides.</li>
	<li>Transferi os slides para um mailer slide estéril com 18 mL de 1x salina tamponada fosfato (PBS). Lavagem por 5 min à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Despeje a PBS 1x e tratar imediatamente o tecido nos slides com proteinase K, para permitir a penetração da sonda do tecido. Adicionar aproximadamente 18 mL de solução de proteinase K ao mailer slide (ver tabela 1 para trabalhar a concentração da solução). Incube a 37 ° C por 15 min. Não agite.<ol>
<li>Enquanto os slides estão incubando, prepare o prehybridization buffer (Buffer de Prehybe). Coloque o Buffer de Prehybe em um banho de água fervente durante 10 minutos e, em seguida, deixe esfriar sobre um banho de gelo por 5 min. Para uma receita de Prehybe de Buffer, consulte tabela 1.</li>
		<li>Parar a digestão da reação de proteinase K derramando a solução de proteinase K e imediatamente adicionar 18 mL de solução de glicina-PBS de 0,2% para o mailer de slide. Deixe o mailer slide sentar-se à temperatura ambiente por 5 min.</li>
		<li>Deite fora a solução de glicina-PBS de 0,2% e adicionar 18 mL de solução de citrato de sódio salina (SSC) 2 x para mailer cada slide. Lave os slides no 2 x SSC por 10 min à temperatura ambiente, com agitação em 100-150 rpm.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. prehybridization de Slides em preparação para a hibridização da sonda RNA
<ol><li>Enquanto os slides estão sendo lavados com 2 x SSC, obter um novo mailer slide estéril e colocou o mailer slide aproximadamente 18 mL de tampão de Prehybe. Coloque o mailer slide no forno na temperatura de hibridização hibridização. Nota: A temperatura de hibridização dependerá da sonda a ser usada, mas geralmente varia de 50-60 ° C.</li>
	<li>Concluída a lavagem de 2 x SSC, despeje o 2x SSC e lugar os slides dentro o mailer slide no Buffer de Prehybe o forno de hibridização por 1h.</li>
</ol>4. hibridização da sonda RNA
<ol><li>Enquanto os slides estão incubando com o Buffer de Prehybe no forno da hibridação, prepare a solução de hibridação-sonda.<ol>
<li>Dilua cada sonda em tampão de hibridização (0,5 µ l de sonda com 24,5 µ l de tampão de Hibridização). Nota: A receita para o tampão de hibridização encontra-se na tabela 1. Um exemplo de preparação de sonda e concentrações pode ser encontrado em Traylor-Knowles et al 11.</li>
		<li>Coloque a sonda diluída em um bloco de calor de 86-90 ° C por 12 min e, em seguida, deixe esfriar por 1 min no gelo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Remover o mailer slide do forno de hibridização e retire slides individualmente o mailer de slide usando uma pinça estéril. Coloque os slides sobre uma toalha de papel e cuidadosamente Limpe o excesso de Prehybe de Buffer ao redor as amostras de tecido. Tenha cuidado para não tocar as amostras e trabalho rapidamente para impedir a secagem das amostras de tecido.</li>
	<li>Cercar o tecido com uma caneta PAP. Aplicar 25 µ l de solução diluída de sonda com uma pipeta e cobrir a amostra com uma lamela de plástico.<ol>
<li>Coloca as amostras na câmara de umidade de slide com 4 x SSC + solução de formamida 50% na parte inferior da câmara.</li>
		<li>Depois de sondas foram adicionadas a todos os slides, colocar a câmara de umidade de slide no forno hibridização pelo menos 24 h a uma temperatura de hibridação de 50-60 ° C. O tempo de incubação pode variar dependendo da concentração da sonda, mas deve ser por um período mínimo de 24 horas.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Após a incubação durante a noite com as sondas diluídas, remova a câmara de umidade de slide do forno de hibridização.<ol>
<li>Remova as lamelas de cada um dos slides, tomando cuidado para não deslocar o tecido. Em uma pipeta de 1000 µ l, adicionar 1000 µ l de solução de x SSC 2 e delicadamente lave o slide.</li>
		<li>Coloque o slide em um mailer slide estéril com 18 mL de solução de x SSC 2 por 5 min à temperatura ambiente. Deite fora a solução e substituí-lo com 18 mL de fresco 2 x SSC. Repeti a incubação por 5 min à temperatura ambiente com agitação suave.</li>
		<li>Despeje a solução de x SSC a 2. Adicione 18 mL de 1 solução x SSC e lavagem por 5 min à temperatura ambiente. Deite fora a solução de x SSC 1 e substituí-lo com 18 mL de fresco 1 x SSC. Repita a incubação por 5 min à temperatura ambiente com agitação suave.</li>
		<li>Deite fora a 1 x SSC. Adicione 18 mL de 0.5 x SSC e lavagem por 10 min a 42 ° C sem tremer. Deite fora a 0,5 x SSC e substituir com 18 mL de 0.5 fresco x SSC. Lave novamente por 10 min a 42 ° C, sem agitação.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. visualização da sonda RNA
Nota: Para visualizar a sonda, o roxo BM será usado durante o processo de desenvolvimento. No entanto, antes desta etapa, várias lavagens são necessárias para preparar as amostras para a coloração.
<ol><li>Lave os slides com 18 mL de tampão de fosfatase alcalina (AP-tampão) sem MgCl2 por 1 min. Despeje o AP-Buffer sem MgCl2e adicionar 18 mL de tampão de bloqueio 1 x Boehringer Mannheim diluído com tampão de ácido maleico. Incube durante pelo menos 1 h à temperatura ambiente em um mailer slide com agitação suave. Nota: Os buffers de bloqueio Boehringer Mannheim e ácido maleico utilizados foram premade e comprados na lavagem de escavação e bloco Buffer definido (disponível comercialmente).<ol>
<li>Alternativamente, pode ser realizada a incubação durante a noite a 4 ° C. Um período mais bloqueio irá diminuir a aparência de ligação não-específica.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Preparar os 20 mL diluídos fragmentos Fab anti-Digoxigenina-AP de escavação (anticorpo antiescavação = 2 µ l de anticorpo antiescavação + 20 mL 1 x tampão de bloqueio Boehringer Mannheim). Isto é suficiente para uso em 1 mailer corrediça plástica. Mais esta solução devem ser preparada se mais de um slide mailer é para ser usado.</li>
	<li>Adicione o anticorpo antiescavação para um mailer estéril slide novo e transferir os slides para o mailer slide com a solução de anticorpo antiescavação. Incube a temperatura ambiente por 3 h com agitação suave.</li>
	<li>Após a incubação, deite fora o anticorpo antiescavação e lavar as lâminas no mailer slide com 18 mL de AP-tampão sem MgCl2 por 5 min com agitação suave.</li>
	<li>Deite fora o AP-Buffer sem MgCl2 e adicionar 18 mL de AP-tampão. Lavagem por 5 min com agitação suave. Após a incubação de 5 min, deite fora o AP-Buffer, substituí-lo com 18 mL de AP-Buffer fresco e lavar por 5 min com agitação suave.</li>
	<li>No escuro, deite fora o AP-Buffer e adicionar 18ml de BM roxo ao mailer slide. A incubar à temperatura ambiente no escuro, à procura de desenvolvimento de cor roxa que cada ½ h. tempos de reação para visualização irá variar com base na sonda que está sendo desenvolvida. Nota: Em vez de visualização BM roxo, solução de desenvolvimento pode ser feita usando 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate (BCIP) e nitro-azul de tetrazólio (NBT). Para obter instruções, consulte a tabela 1 .</li>
	<li>Pare o desenvolvimento de cor pela transferência de slides para um mailer estéril slide novo com 18 mL de tampão Tris-EDTA (TE) por 5 min à temperatura ambiente, no escuro.</li>
	<li>Despeje o tampão TE e adicionar 18 mL de água livre de RNase para o slide mailer e lavagem por 1 min, no escuro.</li>
	<li>Retire as lâminas da água e seque-as ao redor das bordas do tecido. Adicionar o glicerol médio de montagem e coloque as lamelas. Armazene os slides a 4 ° C até fotos esteja prontas para ser levado.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hughes, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Climate+Change,+Human+Impacts,+and+the+Resilience+of+Coral+Reefs.">Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs.</a> Science. 301 (5635), 933 (2003).</li><li>Chen, P. -. Y., Chen, C. -. C., Chu, L., McCarl, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+economic+damage+of+climate+change+on+global+coral+reefs.">Evaluating the economic damage of climate change on global coral reefs.</a> Global Environmental Change. 30 (Supplement C), 12-20 (2015).</li><li>Hoegh-Guldberg, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coral+Reefs+Under+Rapid+Climate+Change+and+Ocean+Acidification.">Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification.</a> Science. 318 (5857), 1742 (2007).</li><li>Grasso, L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarray+analysis+identifies+candidate+genes+for+key+roles+in+coral+development.">Microarray analysis identifies candidate genes for key roles in coral development.</a> BMC Genomics. 9 (1), 540 (2008).</li><li>Miller, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+innate+immune+repertoire+in+Cnidaria+-+ancestral+complexity+and+stochastic+gene+loss.">The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria - ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss.</a> Genome Biology. 8 (4), R59 (2007).</li><li>Shinzato, C., Iguchi, A., Hayward, D. C., Technau, U., Ball, E. E., Miller, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox+genes+in+the+coral+Acropora+millepora:+divergent+expression+patterns+reflect+differences+in+developmental+mechanisms+within+the+Anthozoa.">Sox genes in the coral Acropora millepora: divergent expression patterns reflect differences in developmental mechanisms within the Anthozoa.</a> BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1), 311 (2008).</li><li>Anctil, M., Hayward, D. C., Miller, D. J., Ball, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+and+expression+of+four+coral+G+protein-coupled+receptors+distinct+from+all+classifiable+members+of+the+rhodopsin+family.">Sequence and expression of four coral G protein-coupled receptors distinct from all classifiable members of the rhodopsin family.</a> Gene. 392 (1-2), 14-21 (2007).</li><li>Darby, I. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> In situ hybridization. , (1987).</li><li>Tautz, D., Pfeifle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-radioactive+in+situ+hybridization+method+for+the+localization+of+specific+RNAs+in+Drosophila+embryos+reveals+translational+control+of+the+segmentation+gene+hunchback.">A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method for the localization of specific RNAs in Drosophila embryos reveals translational control of the segmentation gene hunchback.</a> Chromosoma. 98 (2), 81-85 (1989).</li><li>Traylor-Knowles, N., Rose, N. H., Palumbi, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+specificity+of+gene+expression+in+the+response+to+heat+stress+in+corals.">The cell specificity of gene expression in the response to heat stress in corals.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 220 (10), (2017).</li><li>Wolenski, F. S., Layden, M. J., Martindale, M. Q., Gilmore, T. D., Finnerty, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+the+spatiotemporal+expression+of+RNAs+and+proteins+in+the+starlet+sea+anemone,+Nematostella+vectensis.">Characterizing the spatiotemporal expression of RNAs and proteins in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis.</a> Nature Protocols. 8, 900 (2013).</li><li>Schnitzler, C. E., Simmons, D. K., Pang, K., Martindale, M. Q., Baxevanis, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+multiple+Sox+genes+through+embryonic+development+in+the+ctenophore+Mnemiopsis+leidyi+is+spatially+restricted+to+zones+of+cell+proliferation.">Expression of multiple Sox genes through embryonic development in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is spatially restricted to zones of cell proliferation.</a> EvoDevo. 5 (1), 15 (2014).</li><li>Traylor-Knowles, N. G., Kane, E. G., Sombatsaphay, V., Finnerty, J. R., Reitzel, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-specific+and+developmental+expression+of+Dmrt+genes+in+the+starlet+sea+anemone,+Nematostella+vectensis.">Sex-specific and developmental expression of Dmrt genes in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis.</a> EvoDevo. 6 (1), (2015).</li><li>Barry, S. N., Crow, K. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdivision+of+arthropod+cap-n-collar+expression+domains+is+restricted+to+Mandibulata.">Subdivision of arthropod cap-n-collar expression domains is restricted to Mandibulata.</a> EvoDevo. 5 (1), 3 (2014).</li><li>Piatigorsky, J., Kozmik, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cubozoan+jellyfish:+an+Evo/Devo+model+for+eyes+and+other+sensory+systems.">Cubozoan jellyfish: an Evo/Devo model for eyes and other sensory systems.</a> The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 48 (8-9), 719-729 (2004).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

O método descrito neste protocolo foi modificado do trabalho anterior em médicos e evolutiva do desenvolvimento pesquisa8,9,10,12,17. Este protocolo incide sobre as nuances de uma hibridação in situ com uma sonda de anti-sentido RNA escavar-etiquetadas em corais adultos, que foram preservados e incorporados em parafina. Esse método pode ser facil...

Os corais são construtores de ecossistema crítico e importante para a biodiversidade no oceano e a saúde humana1,2,3. Eles estão sob ameaça devido à mudança climática e outros estressores antropogênicas, e muitas espécies de corais são considerados criticamente em perigo. Assim, há uma necessidade significativa de ferramentas celulares e moleculares diagnosticar os corais sob estresse. Além disso, lá é pouco compreendida sobre onde os genes são expressos dentro tecido coral adulto e, portanto, pouca compreensão das funções destes genes. Para resolver esse problema, nós adaptamos o protocolo hibridação (ISH) em situ , comumente usado em medicina humana e biologia do desenvolvimento evolutiva, para uso em amostras de tecido de parafina de corais adultos. Esta técnica é mais poderosa quando usado em corais adultos que foram submetidos a um evento estressante como a exposição ao stress de calor. No entanto, esta técnica pode ser usada em uma ampla gama de tecidos e estágios de vida em corais e não está limitada a apenas tensão térmica corais4,6,7. Além disso, esta técnica pode ser usada em tecidos ou células de qualquer metazoan enquanto há informações de sequência de cDNA disponível.
A finalidade desse método é a visualização de sondas de RNA dentro de tecido coral adulto que foi preservada e incorporado em parafina e seccionados em slides. Este método é uma poderosa ferramenta de diagnóstico que permite a visualização dos ácidos nucleicos dentro de tecido coral adulto. Este método foi desenvolvido inicialmente para o diagnóstico médico, e ele se tornou uma ferramenta popular em campos como a biologia do desenvolvimento e biologia evolutiva do desenvolvimento8,9,10. ISH é também um método crítico, particularmente em sistemas não-modelo, quando genômica e dados de sequência de transcriptomic estão disponíveis, mas padrões de expressão de gene espaciais são desconhecidos. Para o trabalho de diagnóstico em sistemas não-modelo, essa técnica é poderosa porque pode indicar quais as células e tecidos expressam um gene de interesse e podem levar a mais abordagens terapêuticas alvo8,9,10, 11,12. Por último, esta técnica é qualitativa e mais poderoso quando combinado com a expressão de gene quantitativa dados11.
A abordagem descrita neste documento será de interesse para os investigadores que já projetou uma Digoxigenina (DIG)-rotulado sonda RNA (tanto o sentido e antisentido sondas) e estão agora prontos para realizar a hibridação in situ das sondas para uma amostra. Para executar este método, duas seções seriais de um tecido de parafina coral serão necessários para cada sonda sendo testada. Uma seção será usada para a sonda de sentido e o outro para a sonda antisentida. A sonda de sentido será um controle para indicar a ligação não-específica. Se a coloração é observada na sonda de sentido, então, a sonda antisentida não é específica para o RNA de interesse. Sondas podem ser projetadas para qualquer gene expressada. Neste protocolo, são usados vários exemplos que anteriormente foram encontrados para ser expressa durante o stress de calor em corais: homólogo B (Fos-B), proteína ativador (AP1), do oncogene viral do osteossarcoma murino de Fernandes e fator de necrose tumoral receptor 41 (41 TNFR)11. ISH usando sondas de RNA escavar-etiquetadas é preferível usando sondas radioactivas porque sua manipulação é muito mais seguro,10. Além disso, esta técnica é altamente sensível e pode ser executada em uma ampla gama de tecidos e embriões além da tensão térmica corais adultos13,14,15,16.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Denhardt&#39;s solution</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>70468 50 ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioworld Alkaline phosphatase buffer</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>50-198-724</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide mailers</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-587-17B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioworld Alkaline phosphatase buffer</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>50-198-724</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Falcon tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-959-49A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Salmon Sperm DNA solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15632-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS - Phosphate-Buffered Saline (10X) pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water, 10 x 500 mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water, 10 x 500 mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Salmon Sperm DNA solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15632-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide white apex superior adhesive</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>3800080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS solution, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K, Molecular Grade, 2 mL</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>P8107S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Pap Pen Liquid Blocker</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>22309</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIG Anti-Digoxigenin-AP Fab fragments</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11093274910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BM Purple, 100 mL</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11442074001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIG Wash and Block Buffer Set</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11585762001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NBT/BCIP</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11681451001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution, 500 mL size</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>252549-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SSC Buffer 20X concentration</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6639-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Anhydride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320102-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47670-250ML-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triethanolamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>90279-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3149-10KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylenes, AR (ACS), For Histological Use</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>MK866806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>EM-EX0276-4S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TE buffer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>PAV6232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hybridization oven</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97005-252, 97005-254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89032-088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ hybridization techniques for paraffin-embedded adult coral samples

Os corais são invertebrados oceano importantes que são cruciais para a saúde geral do oceano, bem como a saúde humana. No entanto, devido a impactos humanos tais como o aumento das temperaturas do oceano e a acidificação dos oceanos, os corais são cada vez mais sob ameaça. Para enfrentar esses desafios, avanços na biologia celular e molecular provaram para ser crucial para o diagnóstico da saúde dos corais. Modificar algumas das técnicas usadas em medicina humana poderia melhorar consideravelmente a capacidade dos investigadores para tratar e salvar os corais. Para resolver isso, um protocolo para a hibridação in situ utilizada principalmente em medicina humana e biologia do desenvolvimento evolutiva foi adaptado para uso em adultos corais sob estresse.
A finalidade desse método é Visualizar a expressão espacial de uma sonda de RNA no tecido coral adulto que foi incorporado em parafina e seccionado em lâminas de vidro. Este método concentra-se na remoção da parafina e reidratação da amostra, pré-tratamento da amostra para garantir a permeabilidade da amostra, pré-hibridação de incubação, hibridização da sonda RNA e visualização da sonda RNA. Este é um método poderoso quando usando organismos não-modelo para descobrir onde genes específicos são expressos, e o protocolo pode ser facilmente adaptado para outros organismos não-modelo. No entanto, o método é limitado, em que é essencialmente qualitativa, porque a intensidade de expressão pode variar dependendo da quantidade de tempo utilizado durante a etapa de visualização e a concentração da sonda. Além disso, a paciência é necessária, como este protocolo pode levar até 5 dias (e em muitos casos, mais tempo) dependendo da sonda sendo usado. Finalmente, coloração de fundo específico é comum, mas essa limitação pode ser superada.

Depois de completar este protocolo, identificação de células e tecidos que estão expressando a sonda RNA de interesse será alcançada. Os resultados representativos para este protocolo são para a AP-1, FosB e TNFR41. Estes resultados, publicados anteriormente por Traylor-Knowles et al 11, sondas de mostrar a expressão espacial do RNA em corais adultos que foram expostos ao stress de calor. Dois exemplos de diferentes tipos de coloração são aprese...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples at JoVE.com

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

O objetivo do presente protocolo é executar hibridação in situ em amostras de coral adultas que foram incorporadas em parafina e seccionadas em lâminas de vidro. Este é um método qualitativo usado para visualizar a expressão espacial de uma sonda de anti-sentido RNA em tecidos de parafina.

In Situ Técnicas de hibridização para amostras de Coral adultas parafina

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ...

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JoVE Journal

Environment

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

7.0K visualizações.  University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. O objetivo do presente protocolo é executar hibridação in situ em amostras de coral adultas que foram incorporadas em parafina e seccionadas em lâminas de vidro. Este é um método qualitativo usado para visualizar a expressão espacial de uma sonda de anti-sentido RNA em tecidos de parafina.

Vídeo: In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American lobsters. Recent work in exploited crustacean populations (crabs and lobsters) suggests that there are circumstances where mature females are unable to achieve their full reproductive potential due to sperm limitation. To examine this possibility in different regions of the American lobster fishery, a reliable and noninvasive method was developed for sampling large numbers of female lobsters at sea. This method involves inserting a blunt-tipped needle into the female&#39;s seminal receptacle to determine the presence or absence of a sperm plug and to withdraw a sample that can be examined for the presence of sperm. A series of control studies were conducted at the dock and in the laboratory to test the reliability of this technique. These efforts entailed sampling 294 female lobsters to confirm that the presence of a sperm plug was a reliable indicator of sperm within the receptacle and thus, mating. This paper details the methodology and the results obtained from a subset of the total females sampled. Of the 230 female lobsters sampled from George&#39;s Bank and Cape Ann, MA (size range = 71-145 mm in carapace length), 90.3% were positive for sperm. Potential explanations for the absence of sperm in some females include: immaturity (lack of physiological maturity), breakdown of the sperm plug after being used to fertilize a clutch of eggs, and lack of mating activity. The surveys indicate that this technique for examining the mating success of female lobsters is a reliable proxy that can be used in the field to document reproductive activity in natural populations.

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters Homarus americanus

Fishery-induced changes to exploited crustacean fisheries, such as the American lobster fishery, could potentially influence their reproductive dynamics, leading to a reduction in mating success. This study&#39;s goal was to develop a noninvasive method for ascertaining the mating success of female lobsters that may be physiologically or functionally mature.

Um método não invasivo para<em&gt; Em situ</em&gt; Determinação do sucesso de acasalamento em fêmeas lagostas americanas (<em&gt; Homarus americanus</em&gt;)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American ...

Ambiente

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has relevant health and economic consequences. Many cyanobacterial strains are toxin producers, and only a few cells are necessary to induce irreparable damage to the environment. Therefore, water-body authorities and administrations require rapid and efficient early-warning systems providing reliable data to support their preventive or curative decisions. This manuscript reports an experimental protocol for the in-field detection of toxin-producing cyanobacterial strains by using an antibody microarray chip with 17 antibodies (Abs) with taxonomic resolution (CYANOCHIP). Here, a multiplex fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassay (FSMI) for the simultaneous monitoring of 17 cyanobacterial strains frequently found blooming in freshwater ecosystems, some of them toxin producers, is described. A microarray with multiple identical replicates (up to 24) of the CYANOCHIP was printed onto a single microscope slide to simultaneously test a similar number of samples. Liquid samples can be tested either by direct incubation with the antibodies (Abs) or after cell concentration by filtration through a 1- to 3-&#956;m filter. Solid samples, such as sediments and ground rocks, are first homogenized and dispersed by a hand-held ultrasonicator in an incubation buffer. They are then filtered (5 - 20 &#956;m) to remove the coarse material, and the filtrate is incubated with Abs. Immunoreactions are revealed by a final incubation with a mixture of the 17 fluorescence-labeled Abs and are read by a portable fluorescence detector. The whole process takes around 3 h, most of it corresponding to two 1-h periods of incubation. The output is an image, where bright spots correspond to the positive detection of cyanobacterial markers.

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in fresh water reservoirs for human consumption is a major concern for water management authorities. To evaluate the risk of water contamination, this article describes an protocol for the in-field detection of cyanobacterial strains in liquid and solid samples by using an antibody microarray chip.

Protocolo experimental para Detectar<em&gt; Cianobactérias</em&gt; Em amostras líquidas e sólidas com um Microarray Chip Antibody

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial communities, a relatively precise but effort-intensive technique to assay microbial community composition is phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. PLFA was developed to analyze phospholipid biomarkers, which can be used as indicators of microbial biomass and the composition of broad functional groups of fungi and bacteria. It has commonly been used to compare soils under alternative plant communities, ecology, and management regimes. The PLFA method has been shown to be sensitive to detecting shifts in microbial community composition.
An alternative method, fatty acid methyl ester extraction and analysis (MIDI-FA) was developed for rapid extraction of total lipids, without separation of the phospholipid fraction, from pure cultures as a microbial identification technique. This method is rapid but is less suited for soil samples because it lacks an initial step separating soil particles and begins instead with a saponification reaction that likely produces artifacts from the background organic matter in the soil. 
This article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples. The method combines the accuracy achieved through PLFA profiling by extracting and concentrating soil lipids as a first step, and a reduction in effort by saponifying the organic material extracted and processing with the MIDI-FA method as a second step.

The article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples.

Um método de extração e análise de lipídios para caracterizar micróbios de solo em experimentos com muitas amostras

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and organiclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) in marine sediments. However, unravelling the complex pyritization sequence is a challenge because of the coexistence of different sequentially formed pyrite phases. This manuscript describes a sample preparation procedure that enables the use of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to obtain in situ &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations. This allows researchers to constrain how SO4-AOM affects pyritization in methane-bearing sediments. SIMS analysis revealed an extreme range in &#948;34S values, spanning from -41.6 to +114.8&#8240;, which is much wider than the range of &#948;34S values obtained by the traditional bulk sulfur isotope analysis of the same samples. Pyrite in the shallow sediment mainly consists of 34S-depleted framboids, suggesting early diagenetic formation by OSR. Deeper in the sediment, more pyrite occurs as overgrowths and euhedral crystals, which display much higher SIMS &#948;34S values than the framboids. Such 34S-enriched pyrite is related to enhanced SO4-AOM at the sulfate-methane transition zone, postdating OSR. High-resolution in situ SIMS sulfur isotope analyses allow for the reconstruction of the pyritization processes, which cannot be resolved by bulk sulfur isotope analysis.

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Analyses of the sulfur isotopic composition (&#948;34S) of pyrite from methane-bearing sediments have typically focused on bulk samples. Here, we applied secondary ion mass spectroscopy to analyze the &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations to understand the diagenetic history of pyritization.

Preparação de pirita Authigenic de sedimentos de metano-rolamento para In Situ enxofre isótopo análise usando o SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include traditional histological techniques optimized for work on ant eyes and adapted to work in concert with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques, although vastly useful, can be difficult for the novice microscopist, so great emphasis has been placed in this article on troubleshooting and optimization for different specimens. We provide information on imaging techniques for the entire specimen (photo-microscopy and SEM) and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We highlight the technique used in determining lens diameters for the entire eye and discuss new techniques for improvement. Lastly, we discuss techniques involved in preparing samples for LM and TEM, sectioning, staining, and imaging these samples. We discuss the hurdles that one might come across when preparing samples and how best to navigate around them.

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light and electron microscopy to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include several traditional techniques optimized for work on ant eyes, detailed troubleshooting, and suggestions for optimization for different specimens and regions of interest.

Técnicas para investigar a anatomia do sistema Visual de formiga

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

Coleta e extração de ar ocupacional amostras para análise de DNA fúngico

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol for performing in situ juvenile exposure tests within oligotrophic river catchments over one-month and three-month periods. Two methods (in both modifications) are presented to evaluate the juvenile growth and survival rate. The methods and modifications differ in value for the locality bioindication and each has its benefits as well as limitations. The sandy cage method works with a large set of individuals, but only some of the individuals are measured and the results are evaluated in bulk. In the mesh cage method, the individuals are kept and measured separately, but a low individual number is evaluated. The open water exposure modification is relatively easy to apply; it shows the juvenile growth potential of sites and can also be effective for water toxicity testing. The within-bed exposure modification needs a high workload but is closer to the conditions of a natural juvenile environment and it is better for reporting the real suitability of localities. On the other hand, more replications are needed in this modification due to its high-hyporheic environment variability.

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications enable determination of the suitability of an environment for endangered mussel species. We describe two methods based on the juvenile exposure of freshwater pearl mussels in cages to oligotrophic river habitats. Both methods are implemented in variants for open water and hyporheic water environments.

Bioindicação teste de adequação de ambiente de fluxo para jovens de água doce da pérola mexilhões usando métodos de exposição em Situ

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to characterize. However, to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) production resulting from the decomposition of NOM, a molecular-level characterization coupled with microbial proteome analyses is necessary. Further, climate and environmental changes are expected to perturb natural ecosystems, potentially upsetting complex interactions that influence both the supply of organic matter substrates and the microorganisms performing the transformations. A detailed molecular characterization of the organic matter, microbial proteomics, and the pathways and transformations by which organic matter is decomposed will be necessary to predict the direction and magnitude of the effects of environmental changes. This article describes a methodological throughput for comprehensive metabolite characterization in a single sample by direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proteomics analysis. This approach results in a fully-paired dataset which improves statistical confidence for inferring pathways of organic matter decomposition, the resulting CO2 and CH4 production rates, and their responses to environmental perturbation. Herein we present results of applying this method to NOM samples collected from peatlands; however, the protocol is applicable to any NOM sample (e.g., peat, forested soils, marine sediments, etc.).

This protocol describes a single throughput for complementary analytical and omics techniques culminating in a fully-paired characterization of natural organic matter and microbial proteomics in different ecosystems. This approach permits robust comparisons for identifying metabolic pathways and transformations important for describing greenhouse gas production and predicting responses to environmental change.

Single-produção complementares técnicas analíticas de alta resolução para caracterização de misturas complexas de matéria orgânica Natural

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to ...

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

Global warming affects microbial communities in a variety of ecosystems, especially cryospheric habitats. However, little is known about microbial-mediated carbon fluxes in extreme environments. Hence, the methodology of sample acquisition described in the very few studies available implies two major problems: A) high resolution data require a large number of samples, which is difficult to obtain in remote areas; B) unavoidable sample manipulation such as cutting, sawing, and melting of ice cores that leads to a misunderstanding of in situ conditions. In this study, a prototype device that requires neither sample preparation nor sample destruction is presented. The device can be used for in situ measurements with a high spectral and spatial resolution in terrestrial and ice ecosystems and is based on the Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) technique. Photoautotrophic supraglacial communities can be identified by the detection of L.I.F.E. signatures in photopigments. The L.I.F.E. instrument calibration for the porphyrin derivates chlorophylla (chla) (405 nm laser excitation) and B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) (532 nm laser excitation) is demonstrated. For the validation of this methodology, L.I.F.E. data were ratified by a conventional method for chla quantification that involved pigment extraction and subsequent absorption spectroscopy. The prototype applicability in the field was proven in extreme polar environments. Further testing on terrestrial habitats took place during Mars analog simulations in the Moroccan dessert and on an Austrian rock glacier. The L.I.F.E. instrument enables high resolution scans of large areas with acceptable operation logistics and contributes to a better understanding of the ecological potential of supraglacial communities in the context of global change.

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission L.I.F.E. as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

Carbon fluxes in the cryosphere are hardly assessed yet but are crucial regarding climate change. Here we show a novel prototype device that captures the phototrophic potential in supraglacial environments based on laser-induced fluorescence emission (L.I.F.E.) technology offering high spectral and spatial resolution data under in situ conditions.

Emissão de Fluorescência Induzida por Laser (L.I.F.E.) como nova ferramenta não invasiva para medições insitu de biomarcadores em habitats criosféricos

Global warming affects microbial communities in a variety of ecosystems, especially cryospheric habitats. However, little is known about ...

In Situ Chemotaxis Assay to Examine Microbial Behavior in Aquatic Ecosystems

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread across the bacterial and archaeal domains. Chemotaxis can result in substantial resource acquisition advantages in heterogeneous environments. It also plays a crucial role in symbiotic interactions, disease, and global processes, such as biogeochemical cycling. However, current techniques restrict chemotaxis research to the laboratory and are not easily applicable in the field. Presented here is a step-by-step protocol for the deployment of the in situ chemotaxis assay (ISCA), a device that enables robust interrogation of microbial chemotaxis directly in the natural environment. The ISCA is a microfluidic device consisting of a 20 well array, in which chemicals of interest can be loaded. Once deployed in aqueous environments, chemicals diffuse out of the wells, creating concentration gradients that microbes sense and respond to by swimming into the wells via chemotaxis. The well contents can then be sampled and used to (1) quantify strength of the chemotactic responses to specific compounds through flow cytometry, (2) isolate and culture responsive microorganisms, and (3) characterize the identity and genomic potential of the responding populations through molecular techniques. The ISCA is a flexible platform that can be deployed in any system with an aqueous phase, including marine, freshwater, and soil environments.

Presented here is the protocol for an in situ chemotaxis assay, a recently developed microfluidic device that enables studies of microbial behavior directly in the environment.

In Situ Chemotaxis Assay para examinar o comportamento microbiano em ecossistemas aquáticos

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread ...