O estudo foi apoiado por bolsas da Fondazione Bambino Gesù e Ricerca Corrente (Ministério da Saúde italiano) para C.C.  Gostaríamos de agradecer ao Dr. Enrico Bertini (Departamento de Neurociência, Unidade de Doenças Neuromusculares e Neurodegenerativas, Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Hospital de Pesquisa Infantil Bambino Gesù), Dra. Stefania Petrini (Centro de Núcleo de Microscopia Confocal, Laboratórios de Pesquisa, Hospital de Pesquisa Infantil Bambino Gesù), Giulia Pericoli (Departamento de Onco-hematologia, Terapia Genética e Celular, Hospital de Pesquisa Infantil Bambino Gesù) e Roberta Ferretti (Departamento de Onco-hematologia, Terapia Gênica e Celular, Hospital de Pesquisa Infantil Bambino Gesù) para discussões científicas e ajuda técnica. Maria Vinci é beneficiária de uma "bolsa Children with Cancer UK".

1. Revestimento de 96 placas de poço
NOTA: Diferentes revestimentos foram testados na mesma placa, mas poços separados (consulte Arquivo Suplementar).
<ol><li>Diluir o Matrigel 1:100 em DMEM. Adicionar 100 μL por poço às 96 placas de poço e incubar por 1 h à temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, remova a solução e lave os poços com 100 μL de DMEM duas vezes.</li>
	<li>Laminina diluída (20 μg/mL, LN-521) em PBS (com cálcio e magnésio). Adicionar 100 μL ao poço e incubar a 4 °C durante a noite. No dia seguinte, realize duas lavagens com DMEM antes de semear as células.</li>
	<li>Vitronectina diluída (10 μg/mL) em tampão de diluição. Adicionar 100 μL por poço à placa de 96 poços e incubar por 1 hora à temperatura ambiente. Lave os poços com PBS (sem cálcio e magnésio) antes de chapear as células.</li>
	<li>Diluir HU-Fibronectina (30 μg/mL) em ddH2O. Adicionar 100 μL aos poços e incubar à temperatura ambiente por 45 minutos. Em seguida, lave os poços com o meio antes de semear as células.</li>
</ol>2. Manutenção das iPSCs em cultura
NOTA: iPSCs foram comprados comercialmente. As iPSCs foram derivadas de fibroblastos humanos saudáveis e reprogramadas usando tecnologia episómica.
<ol><li>A partir do congelador a -80 °C ou do azoto líquido, descongelar as iPSCs criopreservadas num banho-maria de 37 °C. Limpe o frasco para injetáveis que contém as células com etanol a 70% antes de o mover para o armário de segurança biológica.</li>
	<li>Adicione a suspensão celular a 5 mL de meio de cultura celular pré-aquecido (por exemplo, mTeSR1) gota a gota com uma pipeta de 1000 μL em um tubo cônico estéril de 15 mL.</li>
	<li>Centrifugar as células a 304 x g durante 5 min à temperatura ambiente (RT).</li>
	<li>Remova o meio e ressuspenda o pellet celular em 4 mL de meio de cultura celular.</li>
	<li>Chapear a suspensão celular em dois poços das placas de 6 poços (105 iPSCs por placa de cultura celular de 6 poços), onde os fibroblastos embrionários de camundongos (MEFs) foram revestidos anteriormente. MEFs de sementes dois dias antes do revestimento de iPSCs a uma densidade de 2,4 x 104/cm2 em DMEM (contendo 10% de soro fetal bovino, 1% de L-glutamina e 1% de penicilina-estreptomicina).</li>
	<li>Após a semeadura, complemente o meio celular com 10 μM de inibidor de ROCK Y-27632.</li>
	<li>Cultivar as iPSCs em MEFs durante as primeiras 4-5 semanas e, em seguida, em condição livre de alimentador (condição livre de MEF), usando um dos revestimentos de interesse (ver etapa 1 e Tabela 1) em mTeSR1.</li>
	<li>Quando as iPSCs são 70-80% confluentes, passagem 1:4 usando o tratamento de EDTA 0,5 mM por 3-5 min no RT. Adicione 1 mL de EDTA 0,5 mM para uma placa de 6 poços (ou quantidades proporcionais para outros tipos de placas). Transferir para novos poços em condições livres de alimentadores e incubar a 37 °C, 5% de CO2, 20% de O2.</li>
	<li>Mude a mídia com mTeSR1 fresco todos os dias e divida as células a cada 2 dias.</li>
</ol>3. Caracterização da confluência celular
<ol><li>Use 96 placas de poço para os experimentos.</li>
	<li>Semear 10.000 células por poço após pelo menos 1 mês de cultura em condição livre de alimentadores, a fim de ter certeza de que os MEFs não foram passados. Use lâminas de contagem descartáveis para contar as células com o microscópio óptico.</li>
	<li>Realizar os experimentos em triplicado. Portanto, teste cada condição de semeadura em três poços.</li>
	<li>Realize a aquisição automatizada de imagens a partir do dia 1 após a semeadura usando um citômetro no modo de campo brilhante. Realize a aquisição automatizada de imagens a cada 24 horas durante 5 dias. Para obter informações detalhadas sobre os parâmetros experimentais, consulte o Arquivo Suplementar.</li>
	<li>Use o auto-contraste e auto-exposição para visualizar melhor as células.</li>
	<li>Defina a configuração de análise (consulte Arquivo Suplementar) para análise de confluência para aplicar uma máscara de 60%, 80% e 100% por poço, a fim de avaliar as mudanças de foco devido à refração de luz na borda dos poços. Use a configuração de análise de máscara diferente mencionada acima para analisar a confluência celular em cada ponto de tempo.</li>
</ol>4. Análises estatísticas
<ol><li>Relatar resultados quantitativos como meio ± erro padrão da média (EPM).</li>
	<li>Para comparar as diferenças gerais das diferentes condições de revestimento, obtenha dados usando as mesmas amostras e execute o teste t de amostra emparelhada de Student. Valores de p menores que 0,05 são considerados estatisticamente significativos, e todos os valores de p relatados são de dois lados.</li>
</ol>5. Caracterização dos microfilamentos citoesqueléticos
<ol><li>Fixar células com paraformaldeído a 4% (PFA a 4%) em PBS por 10 min no RT, seguido de duas lavagens em PBS (total de 10 min).</li>
	<li>Adicionar 100 μL de solução de bloqueio (composta por 5% de BSA, 0,1% de Triton em PBS) a cada poço por 1 h no RT.</li>
	<li>Retire a solução de bloqueio e lave as amostras duas vezes com PBS por 10 min.</li>
	<li>Adicionar 100 μL da solução de trabalho conjugada com faloidina por amostra e incubar durante 1 h a RT.</li>
	<li>Lave as células duas vezes com PBS (10 min no RT).</li>
	<li>Núcleos de coloração com Hoechst 33342 diluídos 1:10000 em PBS durante 10 min a RT.</li>
	<li>Retire a solução Hoechst e lave as células duas vezes com PBS durante 10 minutos de cada vez.</li>
	<li>Lavar a amostra com H2O e deixar secar debaixo de um exaustor químico.</li>
	<li>Adicionar 100 μL de meio de montagem (ou seja, PBS:glicerol, 1:1) para cobrir as células e preservar a fluorescência das amostras.</li>
	<li>Observe a célula em Ex/Em 493/517 nm em um microscópio confocal de varredura a laser equipado com uma fonte de laser de luz branca (WLL) e um laser de diodo de 405 nm. Adquira imagens confocais sequenciais usando um objetivo de imersão em óleo HC PLAPO 40x. Use a mesma potência do laser, divisores de feixe, configurações de filtro, diâmetros de orifício e modo de varredura para todas as amostras examinadas.</li>
</ol>

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Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

O uso de iPSCs para modelagem de doenças e futura triagem de medicamentos, juntamente com sua possível aplicação em medicina de precisão, torna-a uma tecnologia de grande relevância e, por essa razão, acreditamos que é necessário entender claramente a condição de cultura in vitro que melhor se assemelha à situação fisiológica das células-tronco embrionárias. Neste contexto, testamos diferentes revestimentos de ECM usando iPSCs do tipo selvagem, a fim de entender as condições que permitem que as célula...

As células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPSCs) são obtidas a partir de células somáticas e podem ser diferenciadas em diferentes tipos de células. Eles são frequentemente usados como um sistema para modelar a patogênese da doença ou realizar triagem de medicamentos, e também oferecem o potencial para ser usado no contexto da medicina personalizada. Como as iPSCs têm grande potencial, é importante caracterizá-las completamente para uso como um sistema modelo confiável. Mostramos anteriormente a importância do cultivo de iPSCs em um ambiente hipóxico, pois essas células dependem da glicólise e um ambiente aeróbio pode causar desequilíbrioredox1. As iPSCs também são vulneráveis a outras condições de cultura, particularmente o ambiente extracelular. A otimização das condições da cultura é uma questão fundamental para mantê-las saudáveis e proliferantes. Uma cultura saudável de iPSC levará a células diferenciadas saudáveis que geralmente são o ponto final do modelo usado para entender as características moleculares, celulares e funcionais de distúrbios humanos específicos ou processos celulares.
Neste estudo, um protocolo simples foi utilizado para testar a confluência de iPSCs utilizando diferentes condições de revestimento em poços separados. As iPSCs requerem uma camada alimentadora de fibroblastos embrionários murinos (MEF) para se ligarem adequadamente, mas a coexistência de iPSCs e MEF dificulta a realização de análises como RNA ou extração de proteínas, uma vez que duas populações de células estão presentes. A fim de evitar a camada de alimentação, diferentes proteínas pertencentes à matriz extracelular (ECM) têm sido utilizadas para recriar o nicho celular natural e para ter cultura iPSC livre de alimentador. Em particular, Matrigel é uma preparação de membrana basal solubilizada extraída do sarcoma de camundongo Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS), que é enriquecida em proteínas da matriz extracelular (ou seja, laminina, colágeno IV, proteoglicanos de sulfato de heparano, entactina/nidogênio e fatores de crescimento)2,3. As outras condições de revestimento utilizadas são, em vez disso, proteínas purificadas com relevância conhecida na construção dos ECMs: a laminina-521 é conhecida por ser secretada por células-tronco pluripotentes humanas (hPSCs) na massa celular interna do embrião e é uma das lamininas mais comuns no corpo após o nascimento 4,5,6,7,8,9, 10,11; a vitronectina é uma matriz de cultura celular livre de xeno conhecida por apoiar o crescimento e a diferenciação da hPSC 12,13,14,15,16; a fibronectina é uma proteína da MEC importante para o desenvolvimento de vertebrados e a fixação e manutenção de células-tronco embrionárias em estado pluripotente 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25. Uma vez que diferentes condições de revestimento estão disponíveis, nós as comparamos em termos de seu efeito na confluência das iPSCs.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1124px;" width="1123">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:589px;">10 mL Stripette Serological Pipets, Polystyrene, Individually Paper/Plastic Wrapped, Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:77px;">4488</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">15 mL high-clarity polypropylene (PP) conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td>Tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">1x PBS (With Ca2+; Mg2+)</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>14040133</td>
			<td>Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">1x PBS (without Ca2+; Mg2+)</td>
			<td>Euroclone</td>
			<td>ECB4004L</td>
			<td>Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5 mL Stripette Serological Pipets, Polystyrene, Individually Paper/Plastic Wrapped, Sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4487</td>
			<td>Tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cell culture microplate, 96 WELL, PS, F-Bottom</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio One</td>
			<td>655090</td>
			<td>Support</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cell culture plate, 6 well</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td>Support</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium- high glucose)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5671</td>
			<td>Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>ED4SS-500g</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Epi Episomal iPSC Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A15960</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FAST - READ 102</td>
			<td>Biosigma</td>
			<td>BVS100</td>
			<td>Tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10270106</td>
			<td>Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>FC010</td>
			<td>Coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">H2O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MILLIQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hoechst</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>33342</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Laminin 521</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>77003</td>
			<td>Coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>LS25030081</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning Matrigel hESC-Qualified Matrix</td>
			<td>354277</td>
			<td>Coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:589px;">Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A24903</td>
			<td>Coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MTESR1 Medium</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>85851</td>
			<td>Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MTESR1 Supplement</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>85852</td>
			<td>Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1951</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Vitronectin</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>7180</td>
			<td>Coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the confluence of ipscs using an automated imaging system

Este estudo se concentra em entender como o crescimento de iPSCs em diferentes substratos de revestimento de ECM pode afetar a confluência celular. Um protocolo para avaliar a confluência de iPSC em tempo real foi estabelecido sem a necessidade de contar células em suspensão de célula única para evitar qualquer perturbação do crescimento. Um sistema de análise de imagens de alto conteúdo foi usado para avaliar a confluência de iPCS em 4 ECMs diferentes ao longo do tempo de forma automatizada. Diferentes configurações de análise foram usadas para avaliar a confluência celular de iPSCs aderentes e apenas uma pequena diferença (em 24 e 48 horas com laminina) foi observada se uma máscara de 60, 80 ou 100% foi aplicada. Também mostramos que a laminina leva à melhor confluência em comparação com Matrigel, vitronectina e fibronectina.

Neste estudo, investigamos a confluência de iPSCs quando cultivadas em diferentes condições de revestimento. Usando um citômetro, fomos capazes de obter resultados prontamente informativos em triplicados em 5 dias. Como as iPSCs dificilmente se ligam a recipientes plásticos e um revestimento é necessário para suportar sua proliferação, decidimos monitorar a confluência de iPSCs humanas, pois é indicativa da saúde da cultura celular e pode refletir em seu potencial de diferenciação. Após a expansão in vitr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Confluence of iPSCs Using an Automated Imaging System at JoVE.com

Measuring the Confluence of iPSCs Using an Automated Imaging System

O objetivo do protocolo é comparar diferentes condições de revestimento de matriz extracelular (ECM) para avaliar como o revestimento diferencial afeta a taxa de crescimento de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPSCs). Em particular, pretendemos estabelecer condições para obter o crescimento ideal das culturas de iPSC.

Medindo a confluência de iPSCs usando um sistema automatizado de imagem.

This study focuses on understanding how growing iPSCs on different ECM coating substrates can affect cell confluence. A protocol to assess iPSC confluence ...

measuring-the-confluence-of-ipscs-using-an-automated-imaging-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

1.9K visualizações.  Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS. O objetivo do protocolo é comparar diferentes condições de revestimento de matriz extracelular (ECM) para avaliar como o revestimento diferencial afeta a taxa de crescimento de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPSCs). Em particular, pretendemos estabelecer condições para obter o crescimento ideal das culturas de iPSC.

Vídeo: Measuring the Confluence of iPSCs Using an Automated Imaging System

Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees

The projected number of American amputees is expected to rise to 3.6 million by 2050.  Many of these individuals depend on artificial limbs to perform routine activities, but prosthetic suspensions using traditional socket technology can prove to be cumbersome and uncomfortable for a person with limb loss.  Moreover, for those with high proximal amputations, limited residual limb length may prevent exoprosthesis attachment all together. Osseointegrated implant technology is a novel operative procedure which allows firm skeletal attachment between the host bone and an implant. Preliminary results in European amputees with osseointegrated implants have shown improved clinical outcomes by allowing direct transfer of loads to the bone-implant interface.  Despite the apparent advantages of osseointegration over socket technology, the current rehabilitation procedures require long periods of restrictive load bearing prior which may be reduced with expedited skeletal attachment via electrical stimulation.  The goal of the osseointegrated intelligent implant design (OIID) system is to make the implant part of an electrical system to accelerate skeletal attachment and help prevent periprosthetic infection. To determine optimal electrode size and placement, we initiated proof of concept with computational modeling of the electric fields and current densities that arise during electrical stimulation of amputee residual limbs.  In order to provide insure patient safety, subjects with retrospective computed tomography scans were selected and three dimensional reconstructions were created using customized software programs to ensure anatomical accuracy (Seg3D and SCIRun) in an IRB and HIPAA approved study.  These software packages supported the development of patient specific models and allowed for interactive manipulation of electrode position and size. Preliminary results indicate that electric fields and current densities can be generated at the implant interface to achieve the homogenous electric field distributions   required to induce osteoblast migration, enhance skeletal fixation and may help prevent periprosthetic infections.  Based on the electrode configurations experimented with in the model, an external two band configuration will be advocated in the future.

There is a need to develop alternative prosthesis attachment due to limb loss attributed to vascular occlusive diseases and trauma. The goal of the work is to introduce an osseointegrated intelligent implant design system to increase skeletal fixation and reduce periprosthetic infection rates for patients needing osseointegrated technology.

Análises bioelétrica de um Sistema de Design Inteligente osseointegrados Implant para Amputados

The projected number of American amputees is expected to rise to 3.6 million by 2050.  Many of these individuals depend on artificial limbs to perform ...

Biologia

Measuring the Bending Stiffness of Bacterial Cells Using an Optical Trap

We developed a protocol to measure the bending rigidity of filamentous rod-shaped bacteria. Forces are applied with an optical trap, a microscopic three-dimensional spring made of light that is formed when a high-intensity laser beam is focused to a very small spot by a microscope's objective lens. To bend a cell, we first bind live bacteria to a chemically-treated coverslip. As these cells grow, the middle of the cells remains bound to the coverslip but the growing ends are free of this restraint. By inducing filamentous growth with the drug cephalexin, we are able to identify cells in which one end of the cell was stuck to the surface while the other end remained unattached and susceptible to bending forces. A bending force is then applied with an optical trap by binding a polylysine-coated bead to the tip of a growing cell. Both the force and the displacement of the bead are recorded and the bending stiffness of the cell is the slope of this relationship.

We present a protocol for bending filamentous bacterial cells attached to a cover-slip surface with an optical trap to measure the cellular bending stiffness.

Medir a rigidez à flexão de células bacterianas Usando uma armadilha óptica

We developed a protocol to measure the bending rigidity of filamentous rod-shaped bacteria. Forces are applied with an optical trap, a microscopic ...

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

Um método simples para criação de imagens Arabidopsis Folhas Usando Perfluorodecalin como um meio de imagem infiltrativas

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of ...

Using an Automated 3D-tracking System to Record Individual and Shoals of Adult Zebrafish

Like many aquatic animals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) moves in a 3D space. It is thus preferable to use a 3D recording system to study its behavior. The presented automatic video tracking system accomplishes this by using a mirror system and a calibration procedure that corrects for the considerable error introduced by the transition of light from water to air. With this system it is possible to record both single and groups of adult zebrafish. Before use, the system has to be calibrated. The system consists of three modules: Recording, Path Reconstruction, and Data Processing. The step-by-step protocols for calibration and using the three modules are presented. Depending on the experimental setup, the system can be used for testing neophobia, white aversion, social cohesion, motor impairments, novel object exploration etc. It is especially promising as a first-step tool to study the effects of drugs or mutations on basic behavioral patterns. The system provides information about vertical and horizontal distribution of the zebrafish, about the xyz-components of kinematic parameters (such as locomotion, velocity, acceleration, and turning angle) and it provides the data necessary to calculate parameters for social cohesions when testing shoals.

The use of a 3D automatic video system that can track individual and groups of zebrafish is described. As application example we explore the effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 on shoals of zebrafish.

Like many aquatic animals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) moves in a 3D space. It is thus preferable to use a 3D recording system to study its behavior. The ...

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria on C. Elegans Behavior Using an Egg Retention Assay

C. elegans egg-laying behavior is affected by environmental cues such as osmolarity1 and vibration2. In the total absence of food C. elegans also cease egg-laying and retain fertilized eggs in their uterus3. However, the effect of different sources of food, especially pathogenic bacteria and particularly Enterococcus faecalis, on egg-laying
	behavior is not well characterized. The egg-in-worm (EIW) assay is a useful tool to quantify the effects of different types of bacteria, in this case E. faecalis, on egg- laying behavior.
	
	EIW assays involve counting the number of eggs retained in the uterus of C. elegans4. The EIW assay involves bleaching staged, gravid adult C. elegans to remove the cuticle and separate the retained eggs from the animal. Prior to bleaching, worms are exposed to bacteria (or any type of environmental cue) for a fixed period of time. After bleaching, one is very easily able to count the number of eggs retained inside the uterus of the worms. In this assay, a quantifiable increase in egg retention after E. faecalis exposure can be easily measured. The EIW assay is a behavioral assay that may be used to screen for potentially pathogenic bacteria or the presence of environmental toxins. In addition, the EIW assay may be a tool to screen for drugs that affect neurotransmitter signaling since egg-laying behavior is modulated by neurotransmitters such as serotonin and acetylcholine5-9.

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria on C. Elegans Behavior Using an Egg Retention Assay

An egg-in-worm (EIW) assay is a useful method to quantify egg-laying behavior. Alterations in egg laying can be a behavioral response of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to potentially harmful environmental substances such as those produced by pathogenic bacteria.

Medição dos Efeitos de bactérias em<em&gt; C. Elegans</em&gt; Comportamento Usando um Retenção Ensaio Egg

C. elegans egg-laying behavior is  affected by environmental cues such as osmolarity1 and  vibration2. In the total absence of food C. elegans also cease ...

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or &#34;polarization&#34;) in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

Imagiologia reorganização espacial de uma via de sinalização MAPK Utilizar o sistema de expressão transitória do Tabaco

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

Studying the Protein Quality Control System of D. discoideum Using Temperature-controlled Live Cell Imaging

The complex lifestyle of the social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum makes it a valuable model for the study of various biological processes. Recently, we showed that D. discoideum is remarkably resilient to protein aggregation and can be used to gain insights into the cellular protein quality control system. However, the use of D. discoideum as a model system poses several challenges to microscopy-based experimental approaches, such as the high motility of the cells and their susceptibility to photo-toxicity. The latter proves to be especially challenging when studying protein homeostasis, as the phototoxic effects can induce a cellular stress response and thus alter to behavior of the protein quality control system. 
Temperature increase is a commonly used way to induce cellular stress. Here, we describe a temperature-controllable imaging protocol, which allows observing temperature-induced perturbations in D. discoideum. Moreover, when applied at normal growth temperature, this imaging protocol can also noticeably reduce photo-toxicity, thus allowing imaging with higher intensities. This can be particularly useful when imaging proteins with very low expression levels. Moreover, the high mobility of the cells often requires the acquisition of multiple fields of view to follow individual cells, and the number of fields needs to be balanced against the desired time interval and exposure time.

Studying the Protein Quality Control System of D. discoideum Using Temperature-controlled Live Cell Imaging

The social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum has recently been established as a system to study protein misfolding and proteostasis. Here, we describe a new imaging-based methodology to study temperature-induced protein aggregation and the cellular stress response in D. discoideum.

Estudando a Proteína de Qualidade Sistema de Controle de<em&gt; D. discoideum</em&gt; Usando temperatura controlada Imagens ao vivo celular

The complex lifestyle of the social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum makes it a valuable model for the study of various biological processes. Recently, we ...

A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry

Quantification of muscle fiber populations provides a deeper insight into the effects of disease, trauma, and various other influences on skeletal muscle composition. Various time-consuming methods have traditionally been used to study fiber populations in many fields of research. However, recently developed immunohistochemical methods based on myosin heavy chain protein expression provide a quick alternative to identify multiple fiber types in a single section. Here, we present a rapid, reliable and reproducible protocol for improved staining quality, allowing automatic acquisition of whole cross sections and automatic quantification of fiber populations with ImageJ. For this purpose, embedded skeletal muscles are cut in cross sections, stained using myosin heavy chains antibodies with secondary fluorescent antibodies and DAPI for cell nuclei staining. Whole cross sections are then scanned automatically using a slide scanner to obtain high-resolution composite pictures of the entire specimen. Fiber population analyses are subsequently performed to quantify slow, intermediate and fast fibers using an automated macro for ImageJ. We have previously shown that this method can identify fiber populations reliably to a degree of &#177;4%. In addition, this method reduces inter-user variability and time per analyses significantly using the open source platform ImageJ.

Here, we present a protocol for rapid muscle fiber analyses, which allows improved staining quality, and thereby automatic acquisition and quantification of fiber populations using the freely available software ImageJ.

Um Protocolo Automatizado Rápido para Muscle Fiber Análise População em músculo secções transversais Usando Cadeia miosina pesada Imunohistoquímica

Quantification of muscle fiber populations provides a deeper insight into the effects of disease, trauma, and various other influences on skeletal muscle ...

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder (ALLIGATOR)

Luciferase-based reporters of cellular gene expression are in widespread use for both longitudinal and end-point assays of biological activity. In circadian rhythms research, for example, clock gene fusions with firefly luciferase give rise to robust rhythms in cellular bioluminescence that persist over many days. Technical limitations associated with photomultiplier tubes (PMT) or conventional microscopy-based methods for bioluminescence quantification have typically demanded that cells and tissues be maintained under quite non-physiological conditions during recording, with a trade-off between sensitivity and throughput. Here, we report a refinement of prior methods that allows long-term bioluminescence imaging with high sensitivity and throughput which supports a broad range of culture conditions, including variable gas and humidity control, and that accepts many different tissue culture plates and dishes. This automated longitudinal luciferase imaging gas- and temperature-optimized recorder (ALLIGATOR) also allows the observation of spatial variations in luciferase expression across a cell monolayer or tissue, which cannot readily be observed by traditional methods. We highlight how the ALLIGATOR provides vastly increased flexibility for the detection of luciferase activity when compared with existing methods.

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder ALLIGATOR

Genetically encoded luciferase is a popular non-invasive reporter of gene expression. Use of an automated longitudinal luciferase imaging gas- and temperature-optimized recorder (ALLIGATOR) enables longitudinal recording from bioluminescent cells under a wide range of conditions. Here we show how ALLIGATOR may be used in the context of circadian rhythms research.

Medição flexível de repórteres bioluminescentes usando um Luciferase Longitudinal automatizado de imagem gravador de gás e temperatura-otimizado (jacaré)

Luciferase-based reporters of cellular gene expression are in widespread use for both longitudinal and end-point assays of biological activity. In ...

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Conditions of the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia or nutrient starvation, play critical roles in cancer progression and malignancy. However, the role of acidic extracellular pH in tumor aggressiveness and its underlying mechanism has not been extensively studied compared to hypoxic or nutrient starvation conditions. In addition, a well-defined culture method to mimic the acidic extracellular tumor microenvironment has not been fully reported.
Here we present a simple in vitro culture method to maintain acidic extracellular pH using reduced bicarbonate and increased lactate or HCl concentrations in the culture medium. The medium pH was sustained for at least 24 h and gradually decreased by 72 h following culture of PANC-1 and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Three distinct acidic media conditions in this study highly upregulated pH-responsive genes such as MSMO1, INSIG1, and IDI1 compared to hypoxia or nutrient starvation. The upregulation of these genes can be used as a marker of acidic pH. These simple techniques are beneficial to elucidate underlying mechanisms of tumor malignancy under acidic tumor microenvironment. Therefore, our extracellular acidic pH culture system enables discovery of cellular acidic pH responses not only in cancer cells but also in primary cells, such as renal tubular cells, in relation to the other acidic disorders including, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal tubular acidosis, and respiratory acidosis.

The acidic tumor microenvironment plays critical roles in tumor progression. To assess the effects of acidic extracellular pH on cancer cells in vitro, we established simple acidic culture systems.

Estabelecimento de um pH extracelular ácido sistema de cultura

Conditions of the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia or nutrient starvation, play critical roles in cancer progression and malignancy. However, the ...