Name: construction of model lipid membranes incorporating g-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs)
Uploaded: 2022-02-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors GPCRs at JoVE.com

We thank Matthew Blosser for valuable discussion and advice. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-16-1-2382) and the National Science Foundation (PHY-1915017).

1. Protein labeling
<ol>
	<li>Allow NHS-Rhodamine, 5-HT1A membrane fragments, and one 7 K MWCO spin desalting column to equilibrate at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Dissolve 1 mg of NHS-rhodamine in 100 &#181;L of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).</li>
	<li>Add 5 &#181;L of 1 M sodium bicarbonate solution to increase the pH of 5-HT1AR solution to pH 8.</li>
	<li>Add 3.66 &#181;L of the NHS-rhodamine solution to 50 &#181;L of the 5-HT1AR solution and pipette gently up and down in a microcentrifug...

We have identified two steps that are critical to the success of the overall protocol:&#8239; plasma treatment and lipid deposition.&#8239;Plasma cleaning of the coverslips is essential in&#8239;ensuring that there is adequate coverage and adhesion of the agarose hydrogel to the glass coverslip. Plasma cleaning accomplishes two things:&#8239;first, it removes traces of organic matter from the glass surface; second, it activates the coverslip surface, allowing for an increase in wettability as the glass surface hydrophili...

Synthetic model membranes are powerful tools in the investigation of the fundamental properties and functions of biomembranes. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are one of the most prominent platforms to study a variety of plasma membrane properties and can be engineered to mimic different physiological conditions1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. It is well established that the plasma membrane and its organization play a key role in a multitude of cellular processes, such as signal transduction, adhesion, endocytosis, and transport9,10,11,12,13,14,15.
GUVs have been fabricated using various methods, including gentle hydration16, hydrogel swelling17, electroformation18, microfluidic techniques19,20,21,22, jetting23, and solvent exchange24,25,26. Due to challenges in handling integral membrane proteins (IMPs), in vitro platforms to study them have been limited. GUVs present a simplified platform for studying IMPs in an environment that mimics their native environment. Although there have been several approaches for protein reconstitution in GUVs, challenges arise from incorporating proteins with the correct orientation and maintaining protein functionality27.
Most successful protein-reconstitution in GUVs requires the detergent exchange method; which involves solubilizing the proteins from their native environment by detergents, followed by protein purification, and then replacing the detergent molecules with lipids through various methods28. While detergents serve to stabilize the tertiary structure of IMPs during purification, detergent micelles are a relatively unnatural environment for these proteins, which are better stabilized, particularly for functional studies, in lipid bilayers28,29,30. Moreover, incorporating functional transmembrane proteins into the lipid bilayer using traditional GUV fabrication techniques has been difficult due to the size, the delicacy of these proteins, and the additional detergent exchange steps that would be needed27,31,32,33. The use of organic solvent to remove detergents causes protein aggregation and denaturing34. An improved detergent-mediated method has been promising, however, caution is needed for the detergent removal step and optimization might be needed for specific proteins31,35. Additionally, methods that utilize electroformation could restrict the choice of protein and may not be suitable for all lipid compositions especially charged lipids31,36,37. Another technique that has been used is peptide-induced fusion of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) containing the desired protein with GUVs, though it was found to be laborious and can lead to the insertion of foreign molecules-the fusogenic peptides33,38,39. Giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs), which are derived from living cells, can be used to overcome some of these issues, however they allow minimal control of the resultant lipid and protein composition14,40,41. Therefore, the integration of IMPs in the bilipid layer of GUVs using our modified agarose swelling method presents a reliable method to further examine these proteins in the membrane environment42,43,44,45.
Cellular signaling and communication involves a family of proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs); GPCRs are among the largest family of proteins and are associated with modulating mood, appetite, blood pressure, cardiovascular function, respiration, and sleep among many other physiological functions46. In this study, we used human serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) which is a prototypical member of the GPCR family. 5-HT1AR can be found in the central nervous system (CNS) and blood vessels; it influences numerous functions such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine functions, as well as participating in the regulation of mood47. A large barrier to GPCR research arises from their complex amphiphilic structure, and GUVs present a promising platform for the investigation of various properties of interest, ranging from protein functionality, lipid-protein interactions, and protein-protein interactions. Various approaches have been utilized to study lipid-protein interactions such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR)48,49, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)50,51, protein lipid overlay (PLO) assay51,52,53,54, native mass spectrometry55, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)56,57, and liposome sedimentation assay58,59. Our lab has used the simplified GUV approach to investigate the effect of lipid-protein interactions on protein functionality by incapsulating BODIPY-GTP&#947;S, which binds with the Gi&#945; subunit in the active state of the receptor. Their binding unquenches the fluorophore producing a fluorescence signal that could be detected over time45. Moreover, various studies investigated Lipid-protein interactions and the role of proteins in sensing or stabilizing membrane curvature60,61, and utilizing a feasible GUV approach could be a key advantage.
This protocol demonstrates a straightforward method to incorporate GPCRs into the membrane of GUVs using a modified agarose hydrogel system17,42. Furthermore, based on our previous work, our method could be suitable for IMPs that can bear short-term exposure to 30-40 &#176;C. Briefly, we spread a thin film of agarose combined with membrane fragments containing the GPCR of interest. Following gelation of this layer, we deposit a lipid solution atop the agarose and allow the solvent to evaporate. Rehydration of the system was then performed with an aqueous buffer, resulting in the formation of GUVs with protein incorporated in the lipid bilayer.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL</td>
			<td>850375C-25mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;TI-Eclipse inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon, Melville, NY</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL</td>
			<td>850355C-25mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>13/16&#8243; ID, 1&#8243; OD silicon O-rings</td>
			<td>Sterling Seal &#38; Supply, Neptune, IN</td>
			<td>5-003-8770</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16-bit Cascade II 512 electron-multiplied charge coupled device camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics, Huntington Beach, CA</td>
			<td>&#160;Cascade II 512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL</td>
			<td>850457C-25mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mW solid-state lasers at 488 nm and emission filter centered at 525 nm, and 561 nm with emission filter centered at 595 nm</td>
			<td>Coherent, Santa Clara, CA</td>
			<td>488/561-50-LS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-HT1AR membrane fragments</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>RBHS1AM400UA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATTO-488-1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE)</td>
			<td>ATTO-TEC, Siegen, Germany</td>
			<td>AD 488-155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench top plasma cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma, Ithaca, NY</td>
			<td>PDC-32G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroform (CHCl3)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA</td>
			<td>CX1055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol (Chol)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>C8667-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning 96-well Flat Clear Bottom</td>
			<td>Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td>3904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elmasonic E-Series E15H Ultrasonic</td>
			<td>Elma, Singen, Germany</td>
			<td>[no longer sold on main website]</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>G7528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol (MeOH)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA</td>
			<td>MX0485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop ND-1000</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>ND-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NHS-Rhodamine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>46406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (10x PBS)</td>
			<td>Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td>21-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spinning-disc CSUX confocal head</td>
			<td>Yokogawa,Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>CSU-X1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>standard 25 mm no. 1 glass coverslips</td>
			<td>ChemGlass, Vineland, NJ</td>
			<td>CLS-1760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>S7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sykes-Moore chambers</td>
			<td>Bellco, Vineland, NJ</td>
			<td>1943-11111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-low melting temperature agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>A5030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR Analog Heatblock</td>
			<td>VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>[no longer sold on main website]</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR Tube Rotator</td>
			<td>VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>10136-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeba Spin Desalting Columns, 7K MWCO, 0.5 mL</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>89882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction of model lipid membranes incorporating g-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs)

Robust in vitro investigations of the structure and function of integral membrane proteins has been a challenge due to the complexities of the plasma membrane and the numerous factors that influence protein behavior in live cells. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are a biomimetic and highly tunable in vitro model system for investigating protein-membrane interactions and probing protein behavior in a precise, stimulus-dependent manner. In this protocol, we present an inexpensive and effective method for fabricating GUVs with the human serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) stably integrated in the membrane. We fabricate GUVs using a modified hydrogel swelling method; by depositing a lipid film on top of a mixture of agarose and 5-HT1AR and then hydrating the entire system, vesicles can be formed with properly oriented and functional 5-HT1AR incorporated into the membrane. These GUVs can then be used to examine protein-membrane interactions and localization behavior via microscopy. Ultimately, this protocol can advance our understanding of the functionality of integral membrane proteins, providing profound physiological insight.

The concentration of protein was measured, and the degree of labeling was calculated as the molar ratio between the dye and the protein to be 1:1. By examining the GUVs using confocal microscopy, we were able to confirm successful formation and protein integration of the vesicles. The lipids were labeled with 0.4 mol% ATTO 488-DPPE, and the protein was covalently labeled via rhodamine NHS-ester modification of primary amines. Figure 2a and Figure 2b show a prote...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors GPCRs at JoVE.com

Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors GPCRs

This protocol utilizes agarose swelling as a powerful and generalizable technique for incorporating integral membrane proteins (IMPs) into giant unilamellar lipid vesicles (GUVs), as described here for the reconstitution of the human 1A serotonin receptor protein (5-HT1AR), one of the classes of pharmacologically important G protein-coupled receptors.

Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Robust in vitro investigations of the structure and function of integral membrane proteins has been a challenge due to the complexities of the plasma ...

Studying integral membrane proteins in their native environment has been a challenge due to the complexity of the plasma membrane.Giant unilamellar lipid vesicles, or GUVs, are one of the most prominent platforms to study biomembrane properties and they can be engineered to mimic various physiological conditions.This protocol describes a method to fabricate protein incorporated GUVs based on spontaneous incorporation, subsequent to hydrogel swelling.Traditional methods to fabricate GUVs are not generalizable for integral membrane protein incorporation.These methods are often low yield, methodologically complex and ad hoc, not applicable to broad classes of proteins.On the other hand, this protocol represents a flexible, robust and simple method to incorporate functional integral membrane proteins in GUVs.We accomplished this by preparing a hydrogel scaffold, containing the protein, and depositing a thin layer of lipid on top of it.In the example presented here, we incorporated G protein-coupled receptor, or GPCR, in the GUVs.Upon rehydration of the entire system, GUVs bud off of the surface of the hydrogel with the membrane containing properly oriented GPCRs.Allow all reagents to come to room temperature.During this time, clean the cover slips by placing them in methanol and sonicating for 30 minutes at 40

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Unit 1

Membrane Structure and Components

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Helical Organization of Blood Coagulation Factor VIII on Lipid Nanotubes

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)1 is a powerful approach to investigate the functional structure of proteins and complexes in a hydrated state and membrane environment2.
Coagulation Factor VIII (FVIII)3 is a multi-domain blood plasma glycoprotein. Defect or deficiency of FVIII is the cause for Hemophilia type A&#160;-&#160;a severe bleeding disorder. Upon proteolytic activation, FVIII binds to the serine protease Factor IXa on the negatively charged platelet membrane, which is critical for normal blood clotting4. Despite the pivotal role FVIII plays in coagulation, structural information for its membrane-bound state is incomplete5. Recombinant FVIII concentrate is the most effective drug against Hemophilia type A and commercially available FVIII can be expressed as human or porcine, both forming functional complexes with human Factor IXa6,7.
In this study we present a combination of Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), lipid nanotechnology and structure analysis applied to resolve the membrane-bound structure of two highly homologous FVIII forms: human and porcine. The methodology developed in our laboratory to helically organize the two functional recombinant FVIII forms on negatively charged lipid nanotubes (LNT) is described.&#160;The representative results demonstrate that our approach is sufficiently sensitive to define the differences in the helical organization between the two highly homologous in sequence (86% sequence identity) proteins. Detailed protocols for the helical organization, Cryo-EM and electron tomography (ET) data acquisition are given. The two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structure analysis applied to obtain the 3D reconstructions of human and porcine FVIII-LNT is discussed. The presented human and porcine FVIII-LNT structures show the potential of the proposed methodology to calculate the functional, membrane-bound organization of blood coagulation Factor VIII at high resolution.

We present a combination of Cryo-electron microscopy, lipid nanotechnology, and structure analysis applied to resolve the membrane-bound structure of two highly homologous FVIII forms: human and porcine. The methodology developed in our laboratory&#160;to helically organize the two functional recombinant FVIII forms on negatively charged lipid nanotubes (LNT) is described.

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)1 is a powerful approach to investigate the functional structure of proteins and complexes in a hydrated state and ...

Use of Label-free Optical Biosensors to Detect Modulation of Potassium Channels by G-protein Coupled Receptors

Ion channels control the electrical properties of neurons and other excitable cell types by selectively allowing ions to flow through the plasma membrane1. To regulate neuronal excitability, the biophysical properties of ion channels are modified by signaling proteins and molecules, which often bind to the channels themselves to form a heteromeric channel complex2,3. Traditional assays examining the interaction between channels and regulatory proteins require exogenous labels that can potentially alter the protein&#39;s behavior and decrease the physiological relevance of the target, while providing little information on the time course of interactions in living cells. Optical biosensors, such as the X-BODY Biosciences BIND Scanner system, use a novel label-free technology, resonance wavelength grating (RWG) optical biosensors, to detect changes in resonant reflected light near the biosensor. This assay allows the detection of the relative change in mass within the bottom portion of living cells adherent to the biosensor surface resulting from ligand induced changes in cell adhesion and spreading, toxicity, proliferation, and changes in protein-protein interactions near the plasma membrane. RWG optical biosensors have been used to detect changes in mass near the plasma membrane of cells following activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases, and other cell surface receptors. Ligand-induced changes in ion channel-protein interactions can also be studied using this assay. In this paper, we will describe the experimental procedure used to detect the modulation of Slack-B sodium-activated potassium (KNa) channels by GPCRs.

Optical biosensor techniques can detect changes in mass near the plasma membrane in living cells and allow one to follow cellular responses in both individual cells and populations of cells. This protocol will describe detection of the modulation of potassium channels by G-protein coupled receptors in intact cells using this approach.

Ion channels control the electrical properties of neurons and other excitable cell types by selectively allowing ions to flow through the plasma ...

Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting

Bottom-up synthetic biology presents a novel approach for investigating and reconstituting biochemical systems and, potentially, minimal organisms. This emerging field engages engineers, chemists, biologists, and physicists to design and assemble basic biological components into complex, functioning systems from the bottom up. Such bottom-up systems could lead to the development of artificial cells for fundamental biological inquiries and innovative therapies1,2. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) can serve as a model platform for synthetic biology due to their cell-like membrane structure and size. Microfluidic jetting, or microjetting, is a technique that allows for the generation of GUVs with controlled size, membrane composition, transmembrane protein incorporation, and encapsulation3. The basic principle of this method is the use of multiple, high-frequency fluid pulses generated by a piezo-actuated inkjet device to deform a suspended lipid bilayer into a GUV. The process is akin to blowing soap bubbles from a soap film. By varying the composition of the jetted solution, the composition of the encompassing solution, and/or the components included in the bilayer, researchers can apply this technique to create customized vesicles. This paper describes the procedure to generate simple vesicles from a droplet interface bilayer by microjetting.

Microfluidic jetting against a droplet interface lipid bilayer provides a reliable way to generate vesicles with control over membrane asymmetry, incorporation of transmembrane proteins, and encapsulation of material. This technique can be applied to study a variety of biological systems where compartmentalized biomolecules are desired.

Bottom-up synthetic biology presents a novel approach for investigating and reconstituting biochemical systems and, potentially, minimal organisms. This ...

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To emulate the dynamic environment of vocal folds, a novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of producing vibratory stimulations at fundamental phonation frequencies is constructed and characterized. The device is composed of a function generator, a power amplifier, a speaker selector and parallel vibration chambers. Individual vibration chambers are created by sandwiching a custom-made silicone membrane between a pair of acrylic blocks. The silicone membrane not only serves as the bottom of the chamber but also provides a mechanism for securing the cell-laden scaffold. Vibration signals, generated by a speaker mounted underneath the bottom acrylic block, are transmitted to the membrane aerodynamically by the oscillating air. Eight identical vibration modules, fixed on two stationary metal bars, are housed in an anti-humidity chamber for long-term operation in a cell culture incubator. The vibration characteristics of the vocal fold bioreactor are analyzed non-destructively using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The utility of the dynamic culture device is demonstrated by culturing cellular constructs in the presence of 200-Hz sinusoidal vibrations with a mid-membrane displacement of 40 &#181;m. Mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the bioreactor respond to the vibratory signals by altering the synthesis and degradation of vocal fold-relevant, extracellular matrix components. The novel bioreactor system presented herein offers an excellent in vitro platform for studying vibration-induced mechanotransduction and for the engineering of functional vocal fold tissues.

A novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of delivering physiologically relevant, vibratory stimulation to cultured cells is constructed and characterized. This dynamic culture device, when combined with a fibrous poly(&#949;-caprolactone) scaffold, creates a vocal fold-mimetic environment that modulates the behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells.

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To ...

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is presented. The polymerization from the membrane surface is induced by plasma treatment of the membrane, followed by reacting the membrane surface with a methanolic solution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Special attention is given to the process parameters for the plasma treatment prior to the polymerization on the surface. For example, the influence of the plasma-treatment on different types of membranes (e.g.&#160;polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride) is studied. Furthermore, the time-dependent stability of the surface-grafted membranes is shown by contact angle measurements. When grafting poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) in this way, the surface can be further modified by esterification of the alcohol moiety of the polymer with a carboxylic acid function of the desired substance. These reactions can therefore be used for the functionalization of the membrane surface. For example, the surface tension of the membrane can be changed or a desired functionality as the presented light-responsiveness can be inserted. This is demonstrated by reacting PHEMA with a carboxylic acid functionalized spirobenzopyran unit which leads to a light-responsive membrane. The choice of solvent plays a major role in the postmodification step and is discussed in more detail in this paper. The permeability measurements of such functionalized membranes are performed using a Franz cell with an external light source. By changing the wavelength of the light from the visible to the UV-range, a change of permeability of aqueous caffeine solutions is observed.

A plasma-induced polymerization procedure is described for the surface-initiated polymerization on polymer membranes. Further postmodification of the grafted polymer with photochromic substances is presented with a protocol of conducting permeability measurements of light-responsive membranes.

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is ...

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related processes while conferring biocompatibility and biofunctionality to solid substrates. The spontaneous adsorption and rupture of phospholipid vesicles is the most commonly used method to form SLBs. However, under physiological conditions, vesicle fusion (VF) is limited to only a subset of lipid compositions and solid supports. Here, we describe a one-step general procedure called the solvent-assisted lipid bilayer (SALB) formation method in order to form SLBs which does not require vesicles. The SALB method involves the deposition of lipid molecules onto a solid surface in the presence of water-miscible organic solvents (e.g., isopropanol) and subsequent solvent-exchange with aqueous buffer solution in order to trigger SLB formation. The continuous solvent exchange step enables application of the method in a flow-through configuration suitable for monitoring bilayer formation and subsequent alterations using a wide range of surface-sensitive biosensors. The SALB method can be used to fabricate SLBs on a wide range of hydrophilic solid surfaces, including those which are intractable to vesicle fusion. In addition, it enables fabrication of SLBs composed of lipid compositions which cannot be prepared using the vesicle fusion method. Herein, we compare results obtained with the SALB and conventional vesicle fusion methods on two illustrative hydrophilic surfaces, silicon dioxide and gold. To optimize the experimental conditions for preparation of high quality bilayers prepared via the SALB method, the effect of various parameters, including the type of organic solvent in the deposition step, the rate of solvent exchange, and the lipid concentration is discussed along with troubleshooting tips. Formation of supported membranes containing high fractions of cholesterol is also demonstrated with the SALB method, highlighting the technical capabilities of the SALB technique for a wide range of membrane configurations.

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer SALB Method

We present an experimental protocol to form a supported lipid bilayer on solid substrates without using lipid vesicles. We demonstrate a one-step method to form a lipid bilayer on silicon dioxide and gold as well as supported membranes with cholesterol-enriched domain for various biological applications.

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related ...

Construction of Modular Hydrogel Sheets for Micropatterned Macro-scaled 3D Cellular Architecture

Hydrogels can be patterned at the micro-scale using microfluidic or micropatterning technologies to provide an in vivo-like three-dimensional (3D) tissue geometry. The resulting 3D hydrogel-based cellular constructs have been introduced as an alternative to animal experiments for advanced biological studies, pharmacological assays and organ transplant applications. Although hydrogel-based particles and fibers can be easily fabricated, it is difficult to manipulate them for tissue reconstruction. In this video, we describe a fabrication method for micropatterned alginate hydrogel sheets, together with their assembly to form a macro-scale 3D cell culture system with a controlled cellular microenvironment. Using a mist form of the calcium gelling agent, thin hydrogel sheets are easily generated with a thickness in the range of 100 - 200 &#181;m, and with precise micropatterns. Cells can then be cultured with the geometric guidance of the hydrogel sheets in freestanding conditions. Furthermore, the hydrogel sheets can be readily manipulated using a micropipette with an end-cut tip, and can be assembled into multi-layered structures by stacking them using a patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) frame. These modular hydrogel sheets, which can be fabricated using a facile process, have potential applications of in vitro drug assays and biological studies, including functional studies of micro- and macrostructure and tissue reconstruction.

We describe the fabrication of micropatterned hydrogel sheets using a simple process, which can be assembled and manipulated in a freestanding form. Using these modular hydrogel sheets, a simple macro-scaled 3D cell culture system can be generated with a controlled cellular microenvironment.

Hydrogels can be patterned at the micro-scale using microfluidic or micropatterning technologies to provide an in vivo-like three-dimensional (3D) tissue ...

Magnetic Levitation Coupled with Portable Imaging and Analysis for Disease Diagnostics

Currently, many clinical diagnostic procedures are complex, costly, inefficient, and inaccessible to a large population in the world. The requirements for specialized equipment and trained personnel require that many diagnostic tests be performed at remote, centralized clinical laboratories. Magnetic levitation is a simple yet powerful technique and can be applied to levitate cells, which are suspended in a paramagnetic solution and placed in a magnetic field, at a position determined by equilibrium between a magnetic force and a buoyancy force. Here, we present a versatile platform technology designed for point-of-care diagnostics which uses magnetic levitation coupled to microscopic imaging and automated analysis to determine the density distribution of a patient's cells as a useful diagnostic indicator. We present two platforms operating on this principle: (i) a smartphone-compatible version of the technology, where the built-in smartphone camera is used to image cells in the magnetic field and a smartphone application processes the images and to measures the density distribution of the cells and (ii) a self-contained version where a camera board is used to capture images and an embedded processing unit with attached thin-film-transistor (TFT) screen measures and displays the results. Demonstrated applications include: (i) measuring the altered distribution of a cell population with a disease phenotype compared to a healthy phenotype, which is applied to sickle cell disease diagnosis, and (ii) separation of different cell types based on their characteristic densities, which is applied to separate white blood cells from red blood cells for white blood cell cytometry. These applications, as well as future extensions of the essential density-based measurements enabled by this portable, user-friendly platform technology, will significantly enhance disease diagnostic capabilities at the point of care.

We present a magnetic levitation technique coupled with automated imaging and analysis in both a smartphone-compatible device and a device with embedded imaging and processing. This is applied to measure the density distribution of cells with two demonstrated biomedical applications: sickle cell disease diagnosis and separating white and red blood cells.

Currently, many clinical diagnostic procedures are complex, costly, inefficient, and inaccessible to a large population in the world. The requirements for ...

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and thus achieving stable water permeability through membranes over time. Here, we report a facile method to prepare hydrogels based on zwitterions for membrane applications. Freestanding films can be prepared from sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) with a crosslinker of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) via photopolymerization. The hydrogels can also be prepared by impregnation into hydrophobic porous supports to enhance the mechanical strength. These films can be characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to determine the degree of conversion of the (meth)acrylate groups, using goniometers for hydrophilicity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for polymer chain dynamics. We also report protocols to determine the water permeability in dead-end filtration systems and the effect of foulants (bovine serum albumin, BSA) on membrane performance.

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic performance of microalgae-based biofuel production. Models that estimate microalgal growth under different conditions can help to optimize PBR design and operation. To be effective, the growth parameters used in these models must be accurately determined. Algal growth experiments are often constrained by the dynamic nature of the culture environment, and control systems are needed to accurately determine the kinetic parameters. The first step in setting up a controlled batch experiment is live data acquisition and monitoring. This protocol outlines a process for the assembly and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used to conduct microalgal growth experiments. This protocol describes how to size and assemble a flat-plate, bench-scale PBR from acrylic. It also details how to configure a PBR with continuous pH, light, and temperature monitoring using a data acquisition and control unit, analog sensors, and open-source data acquisition software.

This paper describes the assembly process and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used, in conjunction with other methods, to estimate pertinent kinetic growth parameters. This system continuously monitors the pH, light, and temperature using sensors, a data acquisition and control unit, and open-source data acquisition software.

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic ...