NIH Imunologia Training Grant T32 AI 60573 (KRG) e NIH conceder GM 41514 (MDC)

Antes do início do experimento: <ul><li> Obter a aprovação IACUC </li><li> Esterilizar instrumentos cirúrgicos e Q-dicas </li></ul> I. tecido do doador Colheita <ol><li> Euthanize camundongo doador (de acordo com SOP instituição) </li><li> Trás os cabelos molhados da base da orelha com álcool </li><li> Colheita da pele de doadores cortando orelha fora na base </li><li> Tecido lugar na placa sobre o gelo </li><li> Ouvido Split: pinch lados ventral e dorsal do tecido na base da orelha com dente-de-rato fórceps; puxe suavemente o tecido, tecido de flutuação dorsal, superfície interna para baixo, na PBS sobre o gelo; descartar flap ventral colágenas </li></ol> II. Prepare Recipiente para Transplante <ol><li> Rato anestesiar usando procedimento aprovado </li><li> Administrar analgésico para pós-operatório o alívio da dor (ou seja, 0,05-0,1 mg / g ip Bupernex) </li><li> Rato lugar na posição lateral </li><li> Executar pitada dedo para garantir animal é suficientemente sedado </li><li> Cabelos molhados com álcool e shave tórax </li><li> Limpe área limpa com algodão embebido em álcool </li></ol> III. Transplante de pele <ol><li> ~ Fazer incisão de 1 cm: pele tenda com ratos dente-forceps e cortar ~ 0,25-0,5 cm abaixo forceps </li><li> Remover a pele de doadores de PBS, coloque em cima de cama de enxerto (com a superfície interna da pele da orelha enfrentando leito do enxerto) e remova o excesso com PBS estéril Q-Tip </li><li> Cuidadosamente aparar a pele do doador, para que o excesso de transplante está terminantemente dentro leito do enxerto (certificando-se que as bordas do enxerto não são enroladas por baixo e que o enxerto não ressaca na pele destinatário tronco) </li><li> Enrole destinatário no curativo estéril (com o segmento de gaze não-adesivo colocado sobre o enxerto de pele) </li><li> Garantir que bandagem não está muito apertado (avaliar a respiração animal) e que as armas são livremente móveis </li><li> Bandage seguro com um único fio de seda 2-0 </li><li> Coloque o animal em gaiola limpa (com lâmpada de aquecimento até animal tem suficientemente recuperado da anestesia) </li><li> Monitorar destinatário 1-2/day para sinais de sofrimento e administrar analgésicos, conforme necessário para o alívio da dor </li></ol> IV. Remoção de bandagem (6-7 dias após o transplante) <ol><li> Rato anestesiar usando procedimento aprovado </li><li> Corte e retire fio de seda </li><li> Com uma tesoura sem corte final, corte cuidadosamente através de bandagem (tomando cuidado para não perturbar enxerto) e remova cuidadosamente </li><li> Retorno do mouse para gaiola limpa </li><li> Verifique enxerto ~ 8 horas após a remoção do curativo de sinais de scabbing ou contração. Se presente, enxerto pode ter falhado a irrigar e deve ser considerada uma falha técnica. </li><li> Monitorar diariamente para sinais de rejeição (normalmente definido como ~ 80% de necrose do tecido do doador) </li><li> Transplantes alogênicos de pele geralmente rejeitam entre d8-12 pós-operatório </li></ol> Dicas úteis V. <ol><li> A colheita de tecidos de doadores perto da base da orelha vai: 1) maximizar o tamanho do enxerto, e 2) fornecer uma saliência ventral desigual que irá facilitar a divisão </li><li> Sempre use uma lâmina nova para barbear destinatário </li><li> Se analgésico deve ser dado ip, administrar antes do transplante procedimento para minimizar pós-operatório de manipulação (minimizar chance de interromper o enxerto) </li><li> Se possível, retire as luvas antes de aplicar o curativo. Luvas tendem a se ater a atadura e complicar a aplicação </li><li> Colocação de uma sutura única no final bandage irá minimizar a remoção prematura </li><li> Bandagem wrap tão apertado como permitido e avaliar a respiração ANTES de colocar sutura. Se bandage é muito apertado, animal vai parar de respirar. Se bandage é muito solta, animal irá removê-lo. </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Como demonstrado neste vídeo-artigo, o modelo de transplante de pele é um método rápido e fácil para monitorar respostas de células T alogênicas. Transplante alogênico de pele tem uma vasta gama de aplicações e tem sido utilizada para ensaio da eficiência de uma variedade de agentes imunossupressores e protocolos de indução de tolerância, bem como para investigar os efeitos biológicos de vários anticorpos de bloqueio.

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<td>Micro-dissecting forceps (curved)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F4142</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rat-tooth forceps (1x2 teeth, straight)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11053-10</td>
<td>n=2</td>
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<td>Strabismus scissors (blunt end)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14074-11</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Iris forceps (curved)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11065-07</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Spring scissors (angled)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>15006-09</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Halsey micro needle holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>12500-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>10 cm plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning</td>
<td>430167</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cellgro</td>
<td>21-040-CV</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Bupernex (Buprenorphine hydrochloride)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Reckitt Bencikiser Healthcare</td>
<td>517201</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Insulin syringes (29 Ga)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Monoject</td>
<td>8881 600145</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Solon</td>
<td>362</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Single edge razor blades (#9)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>67-0238</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Silk suture (2-0; PS-2)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ethicon</td>
<td>583H</td>
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murine skin transplantation

Como um dos modelos mais rigorosos e menos tecnicamente desafiador, transplante cutâneo é um método padrão para ensaio de anfitrião respostas das células T aos antígenos MHC-díspares doador. O objetivo deste vídeo-artigo é proporcionar ao espectador com uma demonstração passo a passo-visual do transplante de pele usando o modelo de mouse. O protocolo é dividido em cinco componentes principais: 1) a colheita da pele do doador; 2) preparar receptor para transplante; 3) transplante de pele; 4) remoção de curativo e rejeição do enxerto de monitoramento; 5) dicas úteis. Uma vez proficiente, o procedimento em si deve ter &lt;10 minutos para executar.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Skin Transplantation at JoVE.com

Murine Skin Transplantation

Transplante alogênico de pele é um modelo padrão para ensaio de anfitrião respostas das células T aos antígenos MHC-díspares doador. Este vídeo-artigo fornece um tutorial visual de cada etapa envolvida na realização de um transplante de BALB/c--&gt; C57BL / 6 da pele.

Transplante de pele murinos

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

22.3K visualizações.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). Transplante alogênico de pele é um modelo padrão para ensaio de anfitrião respostas das células T aos antígenos MHC-díspares doador. Este vídeo-artigo fornece um tutorial visual de cada etapa envolvida na realização de um transplante de BALB/c--> C57BL / 6 da pele.

Vídeo: Murine Skin Transplantation

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

Transplante cardíaco heterotópico em ratos

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Biologia

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Transplante de intestino delgado em ratos

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murino Procedimento de Transplante Renal

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer immunotherapy 1-3. Compared to Dendritic cells (DCs), the best characterized APC, CD40-B cells have several distinct biological and technical properties. Similar to DCs, B cells show an increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules (Fig.1b), exhibit a strong migratory capacity and present antigen presentation efficiently to T cells, after stimulation with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, in contrast to immature or mature DCs, CD40-B cells express the full lymph node homing triad consisting of CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4, and leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18), necessary for homing to secondary lymphoid organs (Fig.1a) 3. CD40-B cells can be generated without difficulties from very small amounts of peripheral blood which can be further expanded in vitro to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients (Fig.1c,d) 1,4. 
In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated CD40-B cells from human PBMC. Key molecules for the cell culture are CD40 ligand, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and cyclosporin A (CsA), which are replenished in a 3-4 day culture cycle. For laboratory purposes CD40-stimulation is provided by NIH/3T3 cells expressing recombinant human CD40 ligand (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5. To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the human CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be checked regularly (Fig.2). 
After 14 days CD40-B cell cultures consist of more than 95% pure B cells and an expansion of CD40-B cells over 65 days is frequently possible without any loss of function 1, 4. CD40-B cells efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells 6. They do not only prime na&#970;ve, but also expand memory T cells 7,8. CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation, differentiation and function. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors 9.

In this video we present the ex vivo generation and expansion of human CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by stimulation with CD40 ligand and interleukin-4.

Geração de humanos CD40-activated células B

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an organism that contains cells from more than one animal; mosaics are one type of chimera in which cells from more than one genotype are mixed, usually wild-type and mutant. In the zebrafish, chimeras can be readily made by transplantation of cells from a donor embryo into a host embryo at the appropriate embryonic stage. Labeled donor cells are generated by injection of a lineage marker, such as a fluorescent dye, into the one-cell stage embryo. Labeled donor cells are removed from donor embryos and introduced into unlabeled host embryos using an oil-controlled glass pipette mounted on either a compound or dissecting microscope. Donor cells can in some cases be targeted to a specific region or tissue of the developing blastula or gastrula stage host embryo by choosing a transplantation site in the host embryo based on well-established fate maps.

A step-by-step guide to generating targeted chimeric zebrafish embryos by transplantation at the blastula or gastrula stage.

A criação de embriões quiméricos Zebrafish por Transplante

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an ...

Planarian Immobilization, Partial Irradiation, and Tissue Transplantation

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian regeneration of any missing or damaged tissues is made possible by adult stem cells termed neoblasts3. Although these stem cells have been definitively shown to be pluripotent and singularly capable of reconstituting an entire animal4, the heterogeneity within the stem cell population and the dynamics of their cellular behaviors remain largely unresolved. Due to the large number and wide distribution of stem cells throughout the planarian body plan, advanced methods for manipulating subpopulations of stem cells for molecular and functional study in vivo are needed.
Tissue transplantation and partial irradiation are two methods by which a subpopulation of planarian stem cells can be isolated for further study. Each technique has distinct advantages. Tissue transplantation allows for the introduction of stem cells, into a na&iuml;ve host, that are either inherently genetically distinct or have been previously treated pharmacologically. Alternatively, partial irradiation allows for the isolation of stem cells within a host, juxtaposed to tissue devoid of stem cells, without the introduction of a wound or any breech in tissue integrity. Using these two methods, one can investigate the cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors that control stem cell functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Both tissue transplantation5,6 and partial irradiation7 have been used historically in defining many of the questions about planarian regeneration that remain under study today. However, these techniques have remained underused due to the laborious and inconsistent nature of previous methods. The protocols presented here represent a large step forward in decreasing the time and effort necessary to reproducibly generate large numbers of grafted or partially irradiated animals with efficacies approaching 100 percent. We cover the culture of large animals, immobilization, preparation for partial irradiation, tissue transplantation, and the optimization of animal recovery. Furthermore, the work described here demonstrates the first application of the partial irradiation method for use with the most widely studied planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea. Additionally, efficient tissue grafting in planaria opens the door for the functional testing of subpopulations of na&iuml;ve or treated stem cells in repopulation assays, which has long been the gold-standard method of assaying adult stem cell potential in mammals8. Broad adoption of these techniques will no doubt lead to a better understanding of the cellular behaviors of adult stem cells during tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

An effective method for grafting tissue of defined and consistent size between planaria is described. Also included is a description of how the immobilization technique used for transplantation can be adapted, in conjunction with lead shields, for the partial irradiation of live animals.

Imobilização planária, irradiação parcial e Transplante de Tecidos

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian ...

Studying Proteolysis of Cyclin B at the Single Cell Level in Whole Cell Populations

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies during chromosome separation are a hallmark of malignancy and associated with progressive disease 2-4. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mitotic surveillance mechanism that holds back cells at metaphase until every single chromosome has established a stable bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle1. The SAC exerts its function by interference with the activating APC/C subunit Cdc20 to block proteolysis of securin and cyclin B and thus chromosome separation and mitotic exit. Improper attachment of chromosomes prevents silencing of SAC signaling and causes continued inhibition of APC/CCdc20 until the problem is solved to avoid chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy and malignant growths1.
Most studies that addressed the influence of improper chromosomal attachment on APC/C-dependent proteolysis took advantage of spindle disruption using depolymerizing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs to interfere with chromosomal attachment to microtubules. Since interference with microtubule kinetics can affect the transport and localization of critical regulators, these procedures bear a risk of inducing artificial effects 5.
To study how the SAC interferes with APC/C-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B during mitosis in unperturbed cell populations, we established a histone H2-GFP-based system which allowed the simultaneous monitoring of metaphase alignment of mitotic chromosomes and proteolysis of cyclin B 6.
To depict proteolytic profiles, we generated a chimeric cyclin B reporter molecule with a C-terminal SNAP moiety 6 (Figure 1). In a self-labeling reaction, the SNAP-moiety is able to form covalent bonds with alkylguanine-carriers (SNAP substrate) 7,8 (Figure 1). SNAP substrate molecules are readily available and carry a broad spectrum of different fluorochromes. Chimeric cyclin B-SNAP molecules become labeled upon addition of the membrane-permeable SNAP substrate to the growth medium 7 (Figure 1). Following the labeling reaction, the cyclin B-SNAP fluorescence intensity drops in a pulse-chase reaction-like manner and fluorescence intensities reflect levels of cyclin B degradation 6 (Figure 1). Our system facilitates the monitoring of mitotic APC/C-dependent proteolysis in large numbers of cells (or several cell populations) in parallel. Thereby, the system may be a valuable tool to identify agents/small molecules that are able to interfere with proteolytic activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Moreover, as synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis has recently been suggested as an important mechanism in fostering a mitotic block in mice and humans by keeping cyclin B expression levels stable 9,10, this system enabled us to analyze cyclin B proteolysis as one element of a balanced equilibrium 6.

Metaphase to anaphase transition is triggered through anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of cyclin B. Here, we established a system which, following pulse-chase labeling, allows monitoring cyclin B proteolysis in entire cell populations and facilitates the detection of interference by the mitotic checkpoint.

Estudar proteólise de ciclina B no nível da célula individual em populações de células inteiras

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies ...

Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal nuclei in muscle fibers. In adult muscle, satellite cells are normally mitotically quiescent. Following injury, however, satellite cells initiate cellular proliferation to produce myoblasts, their progenies, to mediate the regeneration of muscle. Transplantation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts has been widely studied as a possible therapy for several regenerative diseases including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and urological dysfunction. Myoblast transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle, infarcted heart, and dysfunctioning urinary ducts has shown that engrafted myoblasts can differentiate into muscle fibers in the host tissues and display partial functional improvement in these diseases. Therefore, the development of efficient purification methods of quiescent satellite cells from skeletal muscle, as well as the establishment of satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures and transplantation methods for myoblasts, are essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind satellite cell self-renewal, activation, and differentiation. Additionally, the development of cell-based therapies for muscular dystrophy and other regenerative diseases are also dependent upon these factors.

However, current prospective purification methods of quiescent satellite cells require the use of expensive fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines. Here, we present a new method for the rapid, economical, and reliable purification of quiescent satellite cells from adult mouse skeletal muscle by enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Following isolation of pure quiescent satellite cells, these cells can be cultured to obtain large numbers of myoblasts after several passages. These freshly isolated quiescent satellite cells or ex vivo expanded myoblasts can be transplanted into cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced regenerating mouse skeletal muscle to examine the contribution of donor-derived cells to regenerating muscle fibers, as well as to satellite cell compartments for the examination of self-renewal activities.

The isolation and culture of a pure population of quiescent satellite cells, a muscle stem cell population, is essential to the understanding of muscle stem cell biology and regeneration, as well as stem cell transplantation for therapies in muscular dystrophy and other degenerative diseases.&#160;

Isolamento, cultura e transplante de células musculares satélite

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal ...

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus Cells

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has an overall survival rate of less than 17% and incidence of EAC has risen dramatically over the past two decades. One of the primary risk factors of EAC is Barrett&#8217;s esophagus (BE), a metaplastic change of the normal squamous esophagus in response to chronic heartburn. Despite the well-established connection between EAC and BE, interrogation of the molecular events, particularly altered signaling pathways involving progression of BE to EAC, are poorly understood. Much of this is due to the lack of suitable in vitro models available to study these diseases. Recently, immortalized BE cell lines have become commercially available allowing for in vitro studies of BE. Here, we present a method for immunofluorescent staining of immortalized BE cell lines, allowing in vitro characterization of cell signaling and structure after exposure to therapeutic compounds. Application of these techniques will help develop insight into the mechanisms involved in BE to EAC progression and provide potential avenues for treatment and prevention of EAC.

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&amp;#8217;s Esophagus Cells

There is a discernible need for improved information on molecular drivers of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus. Immunofluorescent staining is a useful technique for understanding the effects of cell signaling on cell morphology. We present a simple, effective protocol for the use of immunofluorescent staining to assess therapeutic treatment in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus cells.

O método de imunofluorescência para Caracterização de Células Esôfago de Barrett

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has an overall survival rate of less than 17% and incidence of EAC has risen dramatically over the past two decades. One ...

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound responses and repair in this model have illuminated our understanding of the cytoskeletal and genomic responses to tissue damage. The two most commonly used methods to wound the C. elegans adult skin are pricks with microinjection needles, and local laser irradiation. Needle wounding locally disrupts the cuticle, epidermis, and associated extracellular matrix, and may also damage internal tissues. Laser irradiation results in more localized damage. Wounding triggers a succession of readily assayed responses including elevated epidermal Ca2+ (seconds-minutes), formation and closure of an actin-containing ring at the wound site (1-2 hr), elevated transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes (2-24 hr), and scar formation. Essentially all wild type adult animals survive wounding, whereas mutants defective in wound repair or other responses show decreased survival. Detailed protocols for needle and laser wounding, and assays for quantitation and visualization of wound responses and repair processes (Ca dynamics, actin dynamics, antimicrobial peptide induction, and survival) are presented.

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The adult C. elegans skin is a tractable model for studies of epithelial wound responses, including wound closure, scar formation, and innate immunity.

Métodos para a pele ferimento e Ensaios para Responses ferida no<em&gt; C. elegans</em

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound ...