The authors would like to thank David Gray from the Dundee Drug discovery unit for kindly donating firefly luciferase inhibitory compounds DDD00001434, DDD0001477, DDD00000635 and DDD00023047; Tibor Harkani (Medical University of Vienna) for the suggestion of oxaloacetate as a test compound; and Charlie Dear (University of Aberdeen) for illustrations. This work was funded by a BBSRC Pathfinder award (BB/FOF/PF/4/11) and the University of Aberdeen.

<ol>
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Авторы не имеют ничего раскрывать

Общая цель этой процедуры является быстрое количественное определение энергетического состояния С. Элеганс в естественных условиях с целью использования этого в качестве конечной точки в соединении скрининга. Обоснованием основан на трансгенной экспрессии гена люциферазы светлячка в нематоды C. Элеганс 1-3 с помощью плазмиды pSLGCV (1 <a href="https://www.addgene.org/49862" target="_blank">https://www.addgene.org/49862~~HEAD=pobj).</a> Люциферазы фермент, слитый с зеленым флуоресцентным белком GFP и выражается конститутивно и повсеместно в цитоплазме (The люциферазы пероксисом ориентации сигнал был удален). Это приводит к эмиссии света, когда подложка люциферин обеспечивается экзогенно. Как червь является прозрачным, свет может быть измерена с помощью люминометра в виде относительных световых единиц (RLU). Сотовые ATP топлива реакция биолюминесценции и ее доступность определяет уровень освещенности, произведенные. Следовательно, luminometry предлагает convenienт средства оценки уровней относительных АТФ и расширение функции митохондрий, так как производство АТФ происходит главным образом в митохондриях. Связь между митохондриальных функциональных уровней и биолюминесценции было продемонстрировано ранее через глушителей митохондриальных генов цепи переноса электронов и сопутствующей снижению светоотдачи. 1 Штаммы биолюминесценции, полученные были обозначены PE254 (feIs4) и PE255 (feIs5) 1 (список материалов) и может быть использован как взаимозаменяемые. 3 Ряд исследований использовали эти штаммы датчика сообщить о сотовых АТФ уровней в естественных условиях после воздействия различных ксенобиотиков химических веществ, таких, как азид натрия 1, кадмия 2, канализации Экстракт осадка 3, 5&#39;-фтор-2-дезоксиуридин 6 и табак-специфичных нитрозаминов 7. Штаммы были также полезны для мониторинга последствий воздействия ультрафиолетового излучения C <sдо&gt; 8 и эффекты нарушая функции митохондрий дыхательной цепи. 1,9 Ранняя версия датчика люминесценции, выражающей ген люциферазы без GFP слияния (PE39) также были использованы в исследовании воздействия тяжелых металлов и респираторных . разобщающий 10 Штаммы PE254 и PE255 нести люциферазы: GFP слияние и GFP флуоресценции показано, что увеличение пропорционально нематод массы, предлагая удобные средства для нормализации значений люминесценции 6,9 Последствия дифференциального количества червей на лунку может быть. учтены в том числе несколько технических повторов в анализе (минимум 5 скважин в состоянии). 3 Протокол предоставляет возможность мониторинга в естественных условиях энергетических уровней (в отличие от более технически трудоемким в пробирке определения АТФ), что позволяет соединение скрининг и изменение в физиологическом контексте целого муlticellular организм. Эта процедура может быть расширена до различных генетических фоны, пересекая хромосомно интегрированный трансген в доступных мутантных штаммов и / или по глушителей генов от РНК-интерференции; Таким образом, в полной мере воспользоваться С. Элеганс в качестве модельного организма. Метод должен помочь уменьшить поздней стадии недостаточности наркотиков кандидатов в связи с митохондриальной токсичности и внести свой вклад в сокращение высшего испытаний на животных.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Orion II Microplate Luminometer</td>
			<td>Berthold Detection Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>with injector and the Simplicity 4.2 Software; transfer data to Excel at the end of plate measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLx800 fluorimeter&#160;</td>
			<td>Biotek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>with Gen5 Software; transfer data to Excel at the end of plate measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ks 130 basic shaking platform</td>
			<td>Ika</td>
			<td>#0002980000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Innova 4349</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Refrigerated incubator shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf centrifuge 5804R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>with eppendorf rotor A-4-44&#160; (for 50/15ml tubes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stripette, Costar</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>#4489</td>
			<td>Serological pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellstar 50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>#227661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellstar 15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>#188261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellstar 60 mm tissue culture plates&#160;</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>#628160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Microscope slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>#631-0909</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile spatula</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>#3007; #3004</td>
			<td>for weighing out chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 mM Millex GP filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>#SLGP033RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axygen eppendorf tubes 1.5 ml</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>#MCT-150-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning 96 well assay plate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>#3603</td>
			<td>Black plate clear bottom with lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunc 96 well assay plate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>#236105</td>
			<td>White plate with lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reservoir reagent 60 mL</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Finnpipette</td>
			<td>#9510027</td>
			<td>used as trough for nematodes&#160; in protocol section 4.4.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Storage box/damp chamber</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>#10 800 058 001</td>
			<td>174 x101 x 56.6 mm, used as a damp chamber with wet paper towels; 2X 96-well plates with lids can fit into one, the lower sitting on top of a microplate lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach: Sodium hypochlorite solution 4-4.99% Chlorine content</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#239305</td>
			<td>Store in aliquots at 4&#176;C,&#160; seal with parafilm to prevent loss of chlorine and cover in foil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin, potassium salt</td>
			<td>Biotium Inc</td>
			<td># 10101-2</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes can also be used as supplier; prepare a 20 mM stock in ddH2O, keep at -20 &#176;C in aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td># P9416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>CalBiochem</td>
			<td>#317275</td>
			<td>Purity 99.99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X100</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>#A16046</td>
			<td>Diltute to 10% in ddH20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nystatin</td>
			<td>CalBiochem</td>
			<td>#475914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C. elegans bioluminescent strains</td>
			<td>Author&#39;s own laboratory</td>
			<td>PE254, PE255</td>
			<td>contain integrated arrays feIs4 and feIs5 [Psur-5::luc+::gfp; rol-6(su1006)] respectively on chromossome V and X; select for homogeneous and strong expression of luc::GFP by fluorescence microscopy (e.g. pick 15 worms) every now and then.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli OP50</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>General chemicals</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a screenable in vivo assay for mitochondrial modulators using transgenic bioluminescent caenorhabditis elegans

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and experimentally tractable. It is economical and easy to culture and dispense in liquid medium which makes it well suited for medium-throughput screening. We have previously validated the use of transgenic luciferase expressing C. elegans strains to provide rapid in vivo assessment of the nematode&#8217;s ATP levels.1-3 Here we present the required materials and procedure to carry out bioassays with the bioluminescent C. elegans strains PE254 or PE255 (or any of their derivative strains). The protocol allows for in vivo detection of sublethal effects of drugs that may identify mitochondrial toxicity, as well as for in vivo detection of potential beneficial drug effects. Representative results are provided for the chemicals paraquat, rotenone, oxaloacetate and for four firefly luciferase inhibitory compounds. The methodology can be scaled up to provide a platform for screening drug libraries for compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial function. Pre-clinical evaluation of drug toxicity is often carried out on immortalized cancerous human cell lines which derive ATP mostly from glycolysis and are often tolerant of mitochondrial toxicants.4,5 In contrast, C. elegans depends on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain development into adulthood, drawing a parallel with humans and providing a unique opportunity for compound evaluation in the physiological context of a whole live multicellular organism.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

A protocol is described for in vivo detection of effects of mitochondrial inhibitors in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and for identification of potential enhancing compounds. This protocol can be used to screen drug libraries for compounds modulating mitochondrial function.

Скринируемый<em&gt; В Vivo</em&gt; Анализ митохондриальных Модуляторы с использованием трансгенных БИОЛЮМИНЕСЦЕНТНЫЕ<em&gt; Caenorhabditis Элеганс</em

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

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A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

9.9K Views.  University of Aberdeen. A protocol is described for in vivo detection of effects of mitochondrial inhibitors in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and for identification of potential enhancing compounds. This protocol can be used to screen drug libraries for compounds modulating mitochondrial function. 

Video: A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

Генерация Стабильный Трансгенные Элеганс C. Использование Микроинъекция

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Mammary Tumors Using IVIS Spectrum

4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells can be implanted sub-cutaneously in nu/nu mice to form palpable tumors in 15 to 20 days. This xenograft tumor model system is valuable for the pre-clinical in vivo evaluation of putative antitumor compounds.
The 4T1 cell line has been engineered to constitutively express the firefly luciferase gene (luc2). When mice carrying 4T1-luc2 tumors are injected with Luciferin the tumors emit a visual light signal that can be monitored using a sensitive optical imaging system like the IVIS Spectrum. The photon flux from the tumor is proportional to the number of light emitting cells and the signal can be measured to monitor tumor growth and development. IVIS is calibrated to enable absolute quantitation of the bioluminescent signal and longitudinal studies can be performed over many months and over several orders of signal magnitude without compromising the quantitative result.
Tumor growth can be monitored for several days by bioluminescence before the tumor size becomes palpable or measurable by traditional physical means. This rapid monitoring can provide insight into early events in tumor development or lead to shorter experimental procedures.
Tumor cell death and necrosis due to hypoxia or drug treatment is indicated early by a reduction in the bioluminescent signal. This cell death might not be accompanied by a reduction in tumor size as measured by physical means. The ability to see early events in tumor necrosis has significant impact on the selection and development of therapeutic agents.
Quantitative imaging of tumor growth using IVIS provides precise quantitation and accelerates the experimental process to generate results.

In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Mammary Tumors Using IVIS Spectrum

Mammary tumor cells expressing luciferase are implanted subcutaneously in mice and visualized using optical imaging to monitor tumor growth and development non-invasively in a longitudinal study.

В естественных условиях Биолюминесцентный изображения опухоли молочной железы Использование ИВИС Спектра

4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells can be implanted sub-cutaneously in nu/nu mice to form palpable tumors in 15 to 20 days. This xenograft tumor model system ...

Generation of Transgenic C. elegans by Biolistic Transformation

The number of laboratories using the free living nematode C. elegans is rapidly growing. The popularity of this biological model is attributed to a rapid generation time and short life span, easy and inexpensive maintenance, fully sequenced genome, and array of RNAi resources and mutant animals. Additionally, analysis of the C. elegans genome revealed a great similarity between worms and higher vertebrates, which suggests that research in worms could be an important adjunct to studies performed in whole mice or cultured cells. A powerful and important part of worm research is the ability to use transgenic animals to study gene localization and function. Transgenic animals can be created either via microinjection of the worm germline or through the use of biolistic bombardment. Bombardment is a newer technique and is less familiar to a number of labs. Here we describe a simple protocol to generate transgenic worms by biolistic bombardment with gold particles using the Bio-Rad PDS-1000 system. Compared with DNA microinjection into hermaphrodite germline, this protocol has the advantage of not requiring special skills from the operator with regards to identifying worm anatomy or performing microinjection. Further multiple transgenic lines are usually obtained from a single bombardment. Also in contrast to microinjection, biolistic bombardment produces transgenic animals with both extrachromosomal arrays and integrated transgenes. The ability to obtain integrated transgenic lines can avoid the use of mutagenic protocols to integrate foreign DNA. In conclusion, biolistic bombardment can be an attractive method for the generation of transgenic animals, especially for investigators not interested in investing the time and effort needed to become skilled at microinjection.

Generation of Transgenic C. elegans by Biolistic Transformation

Transgenic worms are commonly used in C. elegans research. Described is a simple, yet effective, protocol to introduce transgenes into worms using biolistic bombardment with DNA-coated gold particles. The effort involved and results of bombardment compare favorably with microinjection for the generation of transgenic animals.

Поколение трансгенных С. Элеганс По Biolistic преобразования

The number of laboratories using the free living nematode C. elegans is rapidly growing. The popularity of this biological model is attributed to a rapid ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Покадровый Микроскопия раннего эмбриогенеза в Caenorhabditis Элеганс

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the environment, but also determines body shape and plays a role in motility4-6. Several layers secreted by epidermal cells comprise the cuticle, including an outermost lipid layer7.
Circumferential ridges in the cuticle called annuli pattern the length of the animal and are present during all stages of development8. Alae are longitudinal ridges that are present during specific stages of development, including L1, dauer, and adult stages2,9. Mutations in genes that affect cuticular collagen organization can alter cuticular structure and animal body morphology5,6,10,11. While cuticular imaging using compound microscopy with DIC optics is possible, current methods that highlight cuticular structures include fluorescent transgene expression12, antibody staining13, and electron microscopy1. Labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has also been used to visualize cuticular glycoproteins, but is limited in resolving finer cuticular structures14. Staining of cuticular surface using fluorescent dye has been observed, but never characterized in detail15. We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. This optimized protocol for DiI staining is a simple, robust method for high resolution fluorescent visualization of annuli, alae, vulva, male tail, and hermaphrodite tail spike in C. elegans.

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. With this optimized protocol, alae and annular cuticular structures are stained by DiI and observed using compound microscopy.

Визуализация Caenorhabditis Elegans Кутикулы структур с помощью липофильных Vital краска, DII

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the ...

A Fluorescent Screening Assay for Identifying Modulators of GIRK Channels

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and endocrine tissue1,2. GIRK channels become activated following the binding of ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, etc.) to their plasma membrane-bound, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This binding causes the stimulation of G proteins (Gi and Go) which subsequently bind to and activate the GIRK channel. Once opened the GIRK channel allows the movement of K+ out of the cell causing the resting membrane potential to become more negative. As a consequence, GIRK channel activation in neurons decreases spontaneous action potential formation and inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. In the heart, activation of the GIRK channel inhibits pacemaker activity thereby slowing the heart rate.
GIRK channels represent novel targets for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment neuropathic pain, drug addiction, cardiac arrhythmias and other disorders3. However, the pharmacology of these channels remains largely unexplored. Although a number of drugs including anti-arrhythmic agents, antipsychotic drugs and antidepressants block the GIRK channel, this inhibition is not selective and occurs at relatively high drug concentrations3.
Here, we describe a real-time screening assay for identifying new modulators of GIRK channels. In this assay, neuronal AtT20 cells, expressing GIRK channels, are loaded with membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes such as bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] or HLB 021-152 (Figure 1). The dye molecules become strongly fluorescent following uptake into the cells (Figure 1). Treatment of the cells with GPCR ligands stimulates the GIRK channels to open. The resulting K+ efflux out of the cell causes the membrane potential to become more negative and the fluorescent signal to decrease (Figure 1). Thus, drugs that modulate K+ efflux through the GIRK channel can be assayed using a fluorescent plate reader. Unlike other ion channel screening assays, such atomic absorption spectrometry4 or radiotracer analysis5, the GIRK channel fluorescent assay provides a fast, real-time and inexpensive screening procedure.

A real-time screening procedure for identifying drugs that interact with G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels is described. The assay utilizes membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes to measure GIRK channel activity. This technique is adaptable for use on a number of cell lines.

Флуоресцентные Анализ Скрининг на выявление каналов модуляторы GIRK

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Основной<em&gt; Caenorhabditis Элеганс</em&gt; Методы синхронизации и наблюдения

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, which are lipid signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)10-14. These signalling molecules are difficult to study because of their low abundance and reactive nature. The characteristic feature of prostaglandins is a cyclopentane ring structure located within the fatty acid backbone. In mammals, prostaglandins can be formed through cyclooxygenase enzyme-dependent and -independent pathways10,15. C. elegans synthesizes a wide array of prostaglandins independent of cyclooxygenases6,16,17. A large class of F-series prostaglandins has been identified, but the study of eicosanoids is at an early stage with ample room for new discoveries. Here we describe a procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Charged lipids are extracted from mass worm cultures using a liquid-liquid extraction technique and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The inclusion of deuterated analogs of prostaglandins, such as PGF2 &alpha;-d4 as an internal standard is recommended for quantitative analysis. Multiple reaction monitoring or MRM can be used to quantify and compare specific prostaglandin types between wild-type and mutant animals. Collision-induced decomposition or MS/MS can be used to obtain information on important structural features. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) survey scans of a selected mass range, such as m/z 315-360 can be used to evaluate global changes in prostaglandin levels. We provide examples of all three analyses. These methods will provide researchers with a toolset for discovering novel eicosanoids and delineating their metabolic pathways.

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this paper, we describe an optimized procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from C. elegans using LC-MS/MS.

Добыча простагландинов и анализа в<em&gt; Caenorhabditis Элеганс</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media (mCeHR). Additionally, the steps for exposing and acclimatizing C. elegans grown on E. coli to axenic liquid media are described. Finally, downstream experiments that utilize axenic C. elegans illustrate the benefits of this procedure. The ability to analyze and determine C. elegans&#160;nutrient requirement was illustrated by growing N2 wild type worms in axenic liquid media with varying heme concentrations. This procedure can be replicated with other nutrients to determine the optimal concentration for worm growth and development or, to determine the toxicological effects of drug treatments. The effects of varied heme concentrations on the growth of wild type worms were determined through qualitative microscopic observation and by quantitating the number of worms that grew in each heme concentration. In addition, the effect of varied nutrient concentrations can be assayed by utilizing worms that express fluorescent sensors that respond to changes in the nutrient of interest. Furthermore, a large number of worms were easily produced for the generation of transgenic C. elegans using microparticle bombardment.

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

C. elegans is usually grown on solid agar plates or in liquid cultures seeded with E. coli. To prevent bacterial byproducts from confounding toxicological and nutritional studies, we utilized an axenic liquid medium, CeHR, to grow and synchronize a large number of worms for a range of downstream applications.