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In This Article

  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Protocol
  • Representative Results
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Materials
  • References
  • Reprints and Permissions

Summary

O9-1 is a multipotent mouse neural crest cell line. Here we describe detailed step-by-step protocols for culturing O9-1 cells, differentiating O9-1 cells into specific cell types, and genetically manipulating O9-1 cells by using siRNA-mediated knockdown or CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.

Abstract

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are migrating multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into different cell types and give rise to multiple tissues and organs. The O9-1 cell line is derived from the endogenous mouse embryonic NCCs and maintains its multipotency. However, under specific culture conditions, O9-1 cells can differentiate into different cell types and be utilized in a wide range of research applications. Recently, with the combination of mouse studies and O9-1 cell studies, we have shown that the Hippo signaling pathway effectors Yap and Taz play important roles in neural crest-derived craniofacial development. Although the culturing process for O9-1 cells is more complicated than that used for other cell lines, the O9-1 cell line is a powerful model for investigating NCCs in vitro. Here, we present a protocol for culturing the O9-1 cell line to maintain its stemness, as well as protocols for differentiating O9-1 cells into different cell types, such as smooth muscle cells and osteoblasts. In addition, protocols are described for performing gene loss-of-function studies in O9-1 cells by using CRISPR-Cas9 deletion and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown.

Introduction

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are multipotent stem-like cells with a remarkable migratory ability and transient existence during embryonic development. NCCs originate between the surface ectoderm and the neural tube and migrate to other parts of the embryo during embryonic development1. Based on their functional domains, NCCs can be classified into several different types, including cranial, trunk, vagal, sacral, and cardiac NCCs. In addition, NCCs can differentiate into multiple cell lineages, such as smooth muscle cells, bone cells, and neurons, and give rise to various tissues2,3. The de....

Protocol

1. Preparation Before O9-1 Cell Culture

NOTE: Basal media used for O9-1 cell culture must have been conditioned by Sandos inbred mice thioguanine/ouabain-resistant (STO) mouse fibroblast cells; therefore, STO cells need to be obtained and prepared as described below before starting O9-1 cell culture.

  1. Active STO cell culture
    1. Prepare media for culturing active STO cells by making complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's media (DMEM) with 7% fetal bovi.......

Representative Results

The goal of our knockdown and knockout experiments was to study the effects of Yap and Taz loss-of-function in O9-1 cells. Before the knockdown and knockout experiments, we have to make sure that prepare for basal media and culture O9-1 cells as described above (for example, basement membrane matrix needs to cover the whole plate as shown in Figure 1, and O9-1 cells recovered from liquid nitrogen as shown in Figure 2

Discussion

The NCC is a versatile and key contributor to different tissues and organs during embryonic morphogenesis.The O9-1 cell line maintains its potential to differentiate into many different cell types and mimics the in vivo characteristics of NCCs, making it a useful in vitro tool for studying gene function and molecular regulation in NCCs. The different status of O9-1 cells may correspond to different neural crest progeny in vivo, depending on the culture conditions of O9-1 cells. O9-1 cells can b.......

Acknowledgements

Nicole Stancel, Ph.D., ELS, of Scientific Publications at the Texas Heart Institute, provided editorial support. We also thank the following funding sources: the American Heart Association's National Center Scientist Development Grant (14SDG19840000 to J. Wang), the 2014 Lawrence Research Award from the Rolanette and Berdon Lawrence Bone Disease Program of Texas (to J. Wang), and the National Institutes of Health (DE026561 and DE025873 to J. Wang, DE016320 and DE019650 to R. Maxson).

....

Materials

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
Active STO feeder cellsATCCATCC CRL-1503Also available in mitomycin C-inactivated form, catalog # ATCC 56-X
O9-1 mouse cranial neural crest cell lineMillipore SigmaSCC049
DMEM, high glucose, no glutamineGibco11960-044
DMEM, high glucoseHycloneSH30243.01
FBS (fetal bovine serum)Millipore SigmaES-009-B
Penicillin - streptomycinGibco15140-122
L-glutamine 200mM (100X)Gibco25030-081
Gelatin from porcine skinSigmaG1890
Trypsin-EDTA 0.25% in HBSSGenesee Scientific25-510
DPBS (Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline) without calcium or magnesiumLonza17-512F
MEM non-essential amino acids (MEM NEAA) 100XGibco11140-050
Sodium pyruvate (100mM)Gibco11360-070
2-MercaptoethanolSigmaM-7522
ESGRO leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 106 unit/mlMillipore SigmaESG1106
Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-basic (rhFGF-basic)R&D Systems233-FB-025
Mitomycin CRoche10107409001
Matrigel matrixCorning356234
DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)Millipore SigmaMX1458-6
Lipofectamine RNAiMAXThermo Fisher Scientific13778-075
Opti-MEM I (1X)Gibco31985-070
Minimum essential medium, alpha 1X with Earle's salts, ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, & L-glutamineCorning10-022-CV
ON-TARGETplus Wwtr1 siRNADharmaconL-041057
ON-TARGETplus Non-targeting PoolDharmaconD-001810
ON-TARGETplus Yap1 siRNADharmaconL-046247
FCS (fetal calf serum)
ITS (insulin-transferrin-selenium )
TGF-b3
Ascorbic acid
BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2)
Dexamethasone
B-27 supplement

References

  1. Achilleos, A., Trainor, P. A. Neural crest stem cells: discovery, properties and potential for therapy. Cell Research. 22 (2), 288-304 (2012).
  2. Le Douarin, N. M., Dupin, E. Multipotentiality of the neural crest.

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