Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional (3D) Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts

Summary

Three-dimensional cultures of patient BMPC specimens and xenografts of bone metastatic prostate cancer maintain the functional heterogeneity of their original tumors resulting in cysts, spheroids and complex, tumor-like organoids. This manuscript provides an optimization strategy and protocol for 3D culture of heterogeneous patient derived samples and their analysis using IFC.

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) culture of organoids from tumor specimens of human patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of prostate cancer, referred to as patient-derived organoids (PDO), are an invaluable resource for studying the mechanism of tumorigenesis and metastasis of prostate cancer. Their main advantage is that they maintain the distinctive genomic and functional heterogeneity of the original tissue compared to conventional cell lines that do not. Furthermore, 3D cultures of PDO can be used to predict the effects of drug treatment on individual patients and are a step towards personalized medicine. Despite these advantages, few groups routinely use this method in part because of the extensive optimization of PDO culture conditions that may be required for different patient samples. We previously demonstrated that our prostate cancer bone metastasis PDX model, PCSD1, recapitulated the resistance of the donor patient’s bone metastasis to anti-androgen therapy. We used PCSD1 3D organoids to characterize further the mechanisms of anti-androgen resistance. Following an overview of currently published studies of PDX and PDO models, we describe a step-by-step protocol for 3D culture of PDO using domed or floating basement membrane (e.g., Matrigel) spheres in optimized culture conditions. In vivo stitch imaging and cell processing for histology are also described. This protocol can be further optimized for other applications including western blot, co-culture, etc. and can be used to explore characteristics of 3D cultured PDO pertaining to drug resistance, tumorigenesis, metastasis and therapeutics.

Introduction

Three-dimensional cultured organoids have drawn attention for their potential to recapitulate the in vivo architecture, cellular functionality and genetic signature of their original tissues^1,2,3,4,5. Most importantly, 3D organoids established from patient tumor tissues or patient derived xenograft (PDX) models provide invaluable opportunities to understand mechanisms of cellular signaling upon tumorigenesis and to determine the effects of drug treatment on each cell population^6....

Protocol

This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Institutional Review Board (IRB). IRB #090401 Approval was received from the UCSD Institutional Review Board (IRB) to collect surgical specimen from patients for research purposes. An informed consent was obtained from each patient and a surgical bone prostate cancer metastasis specimen was obtained from orthopedic repair of a pathologic fracture in the femur. Animal protocols were performed under the University of California San Diego (UCSD) animal welfare and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved protocol #S10....

Results

3D organoids were successfully established from a patient derived xenograft (PDX) model of bone metastatic prostate cancer (BMPC) as well as directly from patient bone metastatic prostate cancer tissue (Figure 4). Briefly, our PDX models of BMPC were established by intra-femoral (IF) injection of tumor cells into male Rag2^-/- c^-/- mice and then PDX tumors were harvested and processed as described in this manuscript. As shown in Figure 4, PD.......

Discussion

3D organoids derived from patient bone metastasis prostate cancer cells are still relatively rare. Here, we describe strategies and further optimized protocol to successfully established serial 3D patient derived organoids (PDOs) of BMPC. In addition, protocols are described to secure the organoids in samples with lower cell density for IFC and IHC analysis. Differential phenotypes in the form of cyst, spheroids and more complex organoids indicate that this protocol provides culture conditions that allows for heterogonou.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL Pipettman	Gilson	F123602
1 mL Syringe	BD Syringe	329654
1.5 mL tube	Spectrum Lab Products	941-11326-ATP083
25G Needle	BD PrecisionGlide Needle	305122
4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	Alfa Aesar	J61899
70% Ethanol (EtOH)	VWR	BDH1164-4LP
A83-01	Tocris Bioscience	2939
Accumax	Innovative Cell Technologies, Inc.	AM105
adDMEM	Life Technologies	12634010
Agarose	Lonza	50000
Antibody -for Cytokeratin 5	Biolegend	905901
Antibody for Cytokeratin 8	Biolegend	904801
B27	Life Technologies	17504044
Bioluminescence imaging system, IVIS 200	Perkin Elmer Inc	IVIS 200
Cell Culture Plate - 24 well	Costar	3524
Cell Culture Plate - 48 well	Costar	3548
Cell Culture Plate - 6 well	Costar	3516
Cell Dissociation Solution, Accumax	Innovative Cell Technologies, Inc.	AM105
Cell Recovery Solution	Corning	354253
Cell Scraper	Sarstedt	83.180
Cell Strainer	Falcon (Corning)	352350
CO2 incubator	Fisher Scientific	3546
DAPI	Vector Vectashield	H-1200
DHT	Sigma-Aldrich	D-073-1ML
dPBS	Corning/Cellgro	21-031-CV
EGF	PeproTech	AF-100-15
FBS	Gemini Bio-Products	100-106
FGF10	PeproTech	100-26
FGF2	PeproTech	100-18B
Forceps	Denville Scientific	S728696
Glutamax	Gibco	35050-061
HEPES	Gibco	15630-080
LS Columns	Miltenyi	130-0420401
Magnetic Column Seperator: QuadroMACS Separator	Miltenyi	130-090-976
Marker	VWR	52877-355
Matrigel (Growth Factor Reduced)	Mediatech Inc. (Corning)	356231
Matrigel (High Concentration)	BD (Fisher Scientific)	CB354248
Microscope Imaging Software, Keyence	BZ-X800 (newest software) BZ-X700 (old software)
Microscope, Keyence	BZ-X700 (model 2016-2017)/BZ-X710 (model 2018-2019)
Mouse Cell Depletion Kit	Miltenyi	130-104-694
N-Acetylcysteine	Sigma-Aldrich	A9165-5G
Nicotinamide	Sigma-Aldrich	N0636-100G
Noggin	PeproTech	120-10C
OCT Compound	Tissue-Tek	4583
Parafilm	American National Can	N/A
Pen-Strep	Mediatech Inc. (Corning)	30-002-CI-1
Pipette tipes for 1 mL (Blue Tips)	Fisherbrand Redi-Tip	21-197-85
Plunger (from 3 mL syringe)	BD Syringe	309657
Prostaglandin E2	Tocris Bioscience	2296
R-Spondin 1	Trevigen	3710-001-01
SB2021190	Sigma-Aldrich	S7076-25MG
Small Table Top Centrifuge	ThermoFisher Scientific	75002426
Water Bath	Fisher Sci	2320
Y-27632 Dihydrochloride	Abmole Bioscience	M1817