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In This Article

  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Protocol
  • Representative Results
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Materials
  • References
  • Reprints and Permissions

Summary

We describe a 3D human extracellular matrix-adipocyte in vitro culture system that permits dissection of the roles of the matrix and adipocytes in contributing to adipose tissue metabolic phenotype.

Abstract

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of cellular function. The ECM plays a particularly important role in adipose tissue function in obesity, and alterations in adipose tissue ECM deposition and composition are associated with metabolic disease in mice and humans. Tractable in vitro models that permit dissection of the roles of the ECM and cells in contributing to global tissue phenotype are sparse. We describe a novel 3D in vitro model of human ECM-adipocyte culture that permits study of the specific roles of the ECM and adipocytes in regulating adipose tissue metabolic phenotype. Human adipose tissue is decellularized to isolate ECM, which is subsequently repopulated with preadipocytes that are then differentiated within the ECM into mature adipocytes. This method creates ECM-adipocyte constructs that are metabolically active and retain characteristics of the tissues and patients from which they are derived. We have used this system to demonstrate disease-specific ECM-adipocyte crosstalk in human adipose tissue. This culture model provides a tool for dissecting the roles of the ECM and adipocytes in contributing to global adipose tissue metabolic phenotype and permits study of the role of the ECM in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis.

Introduction

The extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides a mechanical scaffold for tissues, but also engages in complex crosstalk with cells that reside within it, regulating diverse processes necessary for tissue homeostasis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, signaling, and metabolism1. While healthy ECM plays an essential role the maintenance of normal tissue function, dysfunctional ECM has been implicated in multiple diseases2.

Adipose tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. Obesity is associated with excessive adipocyte hypertrophy and cellular hypoxia....

Protocol

Adipose tissues are procured from human subjects undergoing elective bariatric surgery under institutional review board approval.

1. Preadipocyte isolation and culture reagent preparation

  1. Prepare 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 1x phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). Filter sterilize, and store at 4 °C.
  2. Prepare Type II collagenase: 2 mg/mL in 2% BSA in 1x PBS. Prepare immediately before use.
  3. Prepare Red Blood Cell (RBC) Lysing Solution: 1.5 M NH4.......

Representative Results

Preparation of adipose tissue ECM, seeding with preadipocytes, and in vitro differentiation into mature adipocytes result in clear sequential morphologic changes in tissue that permits visual assessment of progress throughout the protocol (Figure 1). Preadipocytes used to seed the ECM are isolated using collagenase digestion from separate VAT samples (Figure 2). Scanning electron microscopy of ECM-adipocyte constructs at each sta.......

Discussion

The ECM-adipocyte culture model provides a valuable tool for dissecting the individual roles of ECM and cells in dictating ultimate tissue phenotype. The ECM isolation protocol is quite reproducible, but variability in the decellularization process may be observed. The Day 3 delipidation step is a critical point in the protocol. At the completion of the overnight extraction, delipidation of the matrix should be evidenced by the Polar Solvent Solution turning yellow, while the matrix should transition from a yellow-orange.......

Acknowledgements

We thank Danielle Berger, Marilyn Woodruff, Simone Correa, and Retha Geiss for assistance with study coordination. SEM was performed by University of Michigan Microscopy & Image Analysis Laboratory Biomedical Research Core Facility. This project was supported by NIH grants R01DK097449 (RWO), R01DK115190 (RWO, CNL), R01DK090262 (CNL), Veterans Affairs Merit Grant I01CX001811 (RWO), Pilot and Feasibility Grant from the Michigan Diabetes Research Center (NIH Grant P30-DK020572) (RWO), Veterans Administration VISN 10 SPARK Pilot Grant (RWO). Scanning electron microscopy performed by the University of Michigan Microscopy & Image Analysis Laboratory Biomedical Resea....

Materials

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
0.25% trypsin-EDTAGibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USACat#25200056
1.5 mL cryovial tubeFisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#02-682-557
10% Neutral Buffered FormalinVWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USACat#89370-094
100 µm nylon mesh filterCorning Inc., Corning, NY, USACat#352360
2-Deoxy-D-glucoseSigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USACat#D8375
2 nM 3,3’-5,Triiodo,L-thyronine sodium salt (T3)Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#T6397
24-well tissue culture platesVWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USACat#10861-700
3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#I5879
96-well tissue culture platesVWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USACat#10861-666
Antibiotic-Antimycotic Solution (ABAM)Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USACat#15240062
BiotinSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#B4639
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USACat#A8806
Buffer RLTQiagen, Hilden, GermanyCat#79216
CiglitizoneSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#C3974
Deoxy-D-glucose, 2-[1,2-3H (N)]-PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USACat#NET328A250UC
Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas, type II-SSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#D4513
DexamethasoneSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#D4902
Dimethyl SulfoxideFisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#BP231Flammable, caustic
Disodium EDTAFisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#BP118
D-pantothenic acid hemicalcium saltSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#21210
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#11320033
EthanolDecon Labs, Inc., King of Prussia, PA, USACat#DSP-MD.43Flammable
EVE Cell Counting Slides, NanoEnTekVWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USACat#10027-446
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USACat#10437028
GlutaraldehydeSigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USACat#G5882Caustic
HexamethyldisalizaneSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#440191Flammable, caustic
Human insulin solutionSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#I9278
IsopropanolFisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#A415Flammable
IsoproterenolSigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USACat#I5627Flammable
KClSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#S25484
KH2PO4Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#P5655
Lipase from porcine pancreas, type VI-SSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#L0382
MgSO4*7H2OSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#230391
Na2HPO4Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#S5136
NaClSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#S3014
NaHCO3Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#S233
NH4ClFisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#A661
Optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compoundAgar Scientific, Ltd., Stansted, Essex, UKCat# AGR1180
Oil Red-O Solution (ORO)Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USACat#O1391
Oil Red-O Stain KitAmerican Master Tech Scientific Inc., Lodi, CA, USACat#KTORO-G
Osmium tetroxideSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#201030Caustic
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#93482Caustic
Phosphate Buffered Saline Solution (PBS)Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#SH3025601
Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas, type III-ASigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#R5125
RNAEasy Fibrous Tissue MiniKitQiagen, Hilden, GermanyCat#74704
Scintillation FluidFisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#SX18
Scintillation Counter
Scissors, forceps, sterile
Sorensen's phosphate bufferThomas Scientific, Inc., Swedesboro, NJCAS #: 10049-21-5
T-150 culture flaskVWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USACat#10062-864
TaqMan Gene Expression Master MixThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USACat#4369016
Temperature-controlled orbital shaker
Tissue Homogenizer, BeadBug Microtube HomogenizerBenchmark ScientificCat#D1030
TransferrinSigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USACat#T3309
Triglyceride Determination KitSigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USACat#TR0100
Trypan blue stain, 0.4%VWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USACat#10027-446
Type II collagenaseGibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USACat#17101015
Whatman Reeve Angel filter paper, Grade 201, 150mmSigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USACat#WHA5201150

References

  1. Frantz, C., Stewart, K. M., Weaver, V. M. The extracellular matrix at a glance. Journal of Cell Science. 123, 4195-4200 (2010).
  2. Berrier, A. L., Yamada, K. M. Cell-matrix adhesion. Journal of Cell Physiology. 213 (3), 565-573 (2007).
  3. Trayhur....

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