Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes

Summary

A bioinspired scaffold is fabricated by a soft photolithography technique using mechanically robust and electrically conductive hydrogels. The micropatterned hydrogels provide directional cardiomyocyte cell alignment, resulting in a tailored direction of actuation. Flexible microelectrodes are also integrated into the scaffold to bring electrical controllability for a self-actuating cardiac tissue.

Abstract

Bioinspired soft robotic systems that mimic living organisms using engineered muscle tissue and biomaterials are revolutionizing the current biorobotics paradigm, especially in biomedical research. Recreating artificial life-like actuation dynamics is crucial for a soft-robotic system. However, the precise control and tuning of actuation behavior still represents one of the main challenges of modern soft robotic systems. This method describes a low-cost, highly scalable, and easy-to-use procedure to fabricate an electrically controllable soft robot with life-like movements that is activated and controlled by the contraction of cardiac muscle tissue on a micropatterned sting ray-like hydrogel scaffold. The use of soft photolithography methods makes it possible to successfully integrate multiple components in the soft robotic system, including micropatterned hydrogel-based scaffolds with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded gelatin methacryloyl (CNT-GelMA), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), flexible gold (Au) microelectrodes, and cardiac muscle tissue. In particular, the hydrogels alignment and micropattern are designed to mimic the muscle and cartilage structure of the sting ray. The electrically conductive CNT-GelMA hydrogel acts as a cell scaffold that improves the maturation and contraction behavior of cardiomyocytes, while the mechanically robust PEGDA hydrogel provides structural cartilage-like support to the whole soft robot. To overcome the hard and brittle nature of metal-based microelectrodes, we designed a serpentine pattern that has high flexibility and can avoid hampering the beating dynamics of cardiomyocytes. The incorporated flexible Au microelectrodes provide electrical stimulation across the soft robot, making it easier to control the contraction behavior of cardiac tissue.

Introduction

Modern state-of-the-art soft robots can mimic the hierarchical structures and muscle dynamics of many living organisms, such as the jellyfish^1,2, sting ray², octopus³, bacteria⁴, and sperm⁵. Mimicking the dynamics and architecture of natural systems offers higher performances in terms of both energetic and structural efficiency⁶. This is intrinsically related to the soft nature of natural tissue (e.g., skin or muscle tissue with a Young's modulus between 10⁴−10⁹

Protocol

This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The protocol was approved by the institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Brigham and Women's Hospital.

1. GelMA synthesis

1. Dissolve 10 g of gelatin in 100 mL of Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) using a magnetic stirrer at 50 °C.
2. Add 8 mL of methacrylic anhydride slowly w.......

Discussion

Using this method, we were able to successfully fabricate a batoid fish-like bioinspired soft robot with an integrated self-actuating cardiac tissue on a multilayer structured scaffold that is controlled by embedded Au microelectrodes. Due to two distinct micropatterned hydrogel layers made of PEGDA and CNT–GelMA hydrogels, the bioinspired scaffold showed good mechanical stability and ideal cell alignment and maturation. The PEGDA pattern layer, which serves as a cartilage joint of the skeletal architecture in a st.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
250 mL Beaker	PYREX	1000-250CNEa
2-Hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone	Sigma-Aldrich	410896
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate	Milipore	M6514
37° Water bath	VWR	W6M
4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)	Sigma-Aldrich	D9542
50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes	Falcon	14-959-49A
70 µm Cell Strainer	Falcon	352350
80° incubator	VWR	1370GM
Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)	Invitrogen	A11029
Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)	Invitrogen	A11037
Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin	Invitrogen	A12379
Antibiotic/Antimycotic solution	ThermoFisher Scientific	15240062
Anti-Connexin 43/GJAI antibody	Abcam	ab11370	Rabbit polyclonal
Anti-Sarcomeric α-actinin	Abcam	ab9465	Mouse monoclonal
Benchtop Freeze Dryers	Labconco	77500-00 K
Biosafety cabinet	Sterilgard	A/B3
Carbon rod electrodes	SGL Carbon Group	6971105
Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5804
CO2 incubator	Forma Scientific	3110
Collagenase, Type II, Powder	Gibco	17-101-015
Confocal Microscope	Zeiss	LSM 880
COOH Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes	NanoLab	PD30L5-20-COOH
Dicing saw machine	Giorgio Technology	DAD-321
DMEM, High Glucose	Gibco	11-965-118
DPBS without Calcium and Magnesium	Gibco	14-190-144
E-beam evaporator	CHA	57367
Fetal Bovine Serum	Gibco	10-437-028
Gelatin	Sigma-Aldrich	G9391	Type B, 300 bloom from porcine skin
Glass slide	VWR	48382-180
HBSS without Calcium, Magnesium or Phenol Red	Gibco	14-175-079
Inverted optical microscope	Olympus	CK40
Magnetic hotplate	Corning	PC-420
methacrylic anhydride	Sigma-Aldrich	276695	Contains 2,000ppm topanol A as inhibitor
Nunc EasYFlask 175cm2	ThermoFisher Scientific	159910
Olicscope	Siglent	SDS1052DL+
Paraformaldehyde Aqueous Solution -16%	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15710
PDMS SYLGARD 184	Sigma-Aldrich	761036
Photomask	Mini micro stencil inc
Platinum wire	Alfa Aesar	AA43014BU
Polyethylene glycol dimethcrylate	Polysciences Inc.	15178-100
Regenerated Cellulose Dialysis Tubing	Fisherbrand	21-152-14
Silver Epoxy Adhesive	MG Chemicals	8330S
Stericup Quick Release-GP Sterile Vacuum Filtration System	Millipore	S2GPU02RE
Ultra sonicator	Qsonica	Q500
UV Curing System	OmniCure	S2000
Vortex mixer	Scientific Industry	SI-0246A
Waveform generator	Agilent	33500B
Wrap Aluminium foil	Reynolds	N/A