Automated Dissection Protocol for Tumor Enrichment in Low Tumor Content Tissues

Summary

Digital annotation with automated tissue dissection provides an innovative approach to enriching tumor in low tumor content cases and is adaptable to both paraffin and frozen tissue types. The described workflow improves accuracy, reproducibility and throughput and could be applied to both research and clinical settings.

Abstract

Tumor enrichment in low tumor content tissues, those below 20% tumor content depending on the method, is required to generate quality data reproducibly with many downstream assays such as next generation sequencing. Automated tissue dissection is a new methodology that automates and improves tumor enrichment in these common, low tumor content tissues by decreasing the user-dependent imprecision of traditional macro-dissection and time, cost, and expertise limitations of laser capture microdissection by using digital image annotation overlay onto unstained slides. Here, digital hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) annotations are used to target small tumor areas using a blade that is 250 µm² in diameter in unstained formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) or fresh frozen sections up to 20 µm in thickness for automated tumor enrichment prior to nucleic acid extraction and whole exome sequencing (WES). Automated dissection can harvest annotated regions in low tumor content tissues from single or multiple sections for nucleic acid extraction. It also allows for capture of extensive pre- and post-harvest collection metrics while improving accuracy, reproducibility, and increasing throughput with utilization of fewer slides. The described protocol enables digital annotation with automated dissection on animal and/or human FFPE or fresh frozen tissues with low tumor content and could also be used for any region of interest enrichment to boost adequacy for downstream sequencing applications in clinical or research workflows.

Introduction

Next generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly utilized for both patient care and in cancer research to help guide treatments and facilitate scientific discovery. Tissue is often limited and small specimens with variable tumor content are routinely used. Tumor adequacy and integrity, therefore, remain a barrier to obtaining meaningful data. Samples with lower tumor percentages may cause difficulty in distinguishing true variants from sequencing artifacts and are often ineligible for NGS¹. Tumor enrichment of low tumor content cases, those below 20%, has been shown to help yield sufficient material in order to generate reproducible sequencing ....

Protocol

Prior to initiation, obtain appropriate tissue specimens according to Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocols. All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Genentech, Inc.

1. Tissue and slide preparation

1. Select FFPE or fresh frozen tissue blocks and utilize the corresponding processing method below.
2. Cut tissue block sections onto positively charged glass slides at the desired thickness. Serially section the FFPE tissue in ribbons with the first reference section cut at a thickness appropriate for H&E staining (i.e., 4 µm) followed by 1-4 section....

Results

FFPE and FF mouse liver sections containing metastatic colorectal cancer in xenografts were selected. Sections were H&E stained (Figure 1A,E,I) and scanned on a whole slide imager at 20x magnification. A pathologist digitally annotated tumor regions of interest and a mask was generated using commercial software and formatted as a digital png reference image (Figure 1B,F,J). Serial 10 µm and 20 µm thick unstained sa.......

Discussion

Presented here is a protocol for the application of digital annotation and automated dissection to dissect tumor regions from low tumor content FFPE or fresh frozen tissues for tumor enrichment and use in WES. Combining digital annotation and mask creation with automated dissection significantly reduces the required hands-on time and expertise common to classical methods of tumor enrichment inclusive of manual macrodissection and LCM. The protocol demonstrates a potentially important mid-range tumor enrichment option tha.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Agilent SureSelectXT	Agilent	G9611A
AVENIO Millisect Fill Station	Roche	8106533001
AVENIO Millisect Instrument, Base	Roche	8106568001
AVENIO Millisect Instrument, Head	Roche	8106550001
AVENIO Millisect Milling Tips Small	Roche	8106509001
AVENIO Millisect PC	Roche	8106495001
BioAnalyzer	Agilent	G2939BA
Eppendorf 5427R	Eppendorf	22620700	Micro-centrifuge
Incubation Buffer	Promega	D920D
Leica Autostainer XL	Leica	ST5010	Automated stainer
Molecular Grade Mineral Oil	Sigma	M5904-500ML
Proteinase K	Promega	V302B	Digestion buffer
Qiagen AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit	Qiagen	80284
RLT Plus buffer	Qiagen	80204
Superfrost Plus positively charged microscope slides	Thermo Scientific	6776214