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In This Article

  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Protocol
  • Representative Results
  • Discussion
  • Disclosures
  • Acknowledgements
  • Materials
  • References
  • Reprints and Permissions

Summary

The present study outlines a highly reproducible and tractable method to study paracrine noncanonical Wnt signaling events in vitro. This protocol was applied to evaluate the impact of paracrine Wnt5a signaling in murine neural crest cells and myoblasts.

Abstract

Noncanonical Wnt signaling regulates intracellular actin filament organization and polarized migration of progenitor cells during embryogenesis. This process requires complex and coordinated paracrine interactions between signal-sending and signal-receiving cells. Given that these interactions can occur between various types of cells from different lineages, in vivo evaluation of cell-specific defects can be challenging. The present study describes a highly reproducible method to evaluate paracrine noncanonical Wnt signaling in vitro. This protocol was designed with the ability to (1) conduct functional and molecular assessments of noncanonical Wnt signaling between any two cell types of interest; (2) dissect the role of signal-sending versus signal-receiving molecules in the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway; and (3) perform phenotypic rescue experiments with standard molecular or pharmacologic approaches.

This protocol was used to evaluate neural crest cell (NCC)-mediated noncanonical Wnt signaling in myoblasts. The presence of NCCs is associated with an increased number of phalloidin-positive cytoplasmic filopodia and lamellipodia in myoblasts and improved myoblast migration in a wound-healing assay. The Wnt5a-ROR2 axis was identified as a crucial noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway between NCC and second heart field (SHF) cardiomyoblast progenitors. In conclusion, this is a highly tractable protocol to study paracrine noncanonical Wnt signaling mechanisms in vitro.

Introduction

Noncanonical Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates cellular filament organization and directional migration. This pathway has been implicated in multiple biological processes, including embryonic tissue morphogenesis1,2,3, lymphatic and vascular angiogenesis4,5,6,7, and cancer growth and metastasis8,9,10. At the cellular level,....

Protocol

1. Preexperimental expansion and passaging of cells

  1. C2C12 cell culture:
    1. Prepare 500 mL of C2C12 culture medium by combining Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin.
    2. Thaw a vial of C2C12 cells in 37 °C water bath. While the C2C12 cells are thawing, add 5 mL of C2C12 medium to a 15 mL conical tube. Immediately transfer the thawed cells to the 15 mL tube using a P1000 pipette.
      NOTE: C2C12 cells are murine myoblast cells that have been previously used and validated as a primary cell line for modeling cardiomyoblast progenitors.
    3. ....

Representative Results

Effects of NCCs on migratory capacity of murine myoblasts
This assay was first applied to evaluate the impact of NCCs on the migratory capacity of myoblasts. Figure 1 outlines the schematic model of the assay. To test this impact, scratch assays were performed with myoblasts that were grown in isolation (without NCC inserts) compared to those grown in the presence of inserts. As a positive control, 500 ng/mL of recombinant Wnt5a (rWnt5a) was added to chamber wells with.......

Discussion

The noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is a critically important cellular signaling pathway that has been implicated in multiple developmental24,25 and disease processes24,26. During embryonic development, noncanonical Wnt signaling involves an expansive network of molecular signals from signal-sending cells that ultimately induce changes in morphology, asymmetric organ.......

Disclosures

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by NIH awards F30HL154324 to O.T. and K08HL121191 and R03HL154301 to S.R.K. The authors would like to acknowledge that the schematic in Figure 1 in this manuscript was created with biorender.com.

....

Materials

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
2-MercaptoethanolSigma AldrichM-7522
Antifade mounting medium with DAPIVector LaboratoriesH-1200-10Stored at 4 °C
Bovine serum albuminSanta Cruz Biotechnologysc-2323Stored at 4 °C
C2C12 murine myoblast cell lineATCCCRL-1772
Cell culture flasks, 75 cm2ThermoFisher Scientific156499
Chamber Slide System, 4-wellThermoFisher Scientific154526
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), high glucose (4.5 g/L), L-glutamine (2 mM)Corning10-017-CVStored at 4 °C
Falcon conical centrifuge tubes, 15 mLFisher Scientific14-959-53A
Falcon permeable support for 24-well plate with 0.4 µM transparent PET membraneCorning353095
Fetal bovine serumFisher ScientificW3381EStored in 50 mL aliquots at -20 °C
Gelatin solution, 0.1%ATCCPCS-999-027Stored at 4 °C
Graduated and sterile pipette tips, 10 µLUSA Scientific1111-3810
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), 106 unit/mLMillipore SigmaESG1106
L-glutamine 200 mM (100x)Gibco25030-081
Lipofectamine RNAiMAXThermo Fisher Scientific13778-075
MEM non-essential amino acids (MEM NEAA) 100xGibco11140-050
Minimum essential medium (MEM)Corning10-022-CV
Mitomycin CRoche10107409001
Non-stick auto-glass coverslips, 24 x 55 mmSpringside ScientificHRTCG2455
O9-1 neural crest cell lineMillipore SigmaSCC049
Opti-MEM I, 1xGibco31985-070
Paraformaldehyde solution in PBS, 4%Santa Cruz Biotechnologysc-281692Stored at 4 °C
Penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/mL penicillin and 10,000 μg/mL streptomycin)Fisher ScientificW3470HStored in 10 mL aliquots at -20 °C
Phalloidin-iFluor 488Abcamab176753Stored at -20 °C, Keep out of light
Phosphate-buffer saline (PBS), 1x, without calcium and magnesium, pH 7.4Corning21-040-CVStored at 4 °C
Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-basic (rhFGF-basic)R&D Systems233-FB-025
Recombinant human/mouse Wnt5a proteinR&D Systems645-WN-010
Sodium pyruvate, 100 mMGibco11360-070
Square Petri dish with gridThomas Scientific1219C98
STO murine fibroblast feeder cellsATCCCRL-1503
Triton X-100 solutionSigma AldrichX100-100ML
Trypsin-EDTA, 0.25%Fisher ScientificW3513CStored at 4 °C
Zeiss Apotome.2 fluoresence microscopeCarl Zeiss AG
Zeiss inverted Axio Vert.A1 light microscopeCarl Zeiss AG
Zen lite 2012 microscopy softwareCarl Zeiss AGimaging software

References

  1. Ho, H. Y. H., et al. Wnt5a-Ror-Dishevelled signaling constitutes a core developmental pathway that controls tissue morphogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (11), 4044-4051 (2012).
  2. Čapek, D., et al.

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