Fabrication of Size-Controlled and Emulsion-Free Chitosan-Genipin Microgels for Tissue Engineering Applications

Summary

The present protocol describes a non-emulsion-based method for the fabrication of chitosan-genipin microgels. The size of these microgels can be precisely controlled, and they can display pH-dependent swelling, degrade in vivo, and be loaded with therapeutic molecules that release over time in a sustained manner, making them highly relevant for tissue engineering applications.

Abstract

Chitosan microgels are of significant interest in tissue engineering due to their wide range of applications, low cost, and immunogenicity. However, chitosan microgels are commonly fabricated using emulsion methods that require organic solvent rinses, which are toxic and harmful to the environment. The present protocol presents a rapid, non-cytotoxic, non-emulsion-based method for fabricating chitosan-genipin microgels without the need for organic solvent rinses. The microgels described herein can be fabricated with precise size control. They exhibit sustained release of biomolecules, making them highly relevant for tissue engineering, biomaterials, and regenerative medicine. Chitosan is crosslinked with genipin to form a hydrogel network, then passed through a syringe filter to produce the microgels. The microgels can be filtered to create a range of sizes, and they show pH-dependent swelling and degrade over time enzymatically. These microgels have been employed in a rat growth plate injury model and were demonstrated to promote increased cartilage tissue repair and to show complete degradation at 28 days in vivo. Due to their low cost, high convenience, and ease of fabrication with cytocompatible materials, these chitosan microgels present an exciting and unique technology in tissue engineering.

Introduction

The growth plate, also known as the physis, is the cartilage structure located at the end of long bones that mediates growth in children. If the growth plate becomes injured, repair tissue known as a "bony bar" can form, which interrupts normal growth and can cause growth defects or angular deformities. Epidemiological data have shown that 15%-30% of all childhood skeletal injuries are related to the growth plate. Bony bar formation occurs in up to 30% of these injuries, making growth plate injuries and their associated treatment a significant clinical manifestation issue^1,2,

Protocol

All animal procedures were approved by the University of Colorado Denver Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. 6-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the present study. The rat growth plate injury model was created following a previously published report³⁰.

1. Preparation of the chitosan polymer

1. Obtain purified and lyophilized low molecular weight (LMW) chitosan from commercially available sources (see Table of Materials).
2. Add 495 mL of double-distilled water (ddH₂O) and a stir bar to a 1 L beaker. Add 5 g of chitosan (Step 1.1.) and....

Results

Successful fabrication of chitosan microgels relies on the crosslinking reaction between genipin and chitosan, specifically involving the amines on the chitosan polymer chains. In contrast to other microgel fabrication techniques, this method does not require emulsions or solvent rinses and can be quickly and easily conducted with inexpensive equipment. A hallmark indicator for successful microgel fabrication is the distinct color change from off-white to dark blue after the chitosan and genipin have been mixed. The cros.......

Discussion

Microgels have been widely researched in recent years due to their high level of applicability for various purposes, such as drug delivery or cell encapsulation⁹. The ease of manufacturing of micro-scale biomaterial constructs is of significant relevance in tissue engineering, as it allows researchers to develop hydrogel-based strategies at a specific size and time scale. However, most methods for fabricating chitosan microgels require expensive equipment and reagents, emulsions, or cytotoxic solv.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acetic acid	SigmaAldrich	AX0073
BD Luer-Lock Syringe	Fisher Scientific	14-823-16E
Büchner Funnel	Fisher Scientific	FB966F	100 mm diameter
Chitosan (low molecular weight)	SigmaAldrich	448869	75-80% deacetylation
Dialysis Membrane Tubing	Fisher Scientific	08-670-5C	3500 MWCO
Ethanol	SigmaAldrich	493538
Genipin	SigmaAldrich	G4796
Heracell 150i Incubator	ThermoFisher	50116047
Parafilm	Fisher Scientific	13-374-12
Recombinant human SDF-1a	Peprotech	300-28A
Recombinant human TGF-b3	Peprotech	100-36E
Whatman Filter Paper Grade 540	SigmaAldrich	Z241547	8 mm pore size
Whatman Filter Paper Grade 541	SigmaAldrich	WHA1541055	22 mm pore size
Whatman Filter paper Grade 542	SigmaAldrich	WHA1542185	2.7 mm pore size
Wire Mesh Sieve	McMaster-Carr	9317T86	No. 100 Mesh