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* These authors contributed equally
We provide a protocol that can be generally applied to select aptamers that bind to infectious viruses only and not to viruses that have been rendered non-infectious by a disinfection method or to any other similar viruses. This opens the possibility of determining infectivity status in portable and rapid tests.
Virus infections have a major impact on society; most methods of detection have difficulties in determining whether a detected virus is infectious, causing delays in treatment and further spread of the virus. Developing new sensors that can inform on the infectability of clinical or environmental samples will meet this unmet challenge. However, very few methods can obtain sensing molecules that can recognize an intact infectious virus and differentiate it from the same virus that has been rendered non-infectious by disinfection methods. Here, we describe a protocol to select aptamers that can distinguish infectious viruses vs non-infectious viruses using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). We take advantage of two features of SELEX. First, SELEX can be tailor-made to remove competing targets, such as non-infectious viruses or other similar viruses, using counter selection. Additionally, the whole virus can be used as the target for SELEX, instead of, for example, a viral surface protein. Whole virus SELEX allows for the selection of aptamers that bind specifically to the native state of the virus, without the need to disrupt of the virus. This method thus allows recognition agents to be obtained based on functional differences in the surface of pathogens, which do not need to be known in advance.
Virus infections have enormous economic and societal impacts around the world, as became increasingly apparent from the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Timely and accurate diagnosis is paramount in treating viral infections while preventing the spread of viruses to healthy people. While many virus detection methods have been developed, such as PCR tests1,2 and inmunoassays3, most of the currently used methods are not capable of determining whether the detected virus is actually infectious or not. This is because the presence of components of the virus alone, such as viral nucleic acid or prot....
1. Preparation of reagents and buffers
Since DNA aptamers can be obtained using SELEX in a test tube15, this SELEX strategy was carefully designed to include both positive selection steps toward the intact, whole infectious virus (i.e., retain the DNA molecules that bind to the infectious virus), as well as counter selection steps for the same virus that has been rendered non-infectious by a particular disinfection method, specifically UV-treatment, by discarding the DNA sequences that can bind to the non-infectious virus. A schematic .......
SELEX allows not only the identification of aptamers with high affinity, in the pM-nM range22,43,44,45, but also with high and tunable selectivity. By taking advantage of counter selection, aptamers with challenging selectivity can be obtained. For instance, the Li group has demonstrated the ability to obtain sequences that can differentiate pathogenic bacterial strains from non-pathogenic stra.......
We wish to thank Ms. Laura M. Cooper and Dr. Lijun Rong from the University of Illinois at Chicago for providing the pseudovirus samples used in this protocol (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, H5N1), as well as Dr. Alvaro Hernandez and Dr. Chris Wright of the DNA Services facility of the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for their assistance with high-throughput sequencing, and many members of the Lu group who have helped us with in vitro selection and aptamer characterization techniques. This work was supported by a RAPID grant from the National Science Foundation (CBET 20-29215) and a seed grant from the Institute f....
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
10% Ammonium persulfate (APS) | BioRad | 1610700 | |
100% Ethanol | Sigma-Aldrich | E7023 | |
1x PBS without calcium & magnesium | Corning | 21-040-CM | |
40% acrylamide/bisacrylamide (29:1) solution | BioRad | 1610146 | |
Agencourt AMPure XP Beads | Beckman Coulter | A63880 | DNA clean-up beads - Section 7.2.2 |
Amicon Ultra-0.5 Centrifugal Filter Unit | Merck | UFC501024 | cut-off 10 kDa |
Amicon Ultra-0.5 Centrifugal Filter Unit | Merck | UFC510024 | cut-off 100 kDa |
Boric Acid | Sigma-Aldrich | 100165 | |
C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler with Dual 48/48 Fast Reaction Module | BioRad | 1851148 | |
Calcium Chloride | Sigma-Aldrich | C4901 | |
CFX Connect Real-Time PCR Detection System | BioRad | 1855201 | |
Digital Dry Baths/Block Heaters | Thermo Scientific | 88870001 | |
Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin C1 | Thermo Fisher | 65001 | streptavidin-modified magnetic beads - Section 4.9 |
EDTA disodium salt | Sigma-Aldrich | 324503 | |
Eppendorf Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes | Sigma-Aldrich | T9661 | 1.5 mL |
Lenti-X p24 Rapid Titer Kit | Takara Bio USA, Inc. | 632200 | Lentivirus quantification kit - Section 3.3.2.1 |
MagJET Separation Rack, 12 x 1.5 mL tube | Thermo Scientific | MR02 | |
Magnesium chloride | Sigma-Aldrich | M8266 | |
Microseal 'B' PCR Plate Sealing Film, adhesive, optical | BioRad | MSB1001 | non-UV absorbing |
Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell for Ready Gel Precast Gels | BioRad | 1658004EDU | |
Mini-PROTEAN Short Plates | BioRad | 1653308 | |
Mini-PROTEAN Spacer Plates with 0.75 mm Integrated Spacers | BioRad | 1653310 | |
Molecular Biology Grade Water | Lonza | 51200 | |
Multiplate 96-Well PCR Plates, high profile, unskirted, clear | BioRad | MLP9611 | |
Nanodrop One | Thermo Scientific | ND-ONE-W | |
OneTaq DNA Polymerase | New England BioLab | M0480S | |
Ovation Ultralow v2 + UDI | Tecan | 0344NB-A01 | High-troughput sequencing library preparation kit - Section 7.2. |
PIPETMAN G (100-1000 µL, 20-200 µL, 2-20 µL and 0.2-2 µL) | Gilson | F144059M, F144058M, F144056M, F144054M | |
Purifier Logic+ Class II, Type A2 Biosafety Cabinets | Labconco | 4261 | |
Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit | Invitrogen | Q32850 | fluorescence-based dsDNA quantification kit - Section 7.2.3 |
SHARP Classic Low Retention Pipet Tips (10 uL, 200 uL, 1000 uL) | Thomas Scientific | 1158U43, 1159M44, 1158U40 | |
Sodium acetate | Sigma-Aldrich | S2889 | |
Sodium chloride | Sigma-Aldrich | S7653 | |
Sorvall Legend Micro 17R Microcentrifuge | Thermo Scientific | 75002440 | |
SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix | BioRad | 1725201 | qPCR mastermix - Section 6.2. |
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane | Sigma-Aldrich | T1503 | |
Tubes and Ultra Clear Caps, strips of 8 | USA scientific | AB1183 | PCR tubes |
Urea | Sigma-Aldrich | U5128 |
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