Investigation of Microbial Cooperation via Imaging Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Bacterial Colonies Grown on Agar and in Tissue During Infection

Summary

A novel sample preparation method is demonstrated for the analysis of agar-based, bacterial macrocolonies via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry.

Abstract

Understanding the metabolic consequences of microbial interactions that occur during infection presents a unique challenge to the field of biomedical imaging. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry represents a label-free, in situ imaging modality capable of generating spatial maps for a wide variety of metabolites. While thinly sectioned tissue samples are now routinely analyzed via this technology, imaging mass spectrometry analyses of non-traditional substrates, such as bacterial colonies commonly grown on agar in microbiology research, remain challenging due to the high water content and uneven topography of these samples. This paper demonstrates a sample preparation workflow to allow for imaging mass spectrometry analyses of these sample types. This process is exemplified using bacterial co-culture macrocolonies of two gastrointestinal pathogens: Clostridioides difficile and Enterococcus faecalis. Studying microbial interactions in this well-defined agar environment is also shown to complement tissue studies aimed at understanding microbial metabolic cooperation between these two pathogenic organisms in mouse models of infection. Imaging mass spectrometry analyses of the amino acid metabolites arginine and ornithine are presented as representative data. This method is broadly applicable to other analytes, microbial pathogens or diseases, and tissue types where a spatial measure of cellular or tissue biochemistry is desired.

Introduction

The human microbiome is a highly dynamic ecosystem involving molecular interactions of bacteria, viruses, archaea, and other microbial eukaryotes. While microbial relationships have been intensely studied in recent years, much remains to be understood about microbial processes at the chemical level^1,2. This is in part due to the unavailability of tools capable of accurately measuring complex microbial environments. Advances in the field of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) over the past decade have enabled in situ and label-free spatial mapping of many metabolites, lipids, and proteins in biological sub....

Protocol

NOTE: Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committees of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine (protocols IAC 18-001316 and 806279).

CAUTION: Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) are BSLII pathogens and should be handled with extreme caution. Utilize proper decontamination protocols when necessary.

Discussion

During MALDI imaging mass spectrometry, it is important to have a flat sample surface to provide for a consistent focal diameter of the incident MALDI laser on the sample substrate. Deviations in sample height can cause the MALDI laser beam to shift out of focus, causing alterations in beam diameter and intensity, which can affect MALDI ionization efficiency. These alterations in ionization efficiency can result in differences in analyte intensity across the tissue surface that are not reflective of the underlying tissue.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.2 μm Titan3 nylon syringe filters	Thermo Scientific	42225-NN
1,5-diaminonaphthalene MALDI matrix	Sigma Aldrich	2243-62-1
20 mL Henke Ject luer lock syringes	Henke Sass Wolf	4200.000V0
275i series convection vacuum gauge	Kurt J. Lesker company	KJL275807LL
7T solariX FTICR mass spectrometer equipped with a Smartbeam II Nd:YAG MALDI laser system (2 kHz, 355 nm)	Bruker Daltonics
Acetic acid solution, suitable for HPLC	Sigma Aldrich	64-19-7
Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%	Sigma Aldrich	75-05-8
Ammonium hydroxide solution, 28% NH3 in H2O, ≥99.99% trace metals basis	Sigma Aldrich	1336-21-6
Autoclavable biohazard bags: 55 gal	Grainger	45TV10
Biohazard specimen transport bags (8 x 8 in.)	Fisher Scientific	01-800-07
Brain heart infusion broth	BD Biosciences	90003-040
C57BL/6 male mice	Jackson Laboratories
CanoScan 9000F Mark II photo and document scanner	Canon
CM 3050S research cryomicrotome	Leica Biosystems
Desiccator cabinet	Sigma Aldrich	Z268135
Diamond tip scriber, Electron Microscopy Sciences	Fisher Scientific	50-254-51
Drierite desiccant pellets	Drierite	21005
Ethanol, 200 Proof	Decon Labs	2701
flexImaging software	Bruker Daltonics
ftmsControl software	Bruker Daltonics
Glass vacuum trap	Sigma Aldrich	Z549460
HTX M5 TM robotic sprayer	HTX Technologies
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-coated microscope slides	Delta Technologies	CG-81IN-S115
In-line HEPA filter to vacuum pump	LABCONCO	7386500
Methanol, HPLC Grade	Fisher Chemical	67-56-1
MTP slide-adapter II	Bruker Daltonics	235380
Optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound	Fischer Scientific	23-730-571
Peridox RTU Sporicide, Disinfectant and Cleaner	CONTEC	CR85335
PTFE (Teflon) printed slides, Electron Microscopy Sciences	VWR	100488-874
Rotary vane vacuum pump RV8	Edwards	A65401903
Tissue-Tek Accu-Edge Disposable High Profile Microtome Blades	Electron Microscopy Sciences	63068-HP
Transparent vacuum tubing	Cole Palmer	EW-06414-30
Ultragrade 19 vacuum pump oil	Edwards	H11025011
Variable voltage transformer	Powerstat
Water, suitable for HPLC	Sigma Aldrich	7732-18-5
Wide-mouth dewar flask	Sigma Aldrich	Z120790