Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury

Summary

An experimental pipeline to quantitatively describe the locomotor pattern of freely walking mice using the MouseWalker (MW) toolbox is provided, ranging from initial video recordings and tracking to post-quantification analysis. A spinal cord contusion injury model in mice is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the MW system.

Abstract

The execution of complex and highly coordinated motor programs, such as walking and running, is dependent on the rhythmic activation of spinal and supra-spinal circuits. After a thoracic spinal cord injury, communication with upstream circuits is impaired. This, in turn, leads to a loss of coordination, with limited recovery potential. Hence, to better evaluate the degree of recovery after the administration of drugs or therapies, there is a necessity for new, more detailed, and accurate tools to quantify gait, limb coordination, and other fine aspects of locomotor behavior in animal models of spinal cord injury. Several assays have been developed over the years to quantitatively assess free-walking behavior in rodents; however, they usually lack direct measurements related to stepping gait strategies, footprint patterns, and coordination. To address these shortcomings, an updated version of the MouseWalker, which combines a frustrated total internal reflection (fTIR) walkway with tracking and quantification software, is provided. This open-source system has been adapted to extract several graphical outputs and kinematic parameters, and a set of post-quantification tools can be to analyze the output data provided. This manuscript also demonstrates how this method, allied with already established behavioral tests, quantitatively describes locomotor deficits following spinal cord injury.

Introduction

The effective coordination of four limbs is not unique to quadruped animals. Forelimb-hindlimb coordination in humans remains important to accomplish several tasks, such as swimming and alterations of speed while walking¹. Various limb kinematic² and motor program^1,3,4, as well as proprioceptive feedback circuits⁵, are conserved between humans and other mammals and should be considered when analyzing therapeutic options for motor disorders, such as spinal cord injury (SCI)⁶

Protocol

All handling, surgical, and post-operative care procedures were approved by Instituto de Medicina Molecular Internal Committee (ORBEA) and the Portuguese Animal Ethics Committee (DGAV) in accordance with the European Community guidelines (Directive 2010/63/EU) and the Portuguese law on animal care (DL 113/2013) under the license 0421/000/000/2022. Female C57Bl/6J mice aged 9 weeks were used for the present study. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals and to decrease the suffering of the animals used in .......

Discussion

Here, the potential of the MouseWalker method is demonstrated by analyzing locomotor behavior after SCI. It provides new insights into specific alterations in stepping, footprint, and gait patterns that would otherwise be missed by other standard tests. In addition to providing an updated version of the MW package, data analysis tools are also described using the supplied Python scripts (see step 5).

As the MW generates a large dataset and a collection of kinematic parameters that reflect a hi.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
45º Mirror
2 aluminum extrusion (2 x 2 cm), 16 cm height, 1 on each side	Misumi
2 aluminum extrusion (2 x 2 cm), 23 cm, @ 45° , 1 on each side	Misumi
1 aluminum extrusion (2 x 2 cm), 83 cm long	Misumi
87 x 23 cm mirror	General glass supplier
black cardboard filler	General stationery supplier		We used 2, one with 69 x 6 cm and another with 69 x 3cm to limit the reflection on the mirror
Background backlight
109 x 23 cm plexiglass (0.9525 cm thick)	General hardware supplier
2 lateral aluminum extrusion (4 x 4 cm), 20 cm long, 1 on each side	Misumi
multicolor LED strip	General hardware supplier
white opaque paper to cover the plexyglass	General stationery supplier
fTIR Support base and posts
2 aluminum extrusion (4 x 4 cm), 100 cm height	Misumi
60 x 30 cm metric breadboard	Edmund Optics	#54-641
M6 12 mm screws	Edmund Optics
M6 hex nuts and wahers	Edmund Optics
fTIR Walkway
109 x 8.5 cm plexyglass (1.2 cm thick)	General hardware supplier		109 x 8.5 cm plexyglass (1.2 cm thick)
109 cm long Base-U-channel aluminum with 1.6 cm height x 1.9 cm depth thick folds (to hold the plexyglass)	General hardware supplier
2 lateral aluminum extrusion (4 x 4 cm) 20 cm length, 1 on each side	Misumi
black cardboard filler	General stationery supplier		we used 2 fillers on each side to cover the limits of the plexyglass, avoiding bright edges
12 mm screws	Edmund Optics	M6
High speed camera (on a tripod)
Blackfly S USB3	Blackfly	USB3	This is a reccomendation. The requirement is to record at least 100 frames per second
Infinite Horizon Impactor
Infinite Horizon Impactor	Precision Systems and Instrumentation, LLC.
Lens
Nikkon AF Zoom-Nikkor 24-85mm	Nikkon	2.8-4D IF	This lens is reccomended, however other lens can be used. Make sure it contains a large aperture (i.e., smaller F-stop values), to capture fTIR signals
Software
MATLAB R2022b	MathWorks
Python 3.9.13	Python Software Foundation
Anaconda Navigator 2.1.4	Anaconda, Inc.
Spyder 5.1.5	Spyder Project Contributors
Walkway wall
2 large rectagular acrilics with 100 x 15 cm	Any bricolage convenience store
2 Trapezian acrilic laterals with 6-10 length x 15 cm height	Any bricolage convenience store
GitHub Materials
Folder name	URL
Boxplots	https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Boxplots		Script to create Boxplots
Docs	https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Docs		Additional documents
Heatmap	https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Heatmaps		Script to create heatmap
Matlat script	https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Matlab%20Script		MouseWalker matlab script
PCA	https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/PCA%20plots		Script to perform Principal Component Analysis
Raw data Plots	https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Rawdata%20Plots		Script to create Raw data plots
Residual Analysis	https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Residual_Analysis		Code to compute residuals from Raw data