NIH hibe P01 AI 068.730 (SNC, NS), NIH hibe CA016520 / TAPITMAT (NS), özel finansman Claneil Vakfı (NS), yumurtalık ve FCCC ve Pennsylvania Üniversitesi SPOR hibe (Bu çalışma tarafından desteklenmiştir. P50 CA83638) ve Fox Chase Kanser Merkezi&#39;nde Çekirdek Grant (P30 CA06927) (DCC). Yazarlar Dr. EJ Delikatny yönettiği, Anthony Secreto Pennsylvania Üniversitesi, Pennsylvania Kanser Üniversitesi, Dr. G. Danet-Desnoyers yönettiği Kök Hücre ve Xenograftlarında Çekirdek Optik / Biyoparlaklık Çekirdek Tesisi mükemmel teknik yardım teşekkür ederim Pennsylvania / OCRC Üniversitesi&#39;nde ameliyat yardımcı ortotopik enjeksiyon tekniği ve Denada Dangaj eğitim SNC Merkezi.

1. Hücre Kültürü <ol><li> Ortotopik enjeksiyon, kültür T175 balon DR26 tümörler türetilen MOV1 Kat hücreleri,% 90 konfluent kadar önce. 1 veya 2 T175 şişeler gerektiren enjeksiyon başına 1 ila 5 milyon hücre, kullanmayı planlıyoruz. </li><li> Enjeksiyon gününde, hücrelerin hasat ve hemasitometre kullanarak hücre sayısını belirlemek. </li><li> Bir kez oda sıcaklığında 300 X g de 5 dakika santrifüj hücreleri tarafından hücre konsantrasyonu pelet tespit edilmiştir. </li><li> Spin sonrasında, 0.002 M EDTA ile steril PBS 10 mikrolitre 1 milyon hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon </li></ol> 2. -Cerrahi öncesi <ol><li> Ameliyat öncesinde, 1 milyon 10 mikrolitre PBS EDTA MOV1-Kat hücreleri ile bir 3/10cc insülin enjektörü doldurun. </li><li> Bir ısıtma yastığı, isofluorane bir anestezi fare aktarın. Göz dehidratasyonu önlemek için göz merhemi ekleyin. Daha sonra, hayvanın başının hemen ameliyat boyunca anestezi sağlamak için bir izofluran buharlaştırıcı bağlı bir burun konisi sistemi içine yerleştirin. </li><li> Alkol çubuklar ile enjeksiyon yerinde dezenfeksiyon sonra, subkutan 3/10cc İnsülin şırınga ile 5 mg / kg Ketoprofen, cerrahi öncesi ağrı kesici enjekte. </li><li> Kesme makineleri kullanarak, hayvan kuyruk tabanına torakolomber bileşkede dorsum sol kaudal kısmı tıraş. Tamamen saç kaldırmak için saç dökücü krem ​​uygulayın. Sonra ıslak bir kağıt havlu ile fazla çıkarın. </li><li> Saç kaldırıldıktan sonra, povidon-iyot ve alkol bezlerden traş alan sterilize edin. Daha sonra, kesi alanı etrafında bir cerrahi örtü koyun. </li></ol> 3. Cerrahi <ol><li> Cerrahi öncesinde,% 1.5 izofluran buharlaştırıcı seviyelerini ayarlamak. </li><li> Hayvan ayak pedi kısma tamamen uyuşturuluyor olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Sonra, cilt altında dalak bulun. Sonra, cerrahi makas kullanarak, dalak sağ üst köşesinde 1-2 cm uzunluğunda bir dorsolateral kesi yapmak. </li><li> Retroperiton parçalara ayır. Fare yumurtalık etrafındaki ped görülecektir. Kavisli bir forseps fare yumurtalık çevreleyen yağ yastığı kavramak ve ortaya çıkarmak için kullanın. </li><li> Steril PBS birkaç damla Hidrat organ. </li><li> Enjeksiyon için yumurtalık, kavramak, geri çekme ... pozisyonu ... ve sonra da güvenliğini sağlamak için kavisli bir forseps </li><li> Yumurtalık içine sıkıca forseps ile yumurtalık açgözlü, 10 mikrolitre MOV1 Kat tümör hücreleri enjekte edilir. Bir firma kavramak akışkan yetersizlik veya kaçak önleyecektir. </li><li> Enjeksiyonu takiben hemen, forseps tarafından uygulanan gerilim bırakın. Yumurtalık perforasyon kendiliğinden geri çekmek ve kapatmanız gerekir. </li><li> Bir iğne takılı bir emilebilir Poliglikolik Asit dikiş kullanarak, retro-peritonda yara kapatın. </li><li> Burun konisi hayvan bırakın. </li><li> Streç deri ve doku yapıştırıcısı birkaç damla ile dorsolateral yara kenarları mühür. </li><li> Son olarak, ağızdan antibiyotik hayvan 100 mikrolitre yönetmek. Daha sonra kurtarma için kafes ve monitör geri yerleştirin. , Bir hafta süreyle içme suyu antibiyotik hayvan tutun. </li></ol> 4. in vivo Görüntüleme <ol><li> MOV1 Kat tümör hücrelerinin ortotopik enjeksiyon Bir hafta sonra, in vivo görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek. Görüntüleme odasına isofluorane bir anestezi fare transfer ederek başlayın. </li><li> % 2 izofluran buharlaştırıcı açın. </li><li> In vivo görüntüleme görüntüleme sistemi üreticinin talimatlarına göre yapın. Bu video, Lumina sistemi kullanılacaktır. </li><li> Görüntü için, Yaşayan Image yazılımı masaüstü simgesini tıklayın. Sonra IVIS Toplama Kontrol Paneli, &quot;Initialize&quot; seçeneğini seçin. Cihaz ayarları kamera ayarlarını benzer. </li><li> Satın Kontrol Paneli cihaz satın parametrelerini ayarlamak. Floresan için, &quot;Floresan&quot; seçeneğini işaretleyin.. Fotoğraf kutusu, her bir görüntü ile fotoğraf elde etmek için tıklayın. </li><li> Sonra, pozlama süresi Otomatik olarak ayarlayın. &quot;Piksel binning veya CCD çözünürlüğü&quot; altında, &quot;Orta&quot; kontrol edin. Sonra F / stop veya diyafram altında, 2 değerini kontrol edin. Sonra, 535 eksitasyon filtresi ve DsRed emisyon filtresi seçin. </li><li> Görüş alanı altında, tek bir fare görüntü View B tıklayın. </li><li> Daha sonra, görüntü elde etme başlamak için kazanmak tıklatın. </li><li> Görüntü alımı tamamlandıktan sonra, Faiz Bölgesi, ROI, sinyal ölçüm aracı kullanın. Sinyal değerleri ve alan serbest bırakmak için ölçüm simgesini tıklayın. </li><li> Son olarak, kullanıcı klasörüne görüntü kaydetmek için &quot;kaydet&quot; e tıklayın </li><li> Görüntüler kaydedildikten sonra, izofluran yönetimini durdurmak fare ve kendi kafesine geri dönmek. Fare hemen uyanmak gerekir. </li></ol> 5. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar -Bu protokol, In vivo büyüme ortotopik yumurtalık kanseri, non-invaziv bir prosedür kullanılarak en az 3 hafta boyunca izlenebilir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2146/2146fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1 negatif kontrol olarak MOV1 Kat hücreleri veya PBS, orthotopically olmayan tümör eğilimli farelerde (sırasıyla sağ ve sol hayvan hayvan ve) yumurtalık enjekte edildi, 2 hafta sonra in vivo görüntüleme yapıldı . Yumurtalık engrafted MOV1 Kat hücreleri tarafından üretilen floresans emisyon ölçümleri ve negatif kontrol fare ile karşılaştırıldı. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2146/2146fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2 MOV1 Kat over tümörlerinin frozen kesitler mAb DAB substrat (koyu kahverengi) tümör infiltre eden lenfositler (siyah ok) tespit etmek için takip biotinlenmiş anti-CD4 ile boyandı. Hücreler hücre çekirdeği (mavi) görselleştirmek için metil-yeşil ile zıt. Tümör hücreleri (kırmızı ok) T hücreleri morfolojik olarak farklı. Slayt 40x büyütülmüş görünür.

<ol>
	<li>Etzioni, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+case+for+early+detection.">The case for early detection.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 3, 243-252 (2003).</li><li>Sasaroli, D., Coukos, G., Scholler, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+CA125:+the+coming+of+age+of+ovarian+cancer+biomarkers.+Are+we+there+yet.">Beyond CA125: the coming of age of ovarian cancer biomarkers. Are we there yet.</a> Future Medicine. 3, 275-288 (2009).</li><li>Anderson, G. 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Cerrahi ve Ortotopik enjeksiyonları Over bursa Ortotopik enjeksiyon eğitim ve hassasiyet gerektirir. Böylece <ol><li> Ilk kadavra yoksul cerrahi deneyim, pratik durumda. </li><li> Nullipar kadın ile karşılaştırmak için, enjeksiyon ve artış hayatta kalma kolaylaştıran, zaman içinde büyük yumurtalıklar gelişir tercihen multipar kadın (bir ya da iki litre) kullanın. </li><li> Fare over bursa küçük boyutları nedeniyle, küçük iğne boyutu kullanımı kesinlikle teşvi...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>DMEM-GLUTAMAX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10564-011</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>14040</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Versene</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lonza</td>
<td>17-711E</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heating pad</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Deltaphase</td>
<td>39 DP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Povidone pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dynarex</td>
<td>1108</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Alcohol pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>06-669-62</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Artificial tears ointment </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Phoenix Pharma., Inc.</td>
<td>17845-153</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ketoprofen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fort Dodge laboratories</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3cc/insulin syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>309301</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Polyg Polyglycolic Acid suture/needle (3/8 19mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Syneture</td>
<td>9612-31</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue adhesive</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vetbond</td>
<td>3M</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vet Bactrim/ oral suspension</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hi-tech Pharmacal</td>
<td>840823</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>IVIS-Lumina</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Caliper lifesciences</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isofluorane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Phoenix Pharma., Inc.</td>
<td>J108013</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, Qualified</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10437036</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>15140</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TurboFP635 mammalian vector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Evrogen</td>
<td>FP721</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>T175 flasks</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>cellstar</td>
<td>660-190</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

an orthotopic model of serous ovarian cancer in immunocompetent mice for in vivo tumor imaging and monitoring of tumor immune responses

Amaç: Over kanseri, genellikle durumunda / ölüm oranı yüksek bir ileri evrede teşhis ve böylece ABD kadınların 1,2,3 arasındaki tüm jinekolojik maligniteler en ölümcül kalır . Seröz tümörler, yumurtalık kanserinin en yaygın biçimlerinden ve 4,5 Tg-MISIIR-Tag transgenik Bu tip tümörlerin kendiliğinden gelişen tek bir fare modeli temsil eder. Müllerian İnhibitör Madde tip II Reseptör (MISIIR) gen promoter 6 kontrolü altında tg-MISIIR-Tag farelerde ifade SV40 dönüştürerek bölge. Ek transgenik çizgilerle ifade SV40 etiketi transgen tespit edilmiştir, ancak yumurtalık tümörlerinin ortaya çıkmaz. Sigara tümör eğilimli fareler C57BL / 6 fareler için tipik ömrü sergi ve verimli. Bu fareler Tg-MISIIR-TAG-DR26 fareler izole tümör hücreleri için singeneik allogreft alıcısı olarak kullanılabilir. Amaç: tümör görüntüleme 7 mümkün olsa da, derin tümörleri erken teşhis küçük canlı hayvanlar zorlu. Seröz over kanseri için immünolojik sağlam bir hayvan modelinde preklinik çalışmalarda etkinleştirmek için, in vivo görüntüleme, tümör mikroçevresinin ve tümör immün yanıtları çalışmaları izinleri yumurtalık kanseri bu tip bir singeneik fare modeli açıklanmaktadır . Yöntem: Biz ilk kez bir 26 hafta eski DR26 Tg-MISIIR-Tag bayan hasat spontan yumurtalık tümörü bir etiket + fare kanser hücre hattı (MOV1) türetilmiştir. Sonra, biz stably Katushka kodlar TurboFP635 lentivirüs memeli vektörü, uyarma / 588 / 635 nm 8,9,10 emisyon maxima ile deniz anemon Entacmaea quadricolor kırmızı floresan proteini çok kırmızı mutant MOV1 hücreleri transduced. Biz orthotopically olmayan tümör eğilimli Tg-MISIIR-Tag dişi farelerde yumurtalık 11,12,13,14 MOV1 Kat implante. Tümör ilerlemesi in vivo optik görüntüleme ve tümör mikroçevresinin immünohistokimyasal analiz edildi izledi. Sonuçlar: Orthotopically MOV1 Kat hücreler implante seröz over tümörleri geliştirdi. MOV1 Kat tümörler insan over kanseri, 15 (Şekil 2) görüldüğü gibi, üç hafta sonra (Şekil 1) implantasyonu in vivo görüntüleme tarafından görüntülenmiştir olabilir ve lökosit ile infiltre edildi . Sonuç: Biz derin dokularda pH istikrarı ve yüksek Katushka, fotostabilite nedeniyle erken tümörlerin in vivo görüntüleme için uygun yumurtalık kanseri ortotopik modeli tarif. Tümör immün yanıtları ve Tedaviler in vivo görüntüleme çalışmaları ve izleme için bu romanı seröz over kanseri singeneik modeli öneriyoruz.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses at JoVE.com

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

Çalışmak için<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Tümör büyümesi ve tümör mikroçevresinin, immünkompetan hayvanlarda yumurtalık kanseri singeneik ve ortotopik bir fare modeli kullandı. Biz Katushka floresan protein (MOV1 bir fare tümör hücre hattı (MOV1) transduced<sup&gt; KAT</sup&gt;) Ve burada over ortotopik implantasyon göstermek ve<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Görüntüleme.

Immünkompetan Fare Seröz Yumurtalık Kanseri bir Ortotopik Model In vivo</emTümör Bağışıklık Yanıtları> Tümör Görüntüleme ve İzleme

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

18.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Pennsylvania-School of Medicine. Çalışmak için In vivo Tümör büyümesi ve tümör mikroçevresinin, immünkompetan hayvanlarda yumurtalık kanseri singeneik ve ortotopik bir fare modeli kullandı. Biz Katushka floresan protein (MOV1 bir fare tümör hücre hattı (MOV1) transduced KAT) Ve burada over ortotopik implantasyon göstermek ve In vivo Görüntüleme.

Video: An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

Bir<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; HIV Co-enfeksiyon Bağlamında Sıtma için Bağışıklık Yanıtları Ölçüm Modeli

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

An IL-8 Transiently Transgenized Mouse Model for the In Vivo Long-term Monitoring of Inflammatory Responses

Airway inflammation is often associated with bacterial infections and represents a major determinant of lung disease. The in vivo determination of the pro-inflammatory capabilities of various factors is challenging and requires terminal procedures, such as bronchoalveolar lavage and the removal of lungs for in situ analysis, precluding longitudinal visualization in the same mouse. Here, lung inflammation is induced through the intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture supernatant (SN) in transiently transgenized mice expressing the luciferase reporter gene under the control of a heterologous IL-8 bovine promoter. Luciferase expression in the lung is monitored by in vivo bioluminescent image (BLI) analysis over a 2.5- to 48-h timeframe following the instillation. The procedure can be repeated multiple times within 2 - 3 months, thus permitting the evaluation of the inflammatory response in the same mice without the need to terminate the animals. This approach permits the monitoring of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors acting in the lung in real time and appears suitable for functional and pharmacological studies.

An IL-8 Transiently Transgenized Mouse Model for the In Vivo Long-term Monitoring of Inflammatory Responses

The method described here allows for the visualization of IL-8 promoter-dependent inflammation activation in the lungs of mice through non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI). The same animal can be subjected to BLI multiple times for up to two months from the time of delivery of the luciferase reporter construct.

Bir IL-8 Geçici Transgenize Edilmiş Fare Modeli<emIn vivo</em&gt; İnflamatuvar Yanıtların Uzun Vadeli İzlenmesi

Airway inflammation is often associated with bacterial infections and represents a major determinant of lung disease. The in vivo determination of the ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Salmonella typhimuriumyalıtım-makrofajlar üzerinden Phagosomes içeren

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses elicited against tumor- and pathogen-derived peptides. They offer several advantages over traditional killing assays. First, they permit the monitoring of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity within architecturally intact secondary lymphoid organs, typically in the spleen. Second, they allow for mechanistic studies during the priming, effector and recall phases of CTL responses. Third, they provide useful platforms for vaccine/drug efficacy testing in a truly in vivo setting. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for the examination of concomitant CTL responses against more than one peptide epitope of a model tumor antigen (Ag), namely, simian virus 40 (SV40)-encoded large T Ag (T Ag). Like most other clinically relevant tumor proteins, T Ag harbors many potentially immunogenic peptides. However, only four such peptides induce detectable CTL responses in C57BL/6 mice. These responses are consistently arranged in a hierarchical order based on their magnitude, which forms the basis for TCD8 &#8220;immunodominance&#8221; in this powerful system. Accordingly, the bulk of the T Ag-specific TCD8 response is focused against a single immunodominant epitope while the other three epitopes are recognized and responded to only weakly. Immunodominance compromises the breadth of antitumor TCD8 responses and is, as such, considered by many as an impediment to successful vaccination against cancer. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular factors and mechanisms that dictate or shape TCD8 immunodominance. The protocol we describe here is tailored to the investigation of this phenomenon in the T Ag immunization model, but can be readily modified and extended to similar studies in other tumor models. We provide examples of how the impact of experimental immunotherapeutic interventions can be measured using in vivo cytotoxicity assays.

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

We describe here a flow cytometry-based in vivo killing assay that enables examination of immunodominance in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to a model tumor antigen. We provide examples of how this elegant assay may be employed for mechanistic studies and for drug efficacy testing.

Tümör-spesifik CD8+ T hücre tepkiler Immunodominance çalışması Için In vivo sitotoksisite assays terzilik

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte ...

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. MPM development is mainly associated with asbestos. Treatments provide only modest survival since the median survival average is 9&#8211;18 months from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, more effective treatments must be identified. Most data describing new therapeutic targets were obtained from in vitro experiments and need to be validated in reliable in vivo preclinical models. This article describes one such reliable MPM orthotopic model obtained after injection of a human MPM cell line H2052/484 into the pleural cavity of immunodeficient athymic mice. Transplantation in the orthotopic site allows studying the progression of tumor in the natural in vivo environment. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging using the clinical [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) radiotracer is the diagnosis method of choice for examining patients with MPM. Accordingly, [18F]FDG-PET/CT was used to longitudinally monitor the disease progression of the H2052/484 orthotopic model. This technique has a high 3R potential (Reduce the number of animals, Refine to lessen pain and discomfort, and Replace animal experimentation with alternatives) since the tumor development can be monitored non-invasively and the number of animals required could be significantly reduced.
This model displays a high development rate, a rapid tumor growth, is cost-efficient and allows for rapid clinical translation. By using this orthotopic xenograft MPM model, researchers can assess biological responses of a reliable MPM model following therapeutic interventions.

This article describes the generation of an orthotopic mouse model of human pleural mesothelioma by implantation of H2052/484 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immunocompromised athymic mice. The longitudinal monitoring of the development of intrapleural tumors was assessed by non-invasive multimodal [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging.

Athymic Farelerde İnsan Plevral Mezotelyoma'nın Ortotopik Modelinin PET/BT ile İmplantasyonu ve İzlenmesi

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. ...

Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment

The immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a determining factor in cancer progression and response to therapy. Specifically, the density and the location of immune cells in the TME have important diagnostic and prognostic values. Multiomic profiling of the TME has exponentially increased our understanding of the numerous cellular and molecular networks regulating tumor initiation and progression. However, these techniques do not provide information about the spatial organization of cells or cell-cell interactions. Affordable, accessible, and easy to execute multiplexing techniques that allow spatial resolution of immune cells in tissue sections are needed to complement single cell-based high-throughput technologies. Here, we describe a strategy that integrates serial imaging, sequential labeling, and image alignment to generate virtual multiparameter slides of whole tissue sections. Virtual slides are subsequently analyzed in an automated fashion using user-defined protocols that enable identification, quantification, and mapping of cell populations of interest. The image analysis is done, in this case using the analysis modules Tissuealign, Author, and HISTOmap. We present an example where we applied this strategy successfully to one clinical specimen, maximizing the information that can be obtained from limited tissue samples and providing an unbiased view of the TME in the entire tissue section.

Here, we describe a simple and accessible strategy for visualizing, quantifying, and mapping immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections. This methodology combines existing imaging and digital analysis techniques with the purpose of expanding the multiplexing capability and multiparameter analysis of imaging assays.

Tümör Mikroortamında Bağışıklık Hücre Popülasyonlarının Görselleştirilmesi, Ölçülmesi ve Haritalanması

The immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a determining factor in cancer progression and response to therapy. Specifically, the density ...

Precise Brain Mapping to Perform Repetitive In Vivo Imaging of Neuro-Immune Dynamics in Mice

The central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by a complex interplay of neuronal, glial, stromal, and vascular cells that facilitate its proper function. Although studying these cells in isolation in vitro or together ex vivo provides useful physiological information; salient features of neural cell physiology will be missed in such contexts. Therefore, there is a need for studying neural cells in their native in vivo environment. The protocol detailed here describes repetitive in vivo two-photon imaging of neural cells in the rodent cortex as a tool to visualize and study specific cells over extended periods of time from hours to months. We describe in detail the use of the grossly stable brain vasculature as a coarse map or fluorescently labeled dendrites as a fine map of select brain regions of interest. Using these maps as a visual key, we show how neural cells can be precisely relocated for subsequent repetitive in vivo imaging. Using examples of in vivo imaging of fluorescently-labeled microglia, neurons, and NG2+ cells, this protocol demonstrates the ability of this technique to allow repetitive visualization of cellular dynamics in the same brain location over extended time periods, that can further aid in understanding the structural and functional responses of these cells in normal physiology or following pathological insults. Where necessary, this approach can be coupled to functional imaging of neural cells, e.g., with calcium imaging. This approach is especially a powerful technique to visualize the physical interaction between different cell types of the CNS in vivo when genetic mouse models or specific dyes with distinct fluorescent tags to label the cells of interest are available.

This protocol describes a chronic cranial window implantation technique that can be used for longitudinal imaging of neuro-glio-vascular structures, interactions, and function in both healthy and diseased conditions. It serves as a complementary alternative to the transcranial imaging approach that, while often preferred, possesses some critical limitations.

Farelerde Nöro-İmmün Dinamiğin Vivo Görüntülemesinde Tekrarlayan Performans için Hassas Beyin Haritalaması

The central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by a complex interplay of neuronal, glial, stromal, and vascular cells that facilitate its proper function. ...

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Complex disease models demand cutting-edge tools able to deliver physiologically and pathologically relevant, actionable insights, and unveil otherwise invisible processes. Advanced cell assays closely mimicking in vivo scenery are establishing themselves as novel ways to visualize and measure the bidirectional tumor-host interplay influencing the progression of cancer. Here we describe two versatile protocols to recreate highly controllable 2D and 3D co-cultures in microdevices, mimicking the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), under natural and therapy-induced immunosurveillance. In section 1, an experimental setting is provided to monitor crosstalk between adherent tumor cells and floating immune populations, by bright field time-lapse microscopy. As an applicative scenario, we analyze the effects of anti-cancer treatments, such as the so-called immunogenic cancer cell death inducers on the recruitment and activation of immune cells. In section 2, 3D tumor-immune microenvironments are assembled in a competitive layout. Differential immune infiltration is monitored by fluorescence snapshots up to 72 h, to evaluate combination therapeutic strategies. In both settings, image processing steps are illustrated to extract a plethora of immune cell parameters (e.g., immune cell migration and interaction, response to therapeutic agents). These simple and powerful methods can be further tailored to simulate the complexity of the TME encompassing the heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer, stromal and immune cells subtypes, as well as their reciprocal interactions as drivers of cancer evolution. The compliance of these rapidly evolving technologies with live-cell high-content imaging can lead to the generation of large informative datasets, bringing forth new challenges. Indeed, the triangle &#39;&#39;co-cultures/microscopy/advanced data analysis&#34; sets the path towards a precise problem parametrization that may assist tailor-made therapeutic protocols. We expect that future integration of cancer-immune on-a-chip with artificial intelligence for high-throughput processing will synergize a large step forward in leveraging the capabilities as predictive and preclinical tools for precision and personalized oncology.

In the age of immunotherapy and single-cell genomic profiling, cancer biology requires novel in vitro and computational tools for investigating the tumor-immune interface in a proper spatiotemporal context. We describe protocols to exploit tumor-immune microfluidic co-cultures in 2D and 3D settings, compatible with dynamic, multiparametric monitoring of cellular functions.

İn vitro tümör mikroortamlarında immün yanıtı diseksiyon için mikroakışkan ko-kültür modelleri

Complex disease models demand cutting-edge tools able to deliver physiologically and pathologically relevant, actionable insights, and unveil otherwise ...

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common and costly. Previous articles describing models of UTI in male and female mice have illustrated the procedures for bacterial inoculation and enumeration in urine and tissues. During an initial bladder infection in C57BL/6 mice, UPEC establish latent reservoirs inside bladder epithelial cells that persist following clearance of UPEC bacteriuria. This model builds on these studies to examine rUTI caused by the emergence of UPEC from within latent bladder reservoirs. The urogenital bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis is used as the trigger of rUTI in this model because it is frequently present in the urogenital tracts of women, especially in the context of vaginal dysbiosis that has been associated with UTI. In addition, a method for in situ bladder fixation followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of bladder tissue is also described, with potential application to other studies involving the bladder.

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

A mouse model of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) transurethral inoculation to establish latent intracellular bladder reservoirs and subsequent bladder exposure to G. vaginalis to induce recurrent UPEC UTI is demonstrated. Also demonstrated are the enumeration of bacteria, urine cytology, and in situ bladder fixation and processing for scanning electron microscopy.

Farelerde Gardnerella vaginalis Mesane Maruziyeti Tarafından Tetiklenen Tekrarlayan Escherichia coli İdrar Yolu Enfeksiyonu

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common and costly. Previous articles describing models of ...

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

During activation, the metabolism of T cells adapts to changes that impact their fate. An increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is indispensable for T cell activation, and the survival of memory T cells is dependent on mitochondrial remodeling. Consequently, this affects the long-term clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapies. Changes in T cell quality are often studied by flow cytometry using well-known surface markers and not directly by their metabolic state. This is an optimized protocol for measuring real-time mitochondrial respiration of primary human T cells using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the cytokines IL-2 and IL-15, which differently affect T cell metabolism. It is shown that the metabolic state of T cells can clearly be distinguished by measuring the oxygen consumption when inhibiting key complexes in the metabolic pathway and that the accuracy of these measurements is highly dependent on optimal inhibitor concentration and inhibitor injection strategy. This standardized protocol will help implement mitochondrial respiration as a standard for T cell fitness in monitoring and studying cancer immunotherapies.

Metabolic adaptation is fundamental for T cells as it dictates differentiation, persistence, and cytotoxicity. Here, an optimized protocol for monitoring mitochondrial respiration in ex vivo cytokine-differentiated human primary T cells is presented.

Immünkompetan Fare Seröz Yumurtalık Kanseri bir Ortotopik Model In vivo Tümör Görüntüleme ve İzleme