Yazarlar, Prof ME Schwab, Dr. P. Freund, Dr A. Wyss, Dr. S. Beşir, Dr A. Mir, Dr. J. Bloch, Dr. JF Brunet Dr J. teşekkür etmek istiyorum Aebischer Dr A. Meszaros, önceki deneyler ve analizler katkılarından dolayı Dr. V. Goetschman. Deneysel set-up André Gaillard, Bernard Aebischer ve Laurent Monney tarafından inşa edildi. Josef Corpataux, Laurent Bossy ve Jacques Maillard: hayvan tesis, maymunlar profesyonel hayvan bakıcıların gözetiminde yerleştirildi. Véronique Moret (web master), Françoise Tinguely, Christine Roulin, Monica Bennefeld, Christiane Marti ve Georgette Fischer: histoloji gibi verilerin yanı sıra, davranış testleri ve analizleri, laboratuar teknisyenleri, son derece değerli katkıları ile yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, İsviçre Ulusal Bilim Vakfı tarafından desteklenen, yok 31-61857,00, 310.000-110.005 hibe 31003A-132.465 (EMR), 310.030-118.357, 31003A-104.061 (TW), 310.030-120.411 (ABS), PZ00P3_121646 (ES), Novartis Vakfı, &quot;Nöral plastisite ve onarım&quot; Yetkinlik Araştırma Ulusal Merkezi (NCCR).

<ol>
	<li>Lemon, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Descending+pathways+in+motor+control.">Descending pathways in motor control.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 195-218 (2008).</li><li>Courtine, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+experiments+in+nonhuman+primates+expedite+the+translation+of+treatments+for+spinal+cord+injury+in+humans?.">Can experiments in nonhuman primates expedite the translation of treatments for spinal cord injury in humans?.</a> Nat. Med. 13, 561-566 (2007).</li><li>Capitanio, J. P., Emborg, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+non-human+primates+to+neuroscience+research.">Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research.</a> Lancet. 371, 1126-1135 (2008).</li><li>Brinkman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supplementary+motor+area+of+the+monkey's+cerebral+cortex:+short-+and+long-term+deficits+after+unilateral+ablation+and+the+effects+of+subsequent+callosal+section.">Supplementary motor area of the monkey's cerebral cortex: short- and long-term deficits after unilateral ablation and the effects of subsequent callosal section.</a> J. Neurosci. 4, 918-929 (1984).</li><li>Brinkman, J., Kuypers, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+control+of+contralateral+and+ipsilateral+arm,+hand+and+finger+movements+in+the+split-brain+rhesus+monkey.">Cerebral control of contralateral and ipsilateral arm, hand and finger movements in the split-brain rhesus monkey.</a> Brain. , 653-674 (1973).</li><li>Kazennikov, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+structure+of+a+bimanual+goal-directed+movement+sequence+in+monkeys.">Temporal structure of a bimanual goal-directed movement sequence in monkeys.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 203-210 (1994).</li><li>Kazennikov, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+activity+of+supplementary+and+primary+motor+areas+in+monkeys+and+its+relation+to+bimanual+and+unimanual+movement+sequences.">Neural activity of supplementary and primary motor areas in monkeys and its relation to bimanual and unimanual movement sequences.</a> Neuroscience. 89, 661-674 (1999).</li><li>Kermadi, I., Liu, Y., Tempini, A., Rouiller, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+reversible+inactivation+of+the+supplementary+motor+area+(SMA)+on+unimanual+grasp+and+bimanual+pull+and+grasp+performance+in+monkeys.">Effects of reversible inactivation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) on unimanual grasp and bimanual pull and grasp performance in monkeys.</a> Somatosens. Mot. Res. 14, 268-280 (1997).</li><li>Kermadi, I., Liu, Y., Tempini, A., Calciati, E., Rouiller, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+activity+in+the+primate+supplementary+motor+area+and+the+primary+motor+cortex+in+relation+to+spatio-temporal+bimanual+coordination.">Neuronal activity in the primate supplementary motor area and the primary motor cortex in relation to spatio-temporal bimanual coordination.</a> Somatosens. Mot. Res. 15, 287-308 (1998).</li><li>Kermadi, I., Liu, Y., Rouiller, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+bimanual+motor+actions+involve+the+dorsal+premotor+(PMd),+cingulate+(CMA)+and+posterior+parietal+(PPC)+cortices?+Comparison+with+primary+and+supplementary+motor+cortical+areas.">Do bimanual motor actions involve the dorsal premotor (PMd), cingulate (CMA) and posterior parietal (PPC) cortices? Comparison with primary and supplementary motor cortical areas.</a> Somatosensory and Motor Research. 17, 255-271 (2000).</li><li>Wannier, T., Liu, J., Morel, A., Jouffrais, C., Rouiller, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+activity+in+primate+striatum+and+pallidum+related+to+bimanual+motor+actions.">Neuronal activity in primate striatum and pallidum related to bimanual motor actions.</a> NeuroReport. 13, 143-147 (2002).</li><li>Rouiller, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dexterity+in+adult+monkeys+following+early+lesion+of+the+motor+cortical+hand+area:+the+role+of+cortex+adjacent+to+the+lesion.">Dexterity in adult monkeys following early lesion of the motor cortical hand area: the role of cortex adjacent to the lesion.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 729-740 (1998).</li><li>Liu, Y., Rouiller, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+recovery+of+dexterity+following+unilateral+lesion+of+the+sensorimotor+cortex+in+adult+monkeys.">Mechanisms of recovery of dexterity following unilateral lesion of the sensorimotor cortex in adult monkeys.</a> Exp. Brain. Res. 128, 149-159 (1999).</li><li>Freund, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nogo-A-specific+antibody+treatment+enhances+sprouting+and+functional+recovery+after+cervical+lesion+in+adult+primates.">Nogo-A-specific antibody treatment enhances sprouting and functional recovery after cervical lesion in adult primates.</a> Nature. Med. 12, 790-792 (2006).</li><li>Freund, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-Nogo-A+antibody+treatment+promotes+recovery+of+manual+dexterity+after+unilateral+cervical+lesion+in+adult+primates--re-examination+and+extension+of+behavioral+data.">Anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment promotes recovery of manual dexterity after unilateral cervical lesion in adult primates--re-examination and extension of behavioral data.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 29, 983-996 (2009).</li><li>Kaeser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Unilateral+Motor+Cortex+Lesion+on+Ipsilesional+Hand's+Reach+and+Grasp+Performance+in+Monkeys:+Relationship+With+Recovery+in+the+Contralesional+Hand.">Effects of Unilateral Motor Cortex Lesion on Ipsilesional Hand's Reach and Grasp Performance in Monkeys: Relationship With Recovery in the Contralesional Hand.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 103, 1603-1645 (2010).</li><li>Kaeser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+adult+cortical+cell+transplantation+enhances+functional+recovery+following+unilateral+lesion+of+motor+cortex+in+primates:+a+pilot+study.">Autologous adult cortical cell transplantation enhances functional recovery following unilateral lesion of motor cortex in primates: a pilot study.</a> Neurosurgery. 68, 1405-1417 (2011).</li><li>Bashir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+effects+of+unilateral+lesion+of+the+primary+motor+cortex+(M1)+on+Ipsilesional+hand+dexterity+in+adult+macaque+monkeys.">Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on Ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys.</a> Brain Structure and Function. , (2011).</li><li>Hamadjida, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+anti-Nogo-A+treatment+on+the+reorganization+of+callosal+connectivity+of+the+premotor+cortical+areas+following+unilateral+lesion+of+primary+motor+cortex+(M1)+in+adult+macaque+monkeys.">Influence of anti-Nogo-A treatment on the reorganization of callosal connectivity of the premotor cortical areas following unilateral lesion of primary motor cortex (M1) in adult macaque monkeys.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Jenny, A. B., Inukai, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+motor+organization+of+the+monkey+cervical+spinal+cord.">Principles of motor organization of the monkey cervical spinal cord.</a> J. Neurosci. 3, 567-575 (1983).</li><li>Schmidlin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+plastic+changes+in+the+hand+representation+of+the+primary+motor+cortex+parallel+incomplete+recovery+from+a+unilateral+section+of+the+corticospinal+tract+at+cervical+level+in+monkeys.">Progressive plastic changes in the hand representation of the primary motor cortex parallel incomplete recovery from a unilateral section of the corticospinal tract at cervical level in monkeys.</a> Brain Research. 1017, 172-183 (2004).</li><li>Schmidlin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+the+hand+representation+in+the+ipsilateral+primary+motor+cortex+following+unilateral+section+of+the+corticospinal+tract+at+cervical+level+in+monkeys.">Reduction of the hand representation in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex following unilateral section of the corticospinal tract at cervical level in monkeys.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 6, 56-56 (2005).</li><li>Prescott, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refinement+of+the+use+of+food+and+fluid+control+as+motivational+tools+for+macaques+used+in+behavioural+neuroscience+research:+report+of+a+Working+Group+of+the+NC3Rs.">Refinement of the use of food and fluid control as motivational tools for macaques used in behavioural neuroscience research: report of a Working Group of the NC3Rs.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 193, 167-188 (2010).</li><li>Darling, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volumetric+effects+of+motor+cortex+injury+on+recovery+of+dexterous+movements.">Volumetric effects of motor cortex injury on recovery of dexterous movements.</a> Exp. Neurol. 220, 90-108 (2009).</li><li>Darling, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+forced+use+without+constraint+stimulates+spontaneous+use+of+the+impaired+upper+extremity+following+motor+cortex+injury.">Minimal forced use without constraint stimulates spontaneous use of the impaired upper extremity following motor cortex injury.</a> Exp. Brain. Res. 202, 529-542 (2010).</li><li>McNeal, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+long-term+reorganization+of+the+corticospinal+projection+from+the+supplementary+motor+cortex+following+recovery+from+lateral+motor+cortex+injury.">Selective long-term reorganization of the corticospinal projection from the supplementary motor cortex following recovery from lateral motor cortex injury.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 586-621 (2010).</li><li>Nishimura, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-dependent+central+compensatory+mechanisms+of+finger+dexterity+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Time-dependent central compensatory mechanisms of finger dexterity after spinal cord injury.</a> Science. 318, 1150-1155 (2007).</li><li>Pizzimenti, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+reaching+kinematics+and+prehensile+dexterity+in+nonhuman+primates.">Measurement of reaching kinematics and prehensile dexterity in nonhuman primates.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 98, 1015-1029 (2007).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Mevcut davranışsal görevleri bağlamında çeşitli tedavileri test etmek amacı ile motor korteks lezyonu servikal kord lezyonu veya ilgili çalışmalar (14,15,17 ve laboratuvarımızda şimdiye kadar kabul edilmiş olmasına rağmen <a href="http://www.unifr.ch/neuro/rouiller">http:/ / www.unifr.ch / nöro / rouiller</a> &gt; üst bar menüsü &quot;araştırma&quot; seçeneğini seçin, daha sonra&gt; &quot;motor sistemi&quot;&gt; &quot;lezyon sonra kurtarma&quot; el becerisi bir yönü de olduğu gibi), aynı zamanda, daha geniş bir uygulama olabilir Parkinson hastalığı (MPTP maymunlar) ya da duyusal de afferentation etkileyen propriosepsiyon ve / veya dokunma hissi (özellikle görsel kontrolü yokluğunda test 2) durumunda diğer patolojiler, dikkate almak. El becerisi yer gibi burada önerilen davranış testleri, ön ayakları distal hareketlerinin motor kontrolü araştırmak için uygundur. Testlerin özgüllük göstermiştir.kontrol sistemi ile ilgili bileşenleri bozmaz bir lezyon halinde açığının olmaması (birkaç gün hariç): Gerçekten de, bir lezyonun durumda el kasları kontrol eden motor nöronlar daha kaudal yerleştirilmiş, hiçbir açığı vardı. Muhtemelen bir hücre tedavi 17,% 25 oranında fonksiyonel iyileşme bir iyileştirme göre farklılık-lezyon sonrası iyileşme eğrisi, iki zaman noktalarında alınan video dizileri karşılaştırılarak test 1 yerindelik takdir edilebilir . Başında bazı ilk, nispeten kısa bir eğitim aşamasında (genellikle 2-3 ay süren) rağmen, burada önerilen davranış testleri gibi karmaşık (örneğin koşullu) görevler ile karşılaştırıldığında, görece &quot;doğal&quot; ve basit bir maymun eğitim yaklaşık bir yıl veya daha fazla sürebilir. Pozitif takviye katı gıda, su kısıtlaması daha etik açıdan görünümü daha az duyarlı dayanmaktadır, genellikle daha fazla comkarmaşık görevleri 23. Istikrarlı ve tutarlı sonuçlar elde etmek için gıda maymunlar mahrum etmek gerek yoktur. Görevleri sırasında alınan pelet davranış oturum gününde (ancak önceki gün öğleden sonra sonuna kadar ek gıda verilebilir maymun önceki gece boyunca yemek olmadığını varsayarak) gıda ilk erişim temsil . Her bir maymun davranış gün, aynı zamanda oturum gerçekleştirir, hem de konut oda bir grup oluşturan farklı maymunlar arasında aynı sırayla saygı çok önemlidir. Maymunlar dış rahatsız edici olaylara duyarlı olduğundan, komşu odalarında ya da laboratuvarlarda gelen potansiyel rahatsız edici gürültü maskeleme davranış görevleri, arka plan müziği huzurunda yapılacaktır gerekir. Bu deney (son günlük deneysel oturuma kadar ilk eğitim, birkaç ay olmasa bile yıllık bir süre) tüm süresince, belirli bir maymun olduğunu çok önemlidiraynı deneyci gözetiminde günlük olarak yerleştirildi. Laboratuvarımızda birkaç yıldan bu yana el becerileri ölçmek için kullanılan bu davranış testleri, el becerisi son 24-28 literatürde bildirilen diğer testler karşılaştırılabilir bir ölçüde. Ancak bu raporun geçici bir hedefi daha iyi karşılaştırma için farklı laboratuvarlarda (), üzerinde testler standardize etmek için önemli bir ihtiyaç vardır. On demand, set-up ayrıntılı özellikleri 1-4 bunları çoğaltmak için, yazarın sağlanabilir testleri için burada resmedilmiştir. Rejeneratif tıp (spinal kord veya serebral korteks lezyonu kurtarma) meselesinin ötesinde, testler mevcut palet araştırmak için, normal insan olmayan primatlar gelişimsel sorunlar (örneğin hünerli hareketler motor gelişim kursu) adres uygun olabilir c lateralizasyonu yönleri (el tercihi / hakimiyeti) ve deşifre evrim sorularıprimatların farklı türler, insan denekler de dahil olmak üzere motor yetenekler omparing. Aparatlar boyutları görev performansını etkileyebilecek, primat türlerinin rakamlar boyutu (kalınlığı ve uzunluğu) göre adapte edilmesi gerektiğine dikkat edin. Bu çalışmada, testler,, 2.5 ile 8 yaşında arasında değişen ve 2.5 arasında ve 8 kg ağırlığındaki, macaca fascicularis maymunlar üzerinde yapılmıştır. Parmağı uzunluğu 32 ila 35 mm (pelet işlemek için ilk kullanılan) aralıkları, parmağı distal falanks (uç) çevresi 22 ve 25 mm çalışmalarda yer alan maymunlarda arasında iken. Daha önceki deneylerde test edilmiş, aynı kavrama testleri Macaca mulatta için de uygundur. Tüm deneyler, (1996), Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bakım ve Kullanım Kılavuzu uyarınca yapılan ve yerel (İsviçre) Veterinerlik makamları tarafından kabul edildi. Maymun tüm deneysel prosedürlerilar, hayvan tesisi yanı sıra gözaltı koşulları, laboratuvarımızda son raporlarına ayrıntılı şekilde tarif edildi: referanslar 12-18 bakınız.

behavioral assessment of manual dexterity in non-human primates

Kortikospinal (CS) yolu küçük nesneleri ustaca işlemek için enfes motor yeteneği, özellikle primatlar 1 bir ayrıcalık anatomik destek. Kökeni (motor kortikal alanlarda lezyon) veya yörünge boyunca (servikal kord lezyonu) CS projeksiyon sistemi etkileyen lezyonun durumda, bazı tetraplejik veya hemiplejik hastalarda görüldüğü gibi el becerisi (el felci), dramatik bir kayıp var . Böyle bir lezyon sonra bazı spontan fonksiyonel iyileşme olmasına rağmen, yetişkin çok sınırlı kalır. Çeşitli tedavi stratejilerinin şu anda önerilen (örneğin hücre tedavisi, inhibitör aksonal büyüme moleküllerin nötralizasyon, büyüme faktörleri, vb uygulama), çoğunlukla kemirgenler geliştirilmiştir. Ancak, klinik uygulama öncesi, çoğu zaman insan olmayan primatlar tedavi fizibilite, etkinlik ve güvenliğini test etmek için tavsiye edilir. Gol sonrası el becerisi geri yüklemek için bu özellikle doğrudurmerkezi sinir sisteminin bir lezyon, motor sistemi, kemirgen örgüt olarak, primatlarda 1,2 farklı . Makak maymunları, primatlarda el becerileri ölçmek için bir tedavi uygulanmış olan motor korteks veya örneğin servikal kord lezyonu kaynaklanan açıkları, spontan fonksiyonel iyileşme seviyelerini ölçmek ve yansıtmak için uygun bir davranış modeli olarak gösterilmiştir değerlendirmek fonksiyonel iyileşme ne kadar artırabilirsiniz. Yetişkin makak maymunları ilk eğitim gerektiren dört ayrı, tamamlayıcı, ulaşmak ve kavramak manuel görevler (pelet kavramak için hassas kavrama kullanmak), el becerisi davranışsal değerlendirme dayanmaktadır. Hayvanların hazırlanmasının yanı davranış set-up ile ilgili konumlandırma olarak gösterilmiştir. Her görev için, tipik bir maymun performans gösterilmiştir. Hassas el manipü yansıtan ilgili parametrelerin toplanması ve analiziyanı sıra güç kontrol açıkladı ve temsili sonuçları ile göstermiştir. Bu veriler, davranış veriler, spinal kord lezyonu veya motor korteks ve ne ölçüde bir tedavi spontan fonksiyonel iyileşme artırabilir, karşılaştırma tarafından bir lezyonun etkisini araştırmak için nasıl yararlanılabilir gösteren, daha geniş bir bağlamda sonra yerleştirilir maymun farklı gruplar (örneğin tedavi sahte karşı tedavi). Davranış testleri avantajları ve sınırlamaları tartışılmıştır. Mevcut davranışçı yaklaşım, sinir sistemi hastalıkları 2,3 bağlamında insan dışı primat model yerindelik vurgulayan önceki raporlar doğrultusunda .

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates at JoVE.com

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

El becerisi ağırlıklı olarak primatlar bir ayrıcalık olduğu gibi, davranışsal görevleri makak maymunları geliştirilmiştir. Dört elle manipülasyon yeteneği ve kuvvet ölçme, kavrama görevleri ulaşmak ve kavramak, merkezi sinir sisteminin bir lezyon sonra fonksiyonel iyileşme kurulması ve bir tedavinin etkisini test etmek için izin verir.

Sigara İnsan Primatlar Manuel Beceri Davranış Değerlendirme

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of ...

behavioral-assessment-of-manual-dexterity-in-non-human-primates

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

22.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Fribourg. El becerisi ağırlıklı olarak primatlar bir ayrıcalık olduğu gibi, davranışsal görevleri makak maymunları geliştirilmiştir. Dört elle manipülasyon yeteneği ve kuvvet ölçme, kavrama görevleri ulaşmak ve kavramak, merkezi sinir sisteminin bir lezyon sonra fonksiyonel iyileşme kurulması ve bir tedavinin etkisini test etmek için izin verir.

Video: Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

Davranış Endokrinoloji ve Deneysel İktisat birleştiren: Testosteron ve Sosyal Karar Verme

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Nörobilim

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

Sıçanlarda Sakkaroz Craving Kuluçka değerlendirilmesi için Genel Bir Yöntem

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

Kemirgenler Faaliyet teker Running kayıt ve Sirkadiyen Rhythms Analizi

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

Farelerde Hipokampal Bölgesi Dentate Gyrus dendritik arborization Değerlendirilmesi

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Quantification of Filamentous Actin (F-actin) Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich structures suggest alterations in synaptic integrity and connectivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for culturing primary rat cortical neurons, Phalloidin staining for F-actin puncta, and subsequent quantification techniques. First, the frontal cortex of E18 rat embryos are dissociated into low-density cell culture, then the neurons grown in vitro for at least 12-14 days. Following experimental treatment, the cortical neurons are stained with AlexaFluor 488 Phalloidin (to label the dendritic F-actin puncta) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2; to validate the neuronal cells and dendritic integrity). Finally, specialized software is used to analyze and quantify randomly selected neuronal dendrites. F-actin rich structures are identified on second order dendritic branches (length range 25-75 &#181;m) with continuous MAP2 immunofluorescence. The protocol presented here will be a useful method for investigating changes in dendritic synapse structures subsequent to experimental treatments.

Quantification of Filamentous Actin F-actin Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin (F-actin) plays an important role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Quantification of F-actin puncta is therefore a useful tool to study the integrity of synaptic structures. This protocol describes the procedures of quantifying F-actin puncta labeled with Phalloidin in low-density primary cortical neuronal cultures.

Rat Kortikal Nöronlar Filamentli Aktin (F-aktin) puncta Niceleme

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

Dopamin D1-Alfa reseptör kemirgen Nucleus Accumbens bir yenilikçi RNA Situ içinde hafiye teknoloji tarafından içinde tanımlaması

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

Interstimulus Aralık kemirgenler zamansal işleme değerlendirilmesi için güç

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

Erişkin Serebellar Dilimlerde Uzun Süreli Depresyon İndüksiyonunun Değerlendirilmesi

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

Beyin Dilimlerinde ve Birincil Hücre Kültüründe Piramidal Nöronların Balistik Etiketlemesi

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

A Hydrophobic Tissue Clearing Method for Rat Brain Tissue

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered tissue samples. Traditional immunolabeling procedures require cutting the sample into thin sections, which restricts the ability to label and examine intact structures. However, if brain tissue can remain intact during processing, structures and circuits can remain intact for the analysis. Previously established clearing methods take significant time to completely clear the tissue, and the harsh chemicals can often damage sensitive antibodies. The iDISCO method quickly and completely clears tissue, is compatible with many antibodies, and requires no special lab equipment. This technique was initially validated for the use in mice tissue, but the current protocol adapts this method to image hemispheres of control and transgenic rat brains. In addition to this, the present protocol also makes several adjustments to preexisting protocol to provide clearer images with less background staining. Antibodies for Iba-1 and tyrosine hydroxylase were validated in the HIV-1 transgenic rat and in F344/N control rats using the present hydrophobic tissue clearing method. The brain is an interwoven network, where structures work together more often than separately of one another. Analyzing the brain as a whole system as opposed to a combination of individual pieces is the greatest benefit of this whole brain clearing method.

Here we present a hydrophobic tissue clearing method that allows for the viewing of target molecules as part of intact brain structures. This technique has now been validated for F344/N control and HIV-1 transgenic rats of both sexes.

Sıçan Beyin Dokusu için Hidrofobik Doku Temizleme Yöntemi

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered ...