Die Autoren bedanken sich bei Prof. ME Schwab, Dr. P. Freund, Dr. A. Wyss, Dr. S. Bashir, Dr. A. Mir, Dr. J. Bloch, Dr. JF Brunet, Dr. J. danken Aebischer, Dr. A. Meszaros, Dr. V. Goetschman für ihren Beitrag zur vorherigen Experimente und Analysen. Die Versuchsanordnungen wurden von André Gaillard, Bernard Aebischer und Laurent Monney gebaut. Josef Corpataux, Laurent Bossy und Jacques Maillard: In der Tierhaltung wurden die Affen unter der Aufsicht von professionellen Tierpflegern platziert. Véronique Moret (auch Web-Master), Françoise Tinguely, Christine Roulin, Monica Bennefeld, Christiane Marti und Georgette Fischer: Die Verhaltenstests und Analyse der Daten, sowie Histologie, wurden mit dem sehr wertvollen Beiträge von Laboranten durchgeführt. Diese Arbeit wurde von der Swiss National Science Foundation unterstützt wurde, gewährt keine 31-61.857,00, 310000-110005, 31003A-132465 (EMR), 310030-118357, 31003A-104061 (TW), 310030-120411 (ABS), PZ00P3_121646 (ES), Novartis Foundation; The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) zum Thema &quot;Neuronale Plastizität und Reparatur&quot;.

<ol>
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Neurosci. 29, 983-996 (2009).</li><li>Kaeser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Unilateral+Motor+Cortex+Lesion+on+Ipsilesional+Hand's+Reach+and+Grasp+Performance+in+Monkeys:+Relationship+With+Recovery+in+the+Contralesional+Hand.">Effects of Unilateral Motor Cortex Lesion on Ipsilesional Hand's Reach and Grasp Performance in Monkeys: Relationship With Recovery in the Contralesional Hand.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 103, 1603-1645 (2010).</li><li>Kaeser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+adult+cortical+cell+transplantation+enhances+functional+recovery+following+unilateral+lesion+of+motor+cortex+in+primates:+a+pilot+study.">Autologous adult cortical cell transplantation enhances functional recovery following unilateral lesion of motor cortex in primates: a pilot study.</a> Neurosurgery. 68, 1405-1417 (2011).</li><li>Bashir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+effects+of+unilateral+lesion+of+the+primary+motor+cortex+(M1)+on+Ipsilesional+hand+dexterity+in+adult+macaque+monkeys.">Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on Ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys.</a> Brain Structure and Function. , (2011).</li><li>Hamadjida, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+anti-Nogo-A+treatment+on+the+reorganization+of+callosal+connectivity+of+the+premotor+cortical+areas+following+unilateral+lesion+of+primary+motor+cortex+(M1)+in+adult+macaque+monkeys.">Influence of anti-Nogo-A treatment on the reorganization of callosal connectivity of the premotor cortical areas following unilateral lesion of primary motor cortex (M1) in adult macaque monkeys.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Jenny, A. 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Keine Interessenskonflikte erklärt.

Obwohl die vorliegende Verhaltensstörungen Aufgaben wurden bisher in unserem Labor im Rahmen von Studien zu den Läsion des Halsmarks oder Läsion des motorischen Kortex mit dem Ziel, verschiedene Behandlungen Test berücksichtigt werden (siehe 14,15,17 und <a href="http://www.unifr.ch/neuro/rouiller">http:/ / www.unifr.ch / Neuro / Rouiller</a> &gt; select &quot;Forschung&quot; in der oberen Leiste Menü, dann&gt; &quot;Motor-System&quot;&gt; &quot;Erholung nach Läsion&quot;), können sie auch eine breitere Anwendung, wie manuelle Geschicklichkeit ist auch ein Aspekt zu prüfen in anderen Pathologien, wie zB Parkinson-Krankheit (MPTP-Affen) oder bei der sensorischen de-afferentation beeinflussen Propriozeption und / oder den Tastsinn (vor allem der Test 2 in Abwesenheit von visuellen Kontrolle). Die Verhaltenstests hier vorgeschlagene geeignet sind, die motorische Kontrolle der distalen Bewegungen der vorderen Gliedmaßen zu untersuchen, wie es in manueller Geschicklichkeit beteiligt. Die Spezifität des Tests wird durch demonstriertdas Fehlen des Defizits (außer für ein paar Tage) im Falle einer Läsion, die nicht beeinträchtigt relevanten Komponenten des Leitsystems: in der Tat, im Falle einer Läsion platziert mehr caudal als die Motoneuronen steuern Handmuskeln, gab es kein Defizit. Die Relevanz der Test 1 kann durch den Vergleich auf Video-Sequenzen zu zwei Zeitpunkten der Post-Läsion Recovery-Kurve, die durch eine Verbesserung der funktionellen Erholung von 25% abweichen, möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit einer Zelltherapie 17 Gewinner gewürdigt werden. Trotz der anfänglichen, relativ kurze Einarbeitungsphase zu Beginn (Dauer in der Regel 2-3 Monate), sind die Verhaltenstests hier vorgeschlagene relativ &quot;natürlich&quot; und einfach, da im Vergleich zu komplexen (z. B. bedingt) Aufgaben, für die die Ausbildung der Affen kann fast ein Jahr oder mehr. Die positive Verstärkung auf feste Nahrung, die weniger empfindlich auf die ethischen Standpunkt aus als Wasser Deprivation beruht, in der Regel in mehr com verwendetkomplexe Aufgaben 23. Es gibt keine Notwendigkeit, den Affen aus der Nahrung zu entziehen, um stabile und konsistente Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Die Pellets während der Auftragsausführung sind die ersten Zugriff auf das Essen auf den Tag des Verhaltens Sitzung (unter der Annahme, dass die Affen nicht in der vorhergehenden Nacht zu essen, aber zusätzliche Nahrung kann bis zum Ende des Nachmittags des vorhergehenden Tages gegeben werden) . Entscheidend ist, dass jeder Affe der Verhaltensebene Sitzung zur gleichen Zeit des Tages, sowie Wahrung der gleichen Reihenfolge zwischen den verschiedenen Affen bilden eine Gruppe in dem Gehäuse Platz führt. Wie die Affen, die auf externe störende Ereignisse sind, sollte die Verhaltens-Aufgaben in Anwesenheit von Hintergrundmusik durchgeführt werden, Maskierung potenzielle störende Geräusche aus benachbarten Räumen oder Laboratorien. Entscheidend ist, dass während der gesamten Dauer des Experiments (von der Erstausbildung bis zum letzten Tag experimentellen Sitzung, über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Monaten, wenn nicht Jahre), ist eine bestimmte Affentäglich unter der Aufsicht des gleichen Versuchsleiter platziert. Die vorliegende Verhaltenstests, seit mehreren Jahren in unserem Labor verwendet werden, um manuelle Geschicklichkeit zu quantifizieren, sind zu einem gewissen Grad vergleichbar mit anderen Tests der manuellen Geschicklichkeit vor kurzem in der Literatur 24-28 berichtet. Es besteht jedoch ein dringender Bedarf an Tests in verschiedenen Labors (zum besseren Vergleich), die ein vorläufiges Ziel des vorliegenden Berichts ist zu standardisieren. Auf Nachfrage, erläutert die genauen Eigenschaften des Set-ups hier für Tests 1-4 durch den entsprechenden Autor zur Verfügung gestellt werden können, um sie zu replizieren. Über das Thema der regenerativen Medizin (Wiederherstellung nach Läsion des Rückenmarks oder Hirnrinde) kann die vorliegende Palette von Tests geeignet sein, in normalen, nicht-menschlichen Primaten Entwicklungsfragen (z. B. zeitliche Verlauf der motorischen Entwicklung von geschickten Bewegungen)-Adresse, zu untersuchen, Lateralisierung Aspekte (Hand Präferenz / Dominanz) und zu entschlüsseln evolutionären Fragen comparing die motorischen Fähigkeiten der verschiedenen Arten von Primaten, einschließlich des Menschen. Beachten Sie jedoch, dass die Abmessungen der Geräte gemäß den Ziffern &quot;Größe (Dicke und Länge) der Primaten sollten angepasst werden, da es die Aufgabe die Leistung beeinflussen können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Tests auf macaca fascicularis Affen reicht von 2,5 bis 8 Jahre alt und wiegen zwischen 2,5 und 8 kg. Die Länge des Zeigefingers (first, um die Pellets zu manipulieren) reicht von 32 bis 35 mm, während der Umfang des distalen Phalanx (Spitze) des Zeigefingers wurde zwischen 22 und 25 mm bei den Affen in unseren Studien eingeschlossen. Wie in den vorangegangenen Experimenten getestet, sind die gleichen Greifen Tests für Macaca Mulattin als gut. Alle Experimente wurden in Übereinstimmung mit dem Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren (1996) durchgeführt und vom lokalen (schweizerischen) Veterinärbehörden. Alle experimentellen Verfahren auf der Affens, sowie die Haftbedingungen in der Tierhaltung, wurden im Detail in den jüngsten Berichten aus unserem Labor beschrieben: siehe Referenzen 12-18.

behavioral assessment of manual dexterity in non-human primates

Das kortikospinale (CS)-Darm-Trakt ist die anatomische Unterstützung der exquisite Motors Fähigkeit, geschickt zu manipulieren kleine Gegenstände, ein Vorrecht, vor allem von Primaten 1. Im Falle einer Läsion, die die CS-Projektionssystem an ihrem Ursprung (Läsion der motorischen kortikalen Arealen) oder entlang der Flugbahn (Halsmarkes Läsion), gibt es einen dramatischen Verlust der manuellen Geschicklichkeit (Hand Lähmung), wie in einigen Tetraplegie oder gelähmte Patienten gesehen . Zwar gibt es einige spontane funktionelle Erholung nach Läsion, bleibt es sehr begrenzt in der Erwachsenen. Verschiedene therapeutische Strategien werden derzeit vorgeschlagen (z. B. Zelltherapie, Neutralisierung von inhibitorischen Axonwachstum Moleküle, die Anwendung von Wachstumsfaktoren, etc), die meist in Nagetieren entwickelt. Doch bevor die klinische Anwendung ist es oft empfehlenswert, um die Machbarkeit, Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit der Behandlung in nicht-menschlichen Primaten zu testen. Dies gilt insbesondere, wenn das Ziel ist es, manuelle Geschicklichkeit nach der Wiederherstellungeine Läsion des zentralen Nervensystems, wie die Organisation des motorischen Systems von Nagetieren ist anders als die Primaten 1,2. Makaken sind hier als ein geeignetes Modell, um Verhaltensänderungen manuelle Geschicklichkeit in Primaten zu quantifizieren, um die Defizite, die sich aus Läsion des motorischen Kortex oder Halsmarkes zum Beispiel messen das Ausmaß der spontanen funktionellen Erholung, und wenn eine Behandlung angewendet wird reflektiert dargestellt, zu bewerten wie viel es kann Verbesserung der funktionellen Erholung. Die Beurteilung des Verhaltens der manuellen Geschicklichkeit ist auf vier verschiedene, komplementäre, zu erreichen und zu begreifen manuellen Aufgaben (Einsatz von Präzisions-Griff, um Pellets zu erfassen), erfordern eine erste Ausbildung der erwachsenen Makaken basiert. Die Vorbereitung der Tiere nachgewiesen wird, sowie die Positionierung in Bezug auf die Verhaltens-Set-up. Die Leistung eines typischen Affe ist für jede Aufgabe dargestellt. Die Erfassung und Analyse der relevanten Parameter reflektiert präzise Hand ManipulationTION, sowie die Kontrolle von Kraft, werden erläutert und demonstriert mit repräsentativen Ergebnissen. Diese Daten werden dann in einen breiteren Kontext gestellt, die zeigen, wie die Verhaltensdaten ausgenutzt werden, um die Auswirkungen einer Querschnittlähmung oder einer Läsion des motorischen Kortex und in welchem ​​Umfang eine Behandlung kann die spontane funktionelle Wiederherstellung zu verbessern, indem untersucht werden verschiedene Gruppen von Affen (behandelt versus Schein zum Beispiel behandelt). Vorteile und Grenzen der Verhaltens-Tests werden diskutiert. Die vorliegende verhaltenstherapeutischen Ansatz steht im Einklang mit früheren Berichten betont die Relevanz der nicht-menschlichen Primaten-Modell im Rahmen von Erkrankungen des Nervensystems 2,3.

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Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Als manuelle Geschicklichkeit ist ein Vorrecht vor allem von Primaten, haben Verhaltensstörungen Aufgaben in Makaken-Affen entwickelt. Vier zu erreichen und zu begreifen prehension Aufgaben-, Mess-Handmanipulation Fähigkeit und Kraft, erlauben die funktionelle Erholung nach einer Läsion des zentralen Nervensystems zu schaffen und die Wirkung einer Behandlung zu testen.

Behavioral Beurteilung der manuellen Geschicklichkeit in nicht-menschlichen Primaten

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of ...

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22.2K Aufrufe.  University of Fribourg. Als manuelle Geschicklichkeit ist ein Vorrecht vor allem von Primaten, haben Verhaltensstörungen Aufgaben in Makaken-Affen entwickelt. Vier zu erreichen und zu begreifen prehension Aufgaben-, Mess-Handmanipulation Fähigkeit und Kraft, erlauben die funktionelle Erholung nach einer Läsion des zentralen Nervensystems zu schaffen und die Wirkung einer Behandlung zu testen.

Serie: Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

Die Kombination Behavioral Endokrinologie und Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung: Testosteron und Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

Eine allgemeine Methode zur Bewertung der Inkubation von Saccharose Craving in Ratten

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

Aufnahme und Analyse der zirkadianen Rhythmen in Laufen-Rad-Aktivität in Nagetiere

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

Bewertung der dendritischen Verzweigung im Gyrus dentatus des Hippocampus-Region an der Maus

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Quantification of Filamentous Actin (F-actin) Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich structures suggest alterations in synaptic integrity and connectivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for culturing primary rat cortical neurons, Phalloidin staining for F-actin puncta, and subsequent quantification techniques. First, the frontal cortex of E18 rat embryos are dissociated into low-density cell culture, then the neurons grown in vitro for at least 12-14 days. Following experimental treatment, the cortical neurons are stained with AlexaFluor 488 Phalloidin (to label the dendritic F-actin puncta) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2; to validate the neuronal cells and dendritic integrity). Finally, specialized software is used to analyze and quantify randomly selected neuronal dendrites. F-actin rich structures are identified on second order dendritic branches (length range 25-75 &#181;m) with continuous MAP2 immunofluorescence. The protocol presented here will be a useful method for investigating changes in dendritic synapse structures subsequent to experimental treatments.

Quantification of Filamentous Actin F-actin Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin (F-actin) plays an important role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Quantification of F-actin puncta is therefore a useful tool to study the integrity of synaptic structures. This protocol describes the procedures of quantifying F-actin puncta labeled with Phalloidin in low-density primary cortical neuronal cultures.

Quantifizierung von filamentösen Aktin (F-Aktin) Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

Identifizierung von Dopamin-D1-Alpha-Rezeptor im Nagetier Nucleus Accumbens durch eine Innovative RNA- In Situ -Detection-Technologie

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

Die Macht der Interstimulus Intervall für die Beurteilung der zeitlichen Verarbeitung bei Nagern

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

Bewertung der Langzeit-Depressionsinduktion bei erwachsenen Cerebellarscheiben

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

Ballistische Kennzeichnung von Pyramidal neurons in Gehirnscheiben und in der primären Zellkultur

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. Establishment of the EcoHIV infected rat model for studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders, would be beneficial in the study of neuroHIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In the present study, we demonstrate the successful creation of a rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV). First, the lentiviral construct of EcoHIV was packaged in cultured 293 FT cells for 48 hours. Then, the conditional medium was concentrated and titered. Next, we performed bilateral stereotaxic injections of the EcoHIV-EGFP into F344/N rat brain tissue. One week after infection, EGFP fluorescence signals were detected in the infected brain tissue, indicating that EcoHIV successfully induces an active HIV infection in rats. In addition, immunostaining for the microglial cell marker, Iba1, was performed. The results indicated that microglia were the predominant cell type harboring EcoHIV. Furthermore, EcoHIV rats exhibited alterations in temporal processing, a potential underlying neurobehavioral mechanism of HAND as well as synaptic dysfunction eight weeks after infection. Collectively, the present study extends the EcoHIV model of HIV-1 infection to the rat offering a valuable biological system to study HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain as well as HAND and associated comorbidities such as drug abuse.

Here, we present a protocol to establish a new rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV), which is critical for enhancing our understanding of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain and offering a system to study HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated comorbidities (i.e., drug abuse).

Ein Rattenmodell der EcoHIV-Gehirninfektion

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. ...