Bu proje, İsviçre Ulusal Bilim Vakfı (SNF # 310030-127586/1) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. İntervertebral Disk Hasat <ol><li> Tüm uzunluğu sığır kuyruğu, cilt varlığı kirlenme şansını artırır (Şekil 2), deri olmadan, mümkünse yerel bir mezbahaya elde edilir. </li><li> Büyük kesme tahtası hazırlayın ve bir kesme tahtası (Şekil 2) üstüne steril çalışma istasyonu ve aletleri hazırlamak. </li><li> 55mm sodyum sitrat içeren% 0.9 sodyum klorür ile nemlendirilmiş steril laminer akış kaputu steril gazlı bez altında hazırlanın ve 6-plaka her bir kuyunun içine koymak. </li><li> Bir havza hazırlayın ve musluk suyu ile 1:100 Betadine çözeltinin. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca% 1&#39;lik Betadine çözeltisi içeren bir havzada tüm sığır kuyruğu bırakın. </li><li> Kısaca kuru steril gazlı bez ile kuyruk ve steril bir iş istasyonu üzerinde yerleştirin. </li><li> # 22 neşter bıçağı ile dikkatlice kuyruk etrafındaki kas çıkarın. </li><li> Gerekli değildir kuyruk parçaları, nispeten büyük ve çok küçük içeren kuyruk genellikle iki ucunda, uzak doğrayınIVD&#39;ler (Şekil 3). </li><li> IVD etrafında neşter bıçak kullanarak # 10 daha fazla kas ve tendonlar kesin. Disklerin dış anulus kesmek için dikkat edin. </li><li> Mark cerrahi cilt markeri IVD anterior (Bu adım isteğe bağlıdır, bizim biyoreaktör aksiyel rotasyon için merkezi belirlemenize yardımcı olur). </li><li> IVD ve vertebra bağlantı noktası kuyruk hafifçe hareket ettirerek bulun. Donuk bir neşter bıçak yüzü IVD ve kemik arasındaki sınır hissedin. Yarma site vertebra doğru IVD 1-2 mm olmalıdır. Yeri özel yarma sitesi (Şekil 4) endüstriyel bıçak tutucu. </li><li> Cleave IVD ve vertebra ısmarlama endüstriyel bıçak tutucu (Şekil 3) üstüne çekiç ile. </li><li> IVD-vertebranın bağlantısı, diğer tarafta tekrarlayın. </li><li> Wrap 55mm sodyum sitrat içeren% 0.9 sodyum klorür ile ıslatılmış steril gazlı bez ile IVD izole. </li><li> Istenen numune sayısı (genellikle 6 dolaşıp IVD&#39;ler izolasyonu Devam10-20 mm arasında çapı ile hasat edilebilir). </li><li> Jet steril Ringer solüsyonu ile lavaj sistemi (Zimmer, inc.) Bağlayın, 5L çanta (alternatif steril PBS veya% 0.9 salin solüsyonu) kullanışlı bir boyutta. </li><li> IVD Zimmer Pulsavac jet-lavaj sistemi (Şekil 1C) kullanarak forseps ve uç plakası yüzeyinin jet-lavajı her iki tarafında tutun. Jet tabanca 30 arasında bir açıyla uç plakası yüzeyinde çekilmiş olmalıdır - 60 ° her tarafında 30s hakkında. (Şekil 1 ve 7) </li><li> Jet başka bir disk örneği yıkarken IVD&#39;ler ile 6-plaka ve şal geri koyun gazlı bezle temizleyin. </li><li> IVD&#39;ler organ kültür ve aşağı akım uygulamaları (örneğin, hücre canlılığı, mekanik yüklenme, organ kültürü) (Şekil 1D) için hazırız. </li></ol> 2. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Başarılı bir intervertebral disk hazırlık yargılamak için Sonuç ölçümleri difüzyon deneyi olabilir küçük bir molekül ağırlığı (örneğin procion kırmızı floresan boya)PBS 2% 1&#39;lik bir çözüm olarak hazırlanır. IVD sonra en az 100 mL boya çözüm ve boya, daha sonra ücretsiz şişme altında 24 saat için IVD pasif diffüz izin verilir tutulur. IVD sonra, sıvı nitrojen içinde flash dondurulmuş ve oda sıcaklığı ve aseton transferlerin bir dizi (ilk -80 olarak ° C, -20 ° C, daha sonra 4 ° C ve sonunda oda sıcaklığına kadar önceden soğutulmuş susuz geri getirdi. .) Disk sonra poli-metil-akrilat (PMMA) gömülü ve 100 mikron kalınlığında kesitler üretmek için keskin bir bıçak ile kesilir. Bu bölümler daha sonra herhangi bir standart aydınlık mikroskop ama tercihen procion kırmızı kırmızı floresan yayar (Şekil 5-6) bu yana floresan mikroskopi kullanımı ile görülebilir. Kemik yüzeyi trabeculi jet lavaging adım (Şekil 7) sonra çok temiz görünür. Başarılı bir organ kültürü parametreleri, kirlenme, hücre canlılığı muhafaza tüm yokluğu (Şekil 8-9), disk yüksekliği ilk vehistolojik kesitler ve safranin O / hızlı yeşil leke veya Meyer Hematoxilin 3 ile ölçülen genel &quot;disk bütünlüğü&quot;. Biz canlı disk dokusu leke ve başka bir konfokal lazer tarama mikroskobu ve canlı / ölü boyama kiti (Moleküler Probları, Invitrogen, Basel, İsviçre) kullanılarak 3 boyutlu hücre canlılığı tarama 4,5 yayınlanan protokolleri ve makrolar geliştirdi. Biz 3D doku veya 4-6 NIH ImageJ platformu kullanarak 3D taşıyıcılar hücre canlılığı tahmin etmek için otomatik hücre sayımı gerçekleştirmek için bir makro ve rutin daha geliştirdi. Alternatif protokolleri disk hücreleri hücre canlılığı pronase ve kollajenaz tip kullanarak ekstraselüler matriks sıralı sindirim kullanarak ilk sindirim belirlemek için 2 ve daha sonra hücre süspansiyonu 7 leke ileri sürülmüştür. Protokolün bir önceki sürümü PBS önce diskler hasat organ cu sonra 10 dakika süreyle on kat daha konsantre penisilin / streptomisin konsantrasyon içeren bir inkübasyon adım söz konusulture. Bu adımı kültür amaçları için yararlı gibi görünüyor bu yana jet lavaj adım ile bu adımı geçersiz olur. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1 metodolojik adımları bakış, sağlam omurun ve kemik ince bir tabaka halinde (1-2mm) ile sığır coccygeal İntervertebral Diskler hazırlamak için . A) intervertebral disk (IVD) ve besin yollar şematik görünümü. B) Usulü ile IVD bıçak tutucu, özelleştirilmiş ve endüstriyel bir keskin bıçak kesmek için. C) Jet lavaj adım yüksek hücre canlılığı sağlamak ve uç plakaları ve her iki tarafta bağlı kemik 1-2 mm tutmak besin alışverişini sağlamak için. D) Son olarak IVD biyoreaktör numune odasında kültüre olabilir veya herhangi aşağı akım bir uygulama için kullanılmalıdır. <img alt="Şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2 TOP: Tam boy taze sığır kuyruğu (ideal obta2-3 saat içinde incelendiği yüksek hücre canlılığı sağlamak için post-mortem. Alt: kemik omurun (EP) ve vertebra gövdelerinin (VB) arasında büyüme plaklarının (GP), ikincil kemikleşme merkezi, varlığını gösteren yaklaşık 6 ay yaşlı bir sığır kuyruğu X-ray görüntü. <img alt="Şekil 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig3.jpg" /> Şekil 3. A) Araçlar, steril koşullar altında sığır kuyruğu incelemek . B) Özelleştirilmiş bıçak tutucu, intervertebral disk kesim sırasında eylem sığır kuyruğu hareket segmentleri-out kesti. C) standart bir endüstriyel bıçak (Lutz, Almanya) ile özelleştirilmiş bıçak tutucu Yan görünümü. <img alt="Şekil 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig4.jpg" /> Şekil 4 Çizim ve hareket segmentleri kesip yarma siteleri gösteren çevreleyen kas ve ligaman kaldırdıktan sonra sığır kuyruğu resmi. Kısmi vertebra wi &quot;çatlak&quot; olmalıdırısmarlama bıçak tutucu th ideal olarak 1-2 mm uzaklıkta, kıkırdak, omurun tam kemik yüzeyi sağlamak. <img alt="Şekil 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig5.jpg" /> Şekil 5 önce jet-lavaj adım etkili temizlik Gösterme (A) ve sonrası (B). Püskürtme işlemi sonrasında intervertebral disk bölümleri temiz kemik yüzeylere dikkat edin. <img alt="Şekil 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig6.jpg" /> Şekil 6 büyüme plağı tarafından blokaj etkisi gösteren, 24 saat boyunca% 1 procion kırmızı çözümü sol taze hazırlanmış eksize sığır kuyruğu intervertebral diskler (IVD&#39;ler) Serbest şişme difüzyon deneyi . Bir dijital X-ray sagital görünüm 2&#39;den sonra hala kıkırdak ve kemik uç plakası ile coccygeal sığır intervertebral disk eksplant büyüme plağı ve sagital kesilmiş kemik floresan mikroskopi görüntü ikinci bir tabaka içeren IVD4h serbest difüzyon. GP: büyüme plağı, 2ndry CO: ikincil kemikleşme merkezi. <img alt="Şekil 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig7.jpg" /> Şekil 7, taze hazırlanmış, 24 saat% 1 procion kırmızı çözüm için sol eksize sığır kuyruğu intervertebral diskler (IVD&#39;ler) Serbest şişme deneyi, jet lavaj tedavi temizlik etkisi gösteren. (~ 100 mm), tedavi (Sağ) jet-lavaj tedavi olmadan jet lavaj tedavisi (Sol) Kontrol tarafında yapıldı ~ 1.5-mmthick kemik uç plakaları ile eksize sığır IVD&#39;ler sagittal kalınlığında kesitler. Giriş sprey Zimmer yara debridman sistemi kullanılan desen, 24 saat ücretsiz difüzyon deneyleri,% 1 procion kırmızı sığır intervertebral disk eksplant. Gösterir. <img alt="Şekil 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig8.jpg" /> Şekil 8 konfokal Görüntüleme yığınları projeksiyonlar Live / Dead Görüntüler (250μm) bovin alınane intervertebral disk bölümleri düzeyde ayırır Nükleus pulpozusun (NP), iç anulus fibrosus (IA) ve dış anulus fibrosus (OA) için sırasıyla 0 ve 14 gün için serbest şişme altında tutulması bu jet-lavaj yöntemi ile hazırlanmıştır. Ethidium homodimer-1 tarafından boyanmış = Calcein AM (asetil metilester) ile boyanan canlı hücreler, kırmızı hücrelerin ölü hücreleri çekirdeği Yeşil hücreleri. <img alt="Şekil 9" src="/files/ftp_upload/3490/3490fig9.jpg" /> Şekil 9, canlı doku ve 3D yığın tarama konfokal lazer tarama mikroskobu kullanarak intervertebral disk hücre Canlılık . Hücre canlılığı düzeyde ayırır Nükleus pulpozusun (NP) ve annulus Fibrozis (AF), serbest-şişme koşul altında 21-gün-kültür üzerinde. (Ortalama ± SEM, N = 6) İstatistiksel farklılıklar non-parametrik Kruskal-Wallis rank sum testi gruplar arasında imzalanan kullanılarak test edildi. Gün 21 ve NP diğer tüm zaman noktaları arasında önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. AF önemli farklılıklar gün 7 arasında iken,gün 0. (* P &lt;0.05, ** p &lt;0.01).

<ol>
	<li>Lee, C. R., Iatridis, J. C., Poveda, L., Alini, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+organ+culture+of+the+bovine+intervertebral+disc:+effects+of+vertebral+endplate+and+potential+for+mechanobiology+studies.">In vitro organ culture of the bovine intervertebral disc: effects of vertebral endplate and potential for mechanobiology studies.</a> Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31, 515-522 (1976).</li><li>Chan, S. C. W., Gantenbein-Ritter, B., Leung, V. Y., Chan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryopreserved+intervertebral+disc+with+injected+bone+marrow-derived+stromal+cells:+a+feasibility+study+using+organ+culture.">Cryopreserved intervertebral disc with injected bone marrow-derived stromal cells: a feasibility study using organ culture.</a> Spine. J. 10 (6), 486-496 (2010).</li><li>Chan, S. C., Ferguson, S. J., Wuertz, K., Gantenbein-Ritter, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+Response+of+the+Intervertebral+Disc+to+Repetitive+Short+Term+Cyclic+Torsion.">Biological Response of the Intervertebral Disc to Repetitive Short Term Cyclic Torsion.</a> Spine (Phila Pa 1976). , (2011).</li><li>Gantenbein-Ritter, B., Sprecher, C. M., Chan, S., Illien-J&#252;nger, S., Grad, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+imaging+protocols+for+live/dead+staining+in+three-dimensional+carriers.">Confocal imaging protocols for live/dead staining in three-dimensional carriers.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 740, 127-140 (2011).</li><li>Gantenbein-Ritter, B., Potier, E., Zeiter, S., van der Werf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+three+techniques+to+determine+cell+viability+in+3D+tissues+or+scaffolds.">Accuracy of three techniques to determine cell viability in 3D tissues or scaffolds.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C Methods. 14, 353-358 (2008).</li><li>Rasband, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ImageJ. , (1997).</li><li>Haschtmann, D., Stoyanov, J. V., Ettinger, L., Nolte, L. P., Ferguson, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+a+novel+intervertebral+disc/endplate+culture+model:+analysis+of+an+ex+vivo+in+vitro+whole-organ+rabbit+culture+system.">Establishment of a novel intervertebral disc/endplate culture model: analysis of an ex vivo in vitro whole-organ rabbit culture system.</a> Spine. 31, 2918-2925 (2006).</li><li>Gantenbein, B., Gr&#252;nhagen, T., Lee, C. R., van Donkelaar, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+organ+culturing+system+for+intervertebral+disc+explants+with+vertebral+endplates:+a+feasibility+study+with+ovine+caudal+discs.">An in vitro organ culturing system for intervertebral disc explants with vertebral endplates: a feasibility study with ovine caudal discs.</a> Spine. 31, 2665-2673 (2006).</li><li>Korecki, C. L., Kuo, C. K., Tuan, R. S., Iatridis, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intervertebral+disc+cell+response+to+dynamic+compression+is+age+and+frequency+dependent.">Intervertebral disc cell response to dynamic compression is age and frequency dependent.</a> J. Orthop. Res. 27, 800-806 (2009).</li><li>Korecki, C. L., MacLean, J. J., Iatridis, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+compression+effects+on+intervertebral+disc+mechanics+and+biology.">Dynamic compression effects on intervertebral disc mechanics and biology.</a> Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33, 1403-1409 (1976).</li><li>Jim, B., Steffen, T., Moir, J., Roughley, P., Haglund, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+intact+intervertebral+disc+organ+culture+system+in+which+degeneration+can+be+induced+as+a+prelude+to+studying+repair+potential.">Development of an intact intervertebral disc organ culture system in which degeneration can be induced as a prelude to studying repair potential.</a> European Spine Journal. , 1-11 (2011).</li></ol>

Biz ifşa etmek başka bir şey var.

Başarılı organ kültürü için ilk adım eksplant kontamine olmaması gerektiğini emin olun. Prosedüre başlamadan önce kuyruk tenli olmalıdır. Herhangi bir hayvan kılı steril bir laboratuvar haline getirdiği kirlenme açısından sorunlu olabilir. Sığır kuyruğu ideal (bu ilk hücre canlılığı etkiler) mümkün olduğunca taze olmalıdır. Ayrıca, betadin yıkama adım daha kontaminasyon riskini azaltmak için önerilmektedir. IVD vertebra gövdesi ayrı bir ölçüye göre bıçak tutucu ve bir çek...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktifi Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar (isteğe bağlı) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Yerel mezbahasında (ideal saat sonra otopsi içinde ve cilt) Taze sığır sığır kuyrukları intervertebral disk dokusu,. </td></tr><tr><td> Pulsavac Ayrıca AC Sistemi </td><td> Zimmer inc, İsviçre </td><td> 00-5150-486-01 </td><td> Hip-sprey başlığı ile ve AC güç kaynağı ile en iyi performans (8 adet AA pil ile çalışır ancak daha az uygundur.) </td></tr><tr><td> Yüksek Kapasiteli Fan Sprey w / Splash Kalkan, 12.7cm uzunluk </td><td> Zimmer inc, İsviçre </td><td> 00-5150-175-00 </td><td> Çeşitli sprey başları vardır, başarılı bir test </td></tr><tr><td> Neşter bıçaklar # 22 # 10 </td><td> Swann-Mortİngiltere, </td><td> # 10: 0201 # 22: 0208 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Neşter bıçak tutucu # 3 ve # 4 </td><td> Hausmann, Almanya </td><td> # 3: 06.103.00 # 4: 06.104.00 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Lutz endüstriyel bıçak </td><td> Lutz, Almanya </td><td> 1022.0884 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) </td><td> Invitrogen, İsviçre </td><td> 10010-023 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco&#39;nun Modifiye Kartal Medium (DMEM) </td><td> Gibco, İsviçre </td><td> 11960-044 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ringer solüsyonu (glikoz) </td><td> Bichsel, İsviçre </td><td> 133 0002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6-çok-plaka </td><td> DYP, İsviçre </td><td> 92006 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Betadine çözüm </td><td> Mundipharma, İsviçre </td&gt; <td> 10055025 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cerrahi cilt markeri </td><td> Porex Cerrahi, İsviçre </td><td> 9560 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Büyük kesme tahtası </td><td></td><td></td><td> Herhangi bir marka mümkündür </td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of intact bovine tail intervertebral discs for organ culture

Intervertebral disk (IVD) vertebra vertebra için bağlayan omurga ortak. Bu, omurga yükleme aktarmak ve omurga esnekliği sağlamak için fonksiyonlar. Üç bölmeden oluşur: anulus fibrosus (AF) ve her iki tarafta vertebral gövde NP ve AF bağlayan iki kıkırdak omurun kapsayan içteki düzeyde ayırır Nükleus pulpozusun (NP). Muhtemelen dejeneratif intervertebral disk hastalığı (DDH) ve disk hernileri nedeniyle Diskojenik ağrısı, modern toplumda önemli bir sorun olarak tespit edilmiştir. IVD yozlaşma olası mekanizmaları incelemek için, canlı disk hücreleri ile yapılan in vitro organ kültürü sistemleri son derece çekici. Sağlam sığır coccygeal IVD&#39;ler in vitro kültürü, iyi kontrollü fizyolojik ve mekanik ortamda mekanik-biyolojik yönlerini çalışma sağlayan ilgili bir model sistem, ilerlemiştir . Sığır kuyruğu IVD&#39;ler yüksek sayıda nispeten kolay elde edilebilird insan lomber IVD&#39;ler hücre yoğunluğu, hücre popülasyonu ve boyutları bakımından çok benzer. Ancak, beslenme yollarının açıkça pıhtılaşmış kan tarafından bloke edildi yana, kıkırdak omurun ve kemik omurun istinat önceki sığır kaudal IVD hasat teknikleri, kültür 1-2 gün sonra başarısız oldu. IVD&#39;ler büyük avasküler organları, böylece NP hücrelere besin, sadece komşu vertebral gövde kılcal tomurcukları aracılığıyla difüzyon bağımlı. Son plağın yüzeylerde kemik enkaz ve pıhtılaşmış kan varlığı, disk ve uzlaşma hücre canlılığı merkezi haline besin difüzyon engel teşkil edebilir. Grubumuz için düşük kontaminasyon riski ile kuyruk IVD&#39;ler &quot;crack&quot; için görece hızlı bir protokoldür kurdu. Biz taze kesilmiş, kan pıhtılaşması ve kesim artıkları kaldırır ve son derece verimli beslenme difüzyon yolu yeniden açar bir cerrahi jet lavaj sistemi kullanarak kemik uç plakası yüzeyler permeabilize mümkünIVD merkezinde. Her iki tarafta vertebral kemik büyüme plaklarının varlığı kaçınılması gereken ve kültürüne önce kaldırılmalıdır. Bu video, hazırlanması sırasında çok önemli adımlar anahat ve yüksek hücre canlılığı sürdürmek için 14 gün ücretsiz şişme kültürün etkisi altında başarılı bir organ kültürü anahtarı göstermek. Uygun mekanik çevre mekanik yüklenme biyoreaktör kullanılarak korunabilir kültürü süresi uzatılabilir. Burada gösterilen tekniği, domuz, koyun ve tavşangillere kaudal ve lomber IVD izolasyon gibi diğer hayvan türlerinin uzatılabilir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Intact Bovine Tail Intervertebral Discs for Organ Culture at JoVE.com

Preparation of Intact Bovine Tail Intervertebral Discs for Organ Culture

Bu protokol, organ kültürü için coccygeal sığır intervertebral diskler için hasat tekniği göstermektedir.<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Organ kültürü.

Organ Kültür bozulmamış Sığır Kuyruğu İntervertebral Disklerin Hazırlanması

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the joint of the spine connecting  vertebra to vertebra. It functions to transmit loading of the spine and give  ...

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JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

14.4K Görüntüleme.  University of Bern. Bu protokol, organ kültürü için coccygeal sığır intervertebral diskler için hasat tekniği göstermektedir. In vitro Organ kültürü.

Video: Preparation of Intact Bovine Tail Intervertebral Discs for Organ Culture

Preparation of Complaint Matrices for Quantifying Cellular Contraction

The regulation of cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell migration and ECM remodeling. Focal adhesions are macromolecular assemblies that couple the contractile F-actin cytoskeleton to the ECM. This connection allows for the transmission of intracellular mechanical forces across the cell membrane to the underlying substrate. Recent work has shown the mechanical properties of the ECM regulate focal adhesion and F-actin morphology as well as numerous physiological processes, including cell differentiation, division, proliferation and migration. Thus, the use of cell culture substrates has become an increasingly prevalent method to precisely control and modulate ECM mechanical properties.
To quantify traction forces at focal adhesions in an adherent cell, compliant substrates are used in conjunction with high-resolution imaging and computational techniques in a method termed traction force microscopy (TFM). This technique relies on measurements of the local magnitude and direction of substrate deformations induced by cellular contraction. In combination with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of fluorescently tagged proteins, it is possible to correlate cytoskeletal organization and remodeling with traction forces.
Here we present a detailed experimental protocol for the preparation of two-dimensional, compliant matrices for the purpose of creating a cell culture substrate with a well-characterized, tunable mechanical stiffness, which is suitable for measuring cellular contraction. These protocols include the fabrication of polyacrylamide hydrogels, coating of ECM proteins on such gels, plating cells on gels, and high-resolution confocal microscopy using a perfusion chamber. Additionally, we provide a representative sample of data demonstrating location and magnitude of cellular forces using cited TFM protocols.

In this video, we demonstrate the experimental techniques used to fabricate compliant, extracellular matrix (ECM) coated substrates suitable for cell culture, and which are amenable to traction force microscopy and observing effects of ECM stiffness on cell behavior.

Hücresel Daralma miktarının Şikayet Matrisler hazırlanması

The regulation of cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell migration and ECM remodeling.  Focal adhesions are ...

Biyomühendislik

Alginate Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Organ Culture of Ovaries and Oviducts

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ovarian cancers is still in question and might be either the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) or the distal epithelium of the fallopian tube fimbriae2,3. Culturing the normal cells as a primary culture in vitro will enable scientists to model specific changes that might lead to ovarian cancer in the distinct epithelium, thereby definitively determining the cell type of origin. This will allow development of more accurate biomarkers, animal models with tissue-specific gene changes, and better prevention strategies targeted to this disease.
Maintaining normal cells in alginate hydrogels promotes short term in vitro culture of cells in their three-dimensional context and permits introduction of plasmid DNA, siRNA, and small molecules. By culturing organs in pieces that are derived from strategic cuts using a scalpel, several cultures from a single organ can be generated, increasing the number of experiments from a single animal. These cuts model aspects of ovulation leading to proliferation of the OSE, which is associated with ovarian cancer formation. Cell types such as the OSE that do not grow well on plastic surfaces can be cultured using this method and facilitate investigation into normal cellular processes or the earliest events in cancer formation4.
Alginate hydrogels can be used to support the growth of many types of tissues5. Alginate is a linear polysaccharide composed of repeating units of &beta;-D-mannuronic acid and &alpha;-L-guluronic acid that can be crosslinked with calcium ions, resulting in a gentle gelling action that does not damage tissues6,7. Like other three-dimensional cell culture matrices such as Matrigel, alginate provides mechanical support for tissues; however, proteins are not reactive with the alginate matrix, and therefore alginate functions as a synthetic extracellular matrix that does not initiate cell signaling5. The alginate hydrogel floats in standard cell culture medium and supports the architecture of the tissue growth in vitro.
A method is presented for the preparation, separation, and embedding of ovarian and oviductal organ pieces into alginate hydrogels, which can be maintained in culture for up to two weeks. The enzymatic release of cells for analysis of proteins and RNA samples from the organ culture is also described. Finally, the growth of primary cell types is possible without genetic immortalization from mice and permits investigators to use knockout and transgenic mice.

Culture of normal cells in their three-dimensional context represents an alternative method to study early events required for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. This method is used to grow normal ovarian and oviductal cells to study early events in ovarian cancer formation.

Yumurtalıklar ve fallop borularında Üç Boyutlu Organ Kültür Aljinatta Hidrojeller

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ...

Preparation of 3D Fibrin Scaffolds for Stem Cell Culture Applications

Stem cells are found in naturally occurring 3D microenvironments in vivo, which are often referred to as the stem cell niche 1. Culturing stem cells inside of 3D biomaterial scaffolds provides a way to accurately mimic these microenvironments, providing an advantage over traditional 2D culture methods using polystyrene as well as a method for engineering replacement tissues 2. While 2D tissue culture polystrene has been used for the majority of cell culture experiments, 3D biomaterial scaffolds can more closely replicate the microenvironments found in vivo by enabling more accurate establishment of cell polarity in the environment and possessing biochemical and mechanical properties similar to soft tissue.3 A variety of naturally derived and synthetic biomaterial scaffolds have been investigated as 3D environments for supporting stem cell growth. While synthetic scaffolds can be synthesized to have a greater range of mechanical and chemical properties and often have greater reproducibility, natural biomaterials are often composed of proteins and polysaccharides found in the extracelluar matrix and as a result contain binding sites for cell adhesion and readily support cell culture. Fibrin scaffolds, produced by polymerizing the protein fibrinogen obtained from plasma, have been widely investigated for a variety of tissue engineering applications both in vitro and in vivo 4. Such scaffolds can be modified using a variety of methods to incorporate controlled release systems for delivering therapeutic factors 5. Previous work has shown that such scaffolds can be used to successfully culture embryonic stem cells and this scaffold-based culture system can be used to screen the effects of various growth factors on the differentiation of the stem cells seeded inside 6,7.
 This protocol details the process of polymerizing fibrin scaffolds from fibrinogen solutions using the enzymatic activity of thrombin. The process takes 2 days to complete, including an overnight dialysis step for the fibrinogen solution to remove citrates that inhibit polymerization. These detailed methods rely on fibrinogen concentrations determined to be optimal for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell culture. Other groups have further investigated fibrin scaffolds for a wide range of cell types and applications - demonstrating the versatility of this approach 8-12.

This work details the preparation of 3D fibrin scaffolds for culturing and differentiating plutipotent stem cells. Such scaffolds can be used to screen the effects of various biological compounds on stem cell behavior as well as modified to contain drug delivery systems.

3D Fibrin hazırlanması Kök Hücre Kültürü Uygulamaları için iskeleleri

Stem cells are found in naturally occurring 3D microenvironments in vivo, which are often referred to as the stem cell niche 1. Culturing stem cells ...

Sample Preparation Strategies for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of 3D Cell Culture Models

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with some of the spatial and molecular complexity of tissue. For example, many cell lines form 3D structures given appropriate in vitro conditions. Colon cancer cell lines form 3D cell culture spheroids, in vitro mimics of avascular tumor nodules. While immunohistochemistry and other classical imaging methods are popular for monitoring the distribution of specific analytes, mass spectrometric imaging examines the distribution of classes of molecules in an unbiased fashion. While MALDI mass spectrometric imaging was originally developed to interrogate samples obtained from humans or animal models, this report describes the analysis of in vitro three dimensional cell cultures, including improvements in sample preparation strategies. Herein is described methods for growth, harvesting, sectioning, washing, and analysis of 3D cell cultures via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging. Using colon carcinoma 3D cell cultures as a model system, this protocol demonstrates the ability to monitor analytes in an unbiased fashion across the 3D cell culture system with MALDI-MSI.

Immortalized cancer cell lines can be grown as 3D cell cultures, a valuable model for biological research. This protocol describes mass spectrometry imaging of 3D cell cultures, including improvements in the sample preparation platform. The goal of this protocol is to instruct users to prepare 3D cell cultures for mass spectrometry imaging analysis.

3D Hücre Kültürü Modelleri Kütle Spektrometre Görüntüleme Hazırlık Stratejileri Numune

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with ...

The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need for new solutions for substance testing. Many drugs that have been removed from the market due to drug-induced liver injury released their toxic potential only after several doses of chronic testing in humans. However, a controlled microenvironment is pivotal for long-term multiple dosing experiments,&#160;as even minor alterations in extracellular conditions may greatly influence the cell physiology. We focused within our research program on the generation of a microengineered bioreactor, which can be dynamically perfused by an on-chip pump and combines at least two culture spaces for multi-organ applications. This circulatory system mimics the in vivo conditions of primary cell cultures better and assures a steadier,&#160;more quantifiable extracellular relay of signals to the cells. 
For demonstration purposes, human liver equivalents, generated by aggregating differentiated HepaRG cells with human hepatic stellate cells in hanging drop plates, were cocultured with human skin punch biopsies for up to 28 days inside the microbioreactor. The use of cell culture inserts enables the skin to be cultured at an air-liquid interface, allowing topical substance exposure. The microbioreactor system is capable of supporting these cocultures at near physiologic fluid flow and volume-to-liquid ratios, ensuring stable and organotypic culture conditions. The possibility of long-term cultures enables the repeated exposure to substances. Furthermore, a vascularization of the microfluidic channel circuit using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells yields a physiologically more relevant vascular model.

Here, we present a protocol to coculture primary cells, tissue models and punch biopsies in a microfluidic multi-organ chip for up to 28 days. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, liver aggregates and skin biopsies were successfully combined in a common media circulation.

Çok organ Chip - Uzun vadeli Çok doku kokültürü için mikroakışkan Platformu

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need ...

Studying the Stoichiometry of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Intact Cells using Correlative Microscopy

This protocol describes the labeling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on COS7 fibroblast cells, and subsequent correlative fluorescence microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) of whole cells in hydrated state. Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) were coupled to EGFR via a two-step labeling protocol, providing an efficient and specific protein labeling, while avoiding label-induced clustering of the receptor. Fluorescence microscopy provided overview images of the cellular locations of the EGFR. The scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detector was used to detect the QD labels with nanoscale resolution. The resulting correlative images provide data of the cellular EGFR distribution, and the stoichiometry at the single molecular level in the natural context of the hydrated intact cell. ESEM-STEM images revealed the receptor to be present as monomer, as homodimer, and in small clusters. Labeling with two different QDs, i.e.,&#160;one emitting at 655 nm and at 800 revealed similar characteristic results.

This protocol describes the labeling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on COS7 fibroblast cells, and subsequent correlative light- and electron microscopy of whole cells in hydrated state. The label contained fluorescent quantum dots. The protocol can be used to study the stoichiometry of EGFR at the single molecule level.

Korelatif Mikroskopisi kullanılarak sağlam hücrelerde Epidermal Büyüme Faktörü Alıcısının stokiyometrisinden incelenmesi

This protocol describes the labeling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on COS7 fibroblast cells, and subsequent correlative fluorescence ...

Preparation of Thermoresponsive Nanostructured Surfaces for Tissue Engineering

Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm)-immobilized surfaces for controlling cell adhesion and detachment were fabricated by the Langmuir-Schaefer method. Amphiphilic block copolymers composed of polystyrene and PIPAAm (St-IPAAms) were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. A chloroform solution of St-IPAAm molecules was gently dropped into a Langmuir-trough apparatus, and both barriers of the apparatus were moved horizontally to compress the film to regulate its density. Then, the St-IPAAm Langmuir film was horizontally transferred onto a hydrophobically modified glass substrate by a surface-fixed device. Atomic force microscopy images clearly revealed nanoscale sea-island structures on the surface. The strength, rate, and quality of cell adhesion and detachment on the prepared surface were modulated by changes in temperature across the lower critical solution temperature range of PIPAAm molecules. In addition, a two-dimensional cell structure (cell sheet) was successfully recovered on the optimized surfaces. These unique PIPAAm surfaces may be useful for controlling the strength of cell adhesion and detachment.

Nanoscaled sea-island surfaces composed of thermoresponsive block copolymers were fabricated by the Langmuir-Schaefer method for controlling spontaneous cell adhesion and detachment. Both the preparation of the surface and the adhesion and detachment of cells on the surface were visualized.

Doku Mühendisliği Thermoresponsive Nanostructured Yüzeylerin Hazırlanması

Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm)-immobilized surfaces for controlling cell adhesion and detachment were fabricated by the ...

Preparation of Extracellular Matrix Protein Fibers for Brillouin Spectroscopy

Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It probes the mechanical properties of a sample through the interaction of visible light with thermally induced acoustic waves or phonons propagating at a speed of a few km/sec. Information on the elasticity and structure of the material is obtained in a nondestructive contactless manner, hence opening the way to in vivo applications and potential diagnosis of pathology. This work describes the application of Brillouin spectroscopy to the study of biomechanics in elastin and trypsin-digested type I collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix. Fibrous proteins of the extracellular matrix are the building blocks of biological tissues and investigating their mechanical and physical behavior is key to establishing structure-function relationships in normal tissues and the changes which occur in disease. The procedures of sample preparation followed by measurement of Brillouin spectra using a reflective substrate are presented together with details of the optical system and methods of spectral data analysis.

We present a protocol for the application of Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy to elastin and trypsin-purified type I collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix to extract their full elastic properties.

Brillouin Spektroskopisi için Ekstraselüler Matriks Proteini Elyaf Hazırlama

Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It probes the mechanical properties of a sample through the interaction of ...

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and dampen loads in the spine. The IVD consists of a proteoglycan-rich nucleus pulposus (NP) and a collagen-rich annulus fibrosis (AF) sandwiched by cartilaginous end-plates. Together with the adjacent vertebrae, the vertebrae-IVD structure forms a functional spine unit (FSU). These microstructures contain unique cell types as well as unique extracellular matrices. Whole organ culture of the FSU preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell differentiation phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Thus, organ culture techniques are particularly useful for investigating the complex biological mechanisms of the IVD. Here, we describe a high-throughput approach for culturing whole lumbar mouse FSUs that provides an ideal platform for studying disease mechanisms and therapies for the IVD. Furthermore, we describe several applications that utilize this organ culture method to conduct further studies including contrast-enhanced microCT imaging and three-dimensional high-resolution finite element modeling of the IVD.

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Whole organ culture of the intervertebral disc (IVD) preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Here we describe an IVD culture system using mouse lumbar and caudal IVDs in their functional spinal units and several applications utilizing this system.

bir<em&gt; İn Vitro</emKemirgen İntervertebral Disk&gt; Organ Kültürü Modeli

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful research tools for studying human health and disease. To characterize the barrier function of cell layers cultured inside organ-on-chip devices, often transendothelial or transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is measured. To this end, electrodes are usually integrated into the chip by micromachining methods to provide more stable measurements than is achieved with manual insertion of electrodes into the inlets of the chip. However, these electrodes frequently hamper visual inspection of the studied cell layer or require expensive cleanroom processes for fabrication. To overcome these limitations, the device described here contains four easily integrated electrodes that are placed and fixed outside of the culture area, making visual inspection possible. Using these four electrodes the resistance of six measurement paths can be quantified, from which the TEER can be directly isolated, independent of the resistance of culture medium-filled microchannels. The blood-brain barrier was replicated in this device and its TEER was monitored to show the device applicability. This chip, the integrated electrodes and the TEER determination method are generally applicable in organs-on-chips, both to mimic other organs or to be incorporated into existing organ-on-chip systems.

This publication describes the fabrication of an organ-on-chip device with integrated electrodes for direct quantification of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). For validation, the blood-brain barrier was mimicked inside this microfluidic device and its barrier function was monitored. The presented methods for electrode integration and direct TEER quantification are generally applicable.

İmalat ve Organ-on-chip sistemin doğrudan Transendothelial elektrik direncini ölçmek için entegre elektrotlar ile doğrulama

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...