Yazarlar Goodrich-Blair laboratuar geçmiş üyelerine teşekkür etmek istiyorum: Samantha Orchard, Kimberly Cowles, Erin Herbert-Tran, Greg Richards, Megan Menard ve Youngjin Park bu protokolün gelişmesine katkılarından dolayı. Bu çalışma, Ulusal Bilim Vakfı Hibe IOS-0950873 ve Sağlık NRSA dostluk FAI084441Z Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri tarafından finanse edildi.

1. Böcek Yumurta Sterilizasyon ve Yetiştirilmesi <ol><li> 900-1,000 ml H 2 O içinde sağlanan agar ilk otoklavlanarak 15 g diyet hazırlayın Hemen sonra iyi bir laboratuvar blender 166 gr buğday tohumu diyet ve harmanı ile otoklav, karıştırın. 4 de alüminyum folyo için diyet aktarmak, ardından serinlemek için bir tabak (veya yemekleri) dökün, sıkıca sarın ve mağaza ° C </li><li> Girişte, M. sterilize ara sıra karıştırarak, 90 mm ​​filtre kağıdı ile bir cam filtre tutucu ve termos aparat, 2-3 dakika süreyle% 0.6 çamaşır suyu çözeltisi 250 ml Sexta yumurta. </li><li> Yıkama başına 250 ml steril distile H 2 O ile çamaşır suyu çözeltisi ve yıkama yumurta 3-4 kez tahliye için vakum açın. </li><li> Bir Petri plaka kapağı yerleştirilmiş taze 90 mm filtre kağıdı yumurta aktarın ve onları kurutun kadar birlikte artık sopa (20-30 dk.) </li><li> Her kabı yaklaşık 40 yumurta koyarak, böcek diyet ile plastik kaplar altına yumurta aktarın(Şekil 1A). Yumurta nem kaynaklı fungal kontaminasyonu önlemek için diyet ayrılır. 8 saat karanlık fotoperiyodun: 16 saat ışık ile 26 yumurta ° C koruyun. Enkübasyon öncesinde sarı-beyaz renk hafifletir. </li><li> Kuluçka tamamlandıktan sonra, dikkatli bir şekilde alt (Şekil 1B) üzerinde bir diyet ile yeni konteyner yaklaşık 25 larvası her bir aktarın. Bu onların kırılgan erken gelişim aşamalarında onlara zarar vermemek için forseps kullanarak uzun siyah boynuz tarafından her larva almak için önemlidir. Yukarıdaki gibi 2 gün için inkübe edin. Larva ölüm bu aşamada alışılmadık olsa da, bazı ölü ya da daha büyük olasılıkla, gelişimsel bodur larva görülebilir. Bu tür böcekler fazla çalışma dışı ve donma sonucu feda edilmelidir. </li><li> Yamyamlık davranışları, yemek küçük parçalar (Şekil 1C) ile bireysel kaplara transferi larva önlemek ve yukarıdaki gibi inkübe etmek. Böcek gelişimini izlemek, yemek yerine ve temizlik dışkı ouher gün konteyner t onlar üçüncü larva dökücü (genellikle 6-9 gün yumurtadan sonra) geçmesi kadar. Bu böcek gövdesi (Şekil 1D) boyunca çizgili her proleg ve artan önem üzerinde siyah kanca benzeri Kroşe ve görünümü ile karakterize, 4. evre larva aşamasında olduğunu. Larva boyutu önemli ölçüde değişebilir, ancak genellikle 4. evre evre girdikten 0.15-0.4 gr ağırlığındadır. Benzer boyuttaki larvaları enjeksiyon için seçilmelidir. </li></ol> 2. Enjeksiyon için Bakteri hazırlanması <ol><li> Eğer test etmek isteyen büyüme fazı için standart prosedürlere uygun olarak, test edilecek olan bakteri suşu (ler) büyütün. </li><li> Her bir bakteri suşunun Pelet 500 ul, oda sıcaklığında 13,000 rpm&#39;de bir mikrosantrifüj içinde 2 dakika için eğirme ile test edilmelidir. </li><li> 1 ml steril 1x fosfat süspanse hücreleri yukarıdaki gibi tekrar tamponlu salin (PBS) ve pelet. </li><li> 0.5 ml steril 1x PBS ve mea içinde süspanse edin hücrelerisüspansiyon emin optik yoğunluk (OD). Gerekirse, aynı OD her süspansiyonlar seyreltilir. İstenirse, steril büyüme ortamı aynı zamanda, 1 x PBS yerine hücre yeniden süspansiyon ve seyreltme için kullanılabilir. </li></ol> 3. 4. evre larvalar Enjeksiyon <ol><li> Her bir seyreltme için yeni bir pipet ucu kullanılarak steril PBS içerisinde 1 x 96-kuyu mikrotiter plaka 6 kuyu içinde ilk olarak bakteri suşunun seri 10-kat dilüsyonu, (Şekil 2A) hazırlayın. Her bir kuyudaki hücre süspansiyonu nihai hacimli enjeksiyon (böcek başına 10 ul) artı plaka için 20 ul inokulum (adım 3.2 ve 3.7 &#39;ye bakınız) için gerekli hacim aşmalıdır. </li><li> Uygun bir büyüme ortamı içeren bir Petri plaka üst kısmındaki 5 dilüsyonları (10 -6 ile 10 -2) için spot 10 ul her. Noktalar merkezi (Şekil 2B) yayılmış böylece kompaktörü yatırın. </li><li> Buz üzerinde kaplarda böcek diyet ve dışkı ve yerde böcekler kaldıryaklaşık 5 dk. </li><li> 3 kez% 70-100 etanol, 2 tüplerin her biri, steril H2O (Şekil 2C) bir tüp ardından durulama yoluyla şırınga iğnesi sterilize edin. Sıvı hacmi batırmak iğne için yeterli olmalıdır. </li><li> Hemasitometre kullanarak bir mikroskop altında seyreltik hücre süspansiyonları quantitate. İstenen inokulum bağlı olarak, iyi bir uygun mikro-titer (Şekil 2B) 10 ul çizin. </li><li> Svab böcek% 95 etanol ile yüzey ve karın prolegs biri arkasından (45 ° &#39;den daha az), bir açıyla böcek içine 10 ml hücre süspansiyonu enjekte edilir. Ponksiyon gut vermemeye özen ve sadece epidermal tabakasında (Şekil 2E) altında içeriğini enjekte. Hemolimf bazı kaybı (berrak, yeşil-mavi sıvı) normal olsa da, enjeksiyon yerinde çıkan partikül madde ve sarı sıvı bağırsak delinmesi göstergesidir. Bu durum oluşursa, böcek kurban ve yeniden yeni bir larva eldeyerleştirin. </li><li> İlk enjeksiyon grubunda kalan her böcek için adım 3.6 tekrarlayın. İğne sterilizasyon kirlenme meydana gelmedikçe bakteri suşu ile aynı seyreltme ile enjekte edilen her bir böcek arasında gerekli değildir. Alternatif olarak, tekrar eden dağıtıcı örnekleri arasında enjeksiyon hacmi daha fazla tutarlılık için kullanılabilir. </li><li> Bakteri suşu ile birinci her böcek enjekte edildikten sonra, bu süre plakasının ortasında, hücre süspansiyonları lekelenme ve alt kısmından başlayarak akış (Şekil 2F) sağlayarak, aşama 3.2 &#39;tekrarlayın. Uygun sıcaklıkta inkübe plakaları ve inokulum Numaralandırılacak kolonileri saymayın. Bu ikinci adım, bu kaplama, birinci ve ikinci kaplamalar arasında farklı koloni sayısı neden olacaktır gibi örnekleri, enjeksiyon işlemi sırasında kontamine olmadığını doğrulamak için kullanılır. </li><li> Tekrar denemeye bakteri her bir suş için 3.8 ile 3.1 adım. Son olarak, bir ster kullanarak steril 1x PBS ile 3-5 böcekler enjekteBir negatif kontrol grubu olarak Ile iğne. 8 saat karanlık fotoperiyodun: 16 saat ışık ile 26 ° C&#39;de inkübe böcekler. </li><li> Enjeksiyonundan sonra zamanla böcek hayatta izleyin. Böcek ölümü stimülasyonu üzerine istemli hareket eksikliği olarak karakterize edilir. Böcekler genellikle Ölmeden önce enfeksiyon sırasında iştah kaybı, ishal (sulu, sarı dışkı), ve / veya su kaybı (&quot;terleme&quot;) sergilerler; bu özelliklerin yanı sıra kayda değer olabilir. </li></ol>

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Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

M. direkt enjeksiyon Burada açıklandığı gibi entomopatojen bakterilerle Sexta larva, bakteriyel virulans analiz için basit ve etkili bir araç olarak hizmet vermektedir. Yöntemi farklı deneysel konularda ve / veya koşullara göre aynı zamanda son derece uyarlanabilir. Bakteriler enjeksiyon öncesinde çeşitli şekillerde hazırlanabilir. X&#39;in durumda nematophila, orta-günlük faz besin açısından zengin Luria-Bertani (LB) ortamda yetişen yabani türü hücre enjeksi...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> 90 mm filtre kağıdı </td><td> Whatman </td><td> 1001 090 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cam filtre tutucusu </td><td> Millipore </td><td> XX1004700 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Manduca Sexta yumurta </td><td> Carolina Biological Supply </td><td> 143880 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Gypsy Moth Diyet + agar </td><td> MP Biomedicals </td><td> 0296029301 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5.5 oz. Plastik kaplar ve kapakları </td><td> Yalnız Kupası Şirketi </td><td> URC55-0090 PL4-0090 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1 oz. Plastik kaplar ve kapakları </td><td> DART Konteyner A.Ş. </td><td> 100PC 100PCL25 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1x PBS </td><td></td&gt; <td></td><td> 137 mM NaCl, 2,7 mM KCl, 8 mM 2 Na HPO 4, 1,46 mM KH 2 PO 4, pH 7.4 &#39; </td></tr><tr><td> Şırınga </td><td> Hamilton </td><td> 80208 </td><td> 30 gauge, 0.375 &quot;uzunluğunda, gelin tarzı 2 </td></tr></tbody></table>

rearing and injection of manduca sexta larvae to assess bacterial virulence

Yaygın olarak bilinen bir tütün hornworm Manduca Sexta, domates ve tütün içeren solanaceous bitkilerle beslenen, önemli bir tarımsal zararlıların olarak kabul edilir. M. duyarlılık entomopatojenik bakteri türleri 1-5, hem de böcek bağışıklık sistemi 6-8 ile ilgili olarak mevcut olan bilgi birikimini çeşitli Sexta larva ve beklemede olan genom sekansı 9 bu konak-mikrop etkileşimleri araştırılmasında kullanım için iyi bir model organizma yapmak patogenezi sırasında. Buna ek olarak, M. Sexta larvaları diğer duyarlı böcek türüne laboratuar göreli olarak işlemek ve sürdürmek için nispeten büyük ve kolay. Onların büyük boyutu da enfeksiyona konak yanıtının analizi için etkili doku / hemolimf ekstraksiyon kolaylaştırır. Burada sunulan yöntem M. hemocoel içine bakterilerin direkt enjeksiyon (kan boşluğu) açıklar Sexta larva. Bu yaklaşımsadece enjeksiyonundan sonra böcek ölüme zaman izleyerek, çeşitli bakteri türleri, suşları, ya da mutantlarının virülans özelliklerini incelemek ve karşılaştırmak için kullanılabilir. Bu yöntem genellikle böcek girmesinden kazanmak için bir araç olarak nematod vektörleri ile ilişkilendirmek Xenorhabdus ve Photorhabdus türlerin patojenite incelemek için geliştirilmiştir. Entomopatojen nematodlar genellikle doğal sindirim veya solunum açıklıklar yoluyla larva enfekte ve böcek hemolimf (kan) kısa bir süre sonra 10 içine onların simbiyotik bakteri içeriğini yayınlayacak. Burada açıklanan yöntem ve böylece enjeksiyon böcek üzerinde bakteri ve nematod etkileri ayrılmasının bir nematod vektör için ihtiyaç atlar. Bu yöntem, nickleme 11 ve oral toksisite deneyleri 12 de dahil olmak üzere, entomopathogenesis analiz etmek için var olan diğer yöntemler kullanılarak mümkün değildir inokulum, içinde bulaşıcı malzemenin doğru sayımı (hücre ya da protein) için olanak sağlar <edirekt enjeksiyon yöntemi tam hücreli inokulum virülans adresleri ise m&gt;. Ayrıca, oral toksisite testleri, larvaların sindirim sistemine girmiş salgılanan toksinler virülans ele. Burada açıklandığı gibi direkt enjeksiyon yöntemi programı Böcek ölümleri takip ederek bakteriyel patogenez analiz etmektir. Bununla birlikte, bu metod M. üzerindeki enfeksiyon üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak kullanılmak üzere genişletilebilir Sexta bağışıklık sistemi. Böcek humoral ve hücresel yanıtları hem yoluyla enfeksiyona yanıt verir. Beden irinterine ait tepki ile ilişkili bakteri desen ve tanıma farklı antimikrobiyal peptitler daha sonraki üretim 7 içerir; bu peptitlerin kodlayan genlerin ekspresyonu RNA ekstraksiyonu ve PCR kantitatif 13 aracılığıyla doğrudan enfeksiyonu takiben izlenebilir. Enfeksiyon hücresel yanıt nodülasyon, kapsülleme ve hemocytes 6 Enfeksiyöz ajanlar fagositozu içerir </sup&gt;. Bu tepkileri analiz etmek için, enjekte böcekler disseke ve mikroskopi 13, 14 tarafından görüntülenebilir.

Böcek ölümleri bir tahlil temsili bir örneği Şekil 3&#39;te gösterilmektedir. Bu deneyde, böcekler ya da vahşi tip (ATCC19061) veya orta-log fazı (zorlanma başına n = 6 böcekler) için yetiştirilen Xenorhabdus nematophila bir zayıflatılmış mutant suşu (LRP 13) yaklaşık 50 koloni oluşturan birim (CFU) enjekte edildi. Böcekler yaklaşık olarak 72 saat süre ile izlenir ve her bir timepoint hâlâ hayatta enjekte edilen böceklerin yüzde kaydedildi. Bu ...

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Rearing and Injection of Manduca sexta Larvae to Assess Bacterial Virulence

Yöntemin hemocoel içine entomopatojenik bakteri doğrudan enjeksiyon kullanır burada açıklanan<em&gt; Manduca Sexta</em&gt; Böcek larvaları.<em&gt; M. Sexta</em&gt; Piyasada bulunan ve iyi çalışılmış böcek türüdür. Bu nedenle, bu yöntem, bir veya her iki ortağın perspektifinden konak-bakteri etkileşimleri analiz için basit bir yaklaşımı temsil etmektedir.

Ve Yetiştirme ve Enjeksiyon<em&gt; Manduca Sexta</emBakteriyel virülans Değerlendirememesi&gt; Larva

Manduca sexta, commonly known as the tobacco hornworm, is considered a significant agricultural pest, feeding on solanaceous plants including tobacco and ...

rearing-injection-manduca-sexta-larvae-to-assess-bacterial

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Rearing and Injection of Manduca sexta Larvae to Assess Bacterial Virulence

12.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Wisconsin-Madison. Yöntemin hemocoel içine entomopatojenik bakteri doğrudan enjeksiyon kullanır burada açıklanan Manduca Sexta Böcek larvaları. M. Sexta Piyasada bulunan ve iyi çalışılmış böcek türüdür. Bu nedenle, bu yöntem, bir veya her iki ortağın perspektifinden konak-bakteri etkileşimleri analiz için basit bir yaklaşımı temsil etmektedir.

Video: Rearing and Injection of Manduca sexta Larvae to Assess Bacterial Virulence

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

The study of bacterial virulence often requires a suitable animal model. Mammalian models of infection are costly and may raise ethical issues. The use of insects as infection models provides a valuable alternative. Compared to other non-vertebrate model hosts such as nematodes, insects have a relatively advanced system of antimicrobial defenses and are thus more likely to produce information relevant to the mammalian infection process. Like mammals, insects possess a complex innate immune system1. Cells in the hemolymph are capable of phagocytosing or encapsulating microbial invaders, and humoral responses include the inducible production of lysozyme and small antibacterial peptides2,3. In addition, analogies are found between the epithelial cells of insect larval midguts and intestinal cells of mammalian digestive systems. Finally, several basic components essential for the bacterial infection process such as cell adhesion, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, tissue degradation and adaptation to oxidative stress are likely to be important in both insects and mammals1. Thus, insects are polyvalent tools for the identification and characterization of microbial virulence factors involved in mammalian infections.
Larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella have been shown to provide a useful insight into the pathogenesis of a wide range of microbial infections including mammalian fungal (Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans) and bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes or Enterococcus faecalis4-7. Regardless of the bacterial species, results obtained with Galleria larvae infected by direct injection through the cuticle consistently correlate with those of similar mammalian studies: bacterial strains that are attenuated in mammalian models demonstrate lower virulence in Galleria, and strains causing severe human infections are also highly virulent in the Galleria model8-11. Oral infection of Galleria is much less used and additional compounds, like specific toxins, are needed to reach mortality.
G. mellonella larvae present several technical advantages: they are relatively large (last instar larvae before pupation are about 2 cm long and weight 250 mg), thus enabling the injection of defined doses of bacteria; they can be reared at various temperatures (20 &deg;C to 30 &deg;C) and infection studies can be conducted between 15 &deg;C to above 37 &deg;C12,13, allowing experiments that mimic a mammalian environment. In addition, insect rearing is easy and relatively cheap. Infection of the larvae allows monitoring bacterial virulence by several means, including calculation of LD5014, measurement of bacterial survival15,16 and examination of the infection process17. Here, we describe the rearing of the insects, covering all life stages of G. mellonella. We provide a detailed protocol of infection by two routes of inoculation: oral and intra haemocoelic. The bacterial model used in this protocol is Bacillus cereus, a Gram positive pathogen implicated in gastrointestinal as well as in other severe local or systemic opportunistic infections18,19.

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

Oral and intra haemocolic infection of larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella is described. This insect can be used to study virulence factors of entomopathogenic as well as mammalian opportunistic bacteria. Rearing of the insects, methods of infection and examples of in vivo analysis are described.

Böcek<em&gt; Galleria mellonella</em&gt; Bakteriyel Patogenez İnceleyecek Güçlü Enfeksiyon Model olarak

The study of bacterial virulence often requires a suitable animal model. Mammalian models of infection are costly and may raise ethical issues. The use of ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Detached Leaf Assays to Simplify Gene Expression Studies in Potato During Infestation by Chewing Insect Manduca sexta

The multitrophic nature of gene expression studies of insect herbivory demands large numbers of biological replicates, creating the need for simpler, more streamlined herbivory protocols. Perturbations of chewing insects are usually studied in whole plant systems. While this whole organism strategy is popular, it is not necessary if similar observations can be replicated in a single detached leaf. The assumption is that basic elements required for signal transduction are present within the leaf itself. In the case of early events in signal transduction, cells need only to receive the signal from the perturbation and transmit that signal to neighboring cells which are assayed for gene expression.
The proposed method simply changes the timing of the detachment. In whole plant experiments, larvae are confined to a single leaf which is eventually detached from the plant and assayed for gene expression. If the order of excision is reversed, from last in whole plant studies, to first in the detached study, the feeding experiment is simplified.
Solanum tuberosum var. Kennebec is propagated by nodal transfer in a simple tissue culture medium and transferred to soil for further growth if desired. Leaves are excised from the parent plant and relocated to Petri dishes where the feeding assay is conducted with the larval stages of M. sexta. Damaged leaf tissue is assayed for the expression of relatively early events in signal transduction. Gene expression analysis identified infestation-specific Cys2-His2 (C2H2) transcription factors, confirming the success of using detached leaves in early response studies. The method is easier to perform than whole plant infestations and uses less space.

The presented method creates natural herbivore damaged plant tissue through the application of Manduca sexta larvae to detached leaves of potato. The plant tissue is assayed for expression of six transcription factor homologs involved in early responses to insect herbivory.

Müstakil yaprak özendirme, Çiğneme böcek Manduca Sexta tarafından Infestation sırasında patates gen Ifade çalışmaları basitleştirmek için

The multitrophic nature of gene expression studies of insect herbivory demands large numbers of biological replicates, creating the need for simpler, more ...

Çevre

Injecting Gryllus bimaculatus Eggs

Altering gene function in a developing organism is central to different kinds of experiments. While tremendously powerful genetic tools have been developed in traditional model systems, it is difficult to manipulate genes or messenger RNA (mRNA) in most other organisms. At the same time, evolutionary and comparative approaches rely on an exploration of gene function in many different species, necessitating the development and adaptation of techniques for manipulating expression outside currently genetically tractable species. This protocol describes a method for injecting reagents into cricket eggs to assay the effects of a given manipulation on embryonic or larval development. Instructions for how to collect and inject eggs with beveled needles are described. This relatively straightforward technique is flexible and potentially adaptable to other insects. One can gather and inject dozens of eggs in a single experiment, and survival rates for buffer-only injections improve with practice and can be as high as 80%. This technique will support several types of experimental approaches including injection of pharmacological agents, in vitro capped mRNA to express genes of interest, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to achieve RNA interference, use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in concert with CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) reagents for genomic modification, and transposable elements to generate transient or stable transgenic lines.

Injecting Gryllus bimaculatus Eggs

Here we present a protocol to inject cricket eggs, a technique which serves as a foundational method in many experiments in the cricket, including, but not limited to, RNA interference and genomic manipulation.

Enjekte Gryllus bimaculatus Yumurta

Altering gene function in a developing organism is central to different kinds of experiments. While tremendously powerful genetic tools have been ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, Candida can overgrow their natural niches resulting in debilitating mucosal infections as well as life-threatening systemic infections, which are a major focus of investigation due to their associated high mortality rates. Animal models of disseminated infection exist for studying disease progression and dissecting the characteristics of Candida pathogenicity. Of these, the Galleria mellonella waxworm infection model provides a cost-effective experimental tool for high-throughput investigations of systemic virulence. Many other bacterial and eukaryotic infectious agents have been effectively studied in G. mellonella to understand pathogenicity, making it a widely accepted model system. Yet, variation in the method used to infect G. mellonella can alter phenotypic outcomes and complicate interpretation of the results. Here, we outline the benefits and drawbacks of the waxworm model to study systemic Candida pathogenesis and detail an approach to improve reproducibility. Our results highlight the range of mortality kinetics in G. mellonella and describe the variables which can modulate these kinetics. Ultimately, this method stands as an ethical, rapid, and cost-effective approach to study virulence in a model of disseminated candidiasis.

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

Galleria mellonella serves as an invertebrate model for disseminated candidiasis. Here, we detail the infection protocol and provide supporting data for the model&#39;s effectiveness.

Galleria mellonella Waxworm enfeksiyon modeli Dissemine kandidiyazis için

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, ...

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal host-microbe interactions. It is well established that different commensals exhibit a different potential to stimulate the host intestinal immune system. Such investigations involve vertebrate animals, especially rodents. Since increasing ethical concerns are linked with experiments involving vertebrates, there is a high demand for invertebrate replacements models. 
Here, we provide a Galleria mellonella oral administration model using commensal non-pathogenic bacteria and the possible assessment of the immunogenic potential of commensals on the G. mellonella immune system. We demonstrate that G. mellonella is a useful alternative invertebrate replacement model that allows the analysis of commensals with different immunogenic potential such as Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, the bacteria exhibited no killing effect on the larvae, which is similar to mammals. The immune responses of G. mellonella were comparable with vertebrate innate immune responses and involve recognition of the bacteria and production of antimicrobial molecules. We propose that G. mellonella was able to restore previous microbiota balance, which is well known from healthy mammalian individuals. Although providing comparable innate immune responses in both G. mellonella and vertebrates, G. mellonella does not harbor an adaptive immune system. Since the investigated components of the innate immune system are evolutionary conserved, the model allows a prescreening and first analysis of bacterial immunogenic properties.

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

Here, we provide a detailed protocol for an oral administration model using Galleria mellonella larvae and how to characterize induced innate immune responses. Using this protocol, researchers without practical experience will be able to use the G. mellonella force-feeding method.

Bir Galleria mellonella Oral yönetim modeli için Study Commensal-Induced doğuştan gelen bağışıklık yanıtı

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal ...

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Tuberculosis is the leading global cause of infectious disease mortality and roughly a quarter of the world&#8217;s population is believed to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite decades of research, many of the mechanisms behind the success of M. tuberculosis as a pathogenic organism remain to be investigated, and the development of safer, more effective antimycobacterial drugs are urgently needed to tackle the rise and spread of drug resistant tuberculosis. However, the progression of tuberculosis research is bottlenecked by traditional mammalian infection models that are expensive, time consuming, and ethically challenging. Previously we established the larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) as a novel, reproducible, low cost, high-throughput and ethically acceptable infection model for members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Here we describe the maintenance, preparation, and infection of G. mellonella with bioluminescent Mycobacterium bovis BCG lux. Using this infection model, mycobacterial dose dependent virulence can be observed, and a rapid readout of in vivo mycobacterial burden using bioluminescence measurements is easily achievable and reproducible. Although limitations exist, such as the lack of a fully annotated genome for transcriptomic analysis, ontological analysis against genetically similar insects can be carried out. As a low cost, rapid, and ethically acceptable model for tuberculosis, G. mellonella can be used as a pre-screen to determine drug efficacy and toxicity, and to determine comparative mycobacterial virulence prior to the use of conventional mammalian models. The use of the G. mellonella-mycobacteria model will lead to a reduction in the substantial number of animals currently used in tuberculosis research.

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Galleria mellonella was recently established as a reproducible, cheap, and ethically acceptable infection model for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Here we describe and demonstrate the steps taken to establish successful infection of G. mellonella with bioluminescent Mycobacterium bovis BCG lux.

Mycobacterium tüberküloz kompleksinin incelenmesi Için bir enfeksiyon modeli olarak ınvertebrate Galleria mellonella kullanımı

Tuberculosis is the leading global cause of infectious disease mortality and roughly a quarter of the world&#8217;s population is believed to be infected ...

Drosophila melanogaster Larva Injection Protocol

The use of unconventional models to study innate immunity and pathogen virulence provides a valuable alternative to mammalian models, which can be costly and raise ethical issues. Unconventional models are notoriously cheap, easy to handle and culture, and do not take much space. They are genetically amenable and possess complete genome sequences, and their use presents no ethical considerations. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, for instance, has provided great insights into a variety of behavior, development, metabolism, and immunity research. More specifically, D. melanogaster adult flies and larvae possess several innate defense reactions that are shared with vertebrate animals. The mechanisms regulating immune responses have been mostly revealed through genetic and molecular studies in the D. melanogaster model. Here a novel larval injection technique is provided, which will further promote investigations of innate immune processes in D. melanogaster larvae and explore the pathogenesis of a wide range of microbial infections.

Drosophila melanogaster Larva Injection Protocol

Drosophila melanogaster adult flies have been extensively utilized as model organisms to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying host antimicrobial innate immune responses and microbial infection strategies. To promote the D. melanogaster larva stage as an additional or alternative model system, a larval injection technique is described.

Drosophila melanogaster Larva Enjeksiyon Protokolü

The use of unconventional models to study innate immunity and pathogen virulence provides a valuable alternative to mammalian models, which can be costly ...

A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of gut microbes as a whole; however, different microbes could exert distinct effects toward the host. This article provides the methodology to study the effect of each specific mosquito gut microbe and the potential mechanism.
This protocol contains two parts. The first part introduces how to dissect the mosquito midgut, isolate cultivable bacteria colonies, and identify bacteria species. The second part provides the procedure to generate antibiotic-treated mosquitoes and reintroduce one specific bacteria species.

This article presents a protocol to investigate the effect of individual mosquito gut bacteria, including isolation and identification of mosquito midgut cultivable microbes, antibiotic depletion of mosquito gut bacteria, and reintroduce one specific bacteria species.

Antibiyotik Tedavi Sivrisinekler ile Bakteriyel Oral Beslenme Tsay

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been ...

Biyoloji

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Klinik Öncesi Antimikrobiyal Testler için Standartlaştırılmış Galleria mellonella Modelleri

Galleria mellonella as an Antimicrobial Screening Model

To combat the rising global issue of antibiotic resistance, the accelerated development of novel antibiotics is essential. Current preclinical antimicrobial development yields a significant number of leads that prove unsuitable either prior to or during clinical trials. To increase the efficiency of preclinical development, relevant, standardized, accessible, and cost-effective models must be developed. Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) larvae are widely used as an infection model to assess microbial virulence, conduct drug toxicity testing, and serve as a preliminary means of evaluating the in vivo efficacy of novel antimicrobial compounds. These infection models have greater biological relevance than many in vitro screens of comparable throughput and decrease reliance on mammalian models when used as a pre-screen for antimicrobial testing. This protocol describes a standardized methodology for the optimization of G. mellonella infection models, which can be applied to bacterial species and antimicrobial therapeutics of choice. Using the WHO priority pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an exemplar, we outline steps that can be undertaken to develop a reproducible model of infection and therapeutic testing. This includes recommendations on experimental setup, sample preparation, and infection and treatment protocols. Integration of this model within preclinical antimicrobial development pipelines would decrease reliance on mammalian models, reduce the number of ineffective compounds reaching clinical trials, and ultimately increase the efficiency of preclinical antimicrobial development.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Yazar Gündemi: Kistik Fibroz ve Kronik Solunum Yolu Enfeksiyonlarında Model Sistemleri ve Antimikrobiyal Keşfi İlerletmek için Hava Yolu Ortamlarının Karakterize E

This study presents a standardized framework for optimizing G. mellonella infection models for use in preclinical antimicrobial assessment. The application of a G. mellonella model as part of a preclinical antimicrobial development pipeline could decrease the number of ineffective compounds progressing to clinical trials.

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