The authors thank the TEDCO MSCRF (2009-MSCRFE-0098-00) and NIH R21CA152473 for support.

1. Cell Seeding
<ol>
 <li>Do not allow cells to grow to overconfluency. Use early passage cells when transfecting primary cells.</li>
 <li>Twenty-four hours prior to transfection, trypsinize the cells, count the cells using a hemocytometer, and dilute the cell suspension with media to achieve the desired cell density (cells/volume). Seed cells into clear tissue culture-treated flat-bottom 96-well plates using a reservoir and multichannel pipettes. The chosen density should give 70-80% confluency on the da...

<ol>
	<li>Putnam, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymers+for+gene+delivery+across+length+scales.">Polymers for gene delivery across length scales.</a> Nature Materials. 5, 439-451 (2006).</li><li>Sheyn, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetically+modified+cells+in+regenerative+medicine+and+tissue+engineering.">Genetically modified cells in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 62, 683-698 (2010).</li><li>Boussif, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+vector+for+gene+and+oligonucleotide+transfer+into+cells+in+culture+and+in+vivo:+polyethylenimine.">A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 7297-7301 (1995).</li><li>Green, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rita+Schaffer+Lecture:+Nanoparticles+for+Intracellular+Nucleic+Acid+Delivery.">Rita Schaffer Lecture: Nanoparticles for Intracellular Nucleic Acid Delivery.</a> Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40, 1408-1418 (2011).</li><li>Lynn, D. M., Langer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradable+poly(beta-amino+esters):+Synthesis,+characterization,+and+self-assembly+with+plasmid+DNA.">Degradable poly(beta-amino esters): Synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly with plasmid DNA.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 10761-10768 (2000).</li><li>Sunshine, J. C., Peng, D. Y., Green, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uptake+and+transfection+with+polymeric+nanoparticles+are+dependent+on+polymer+end-group+structure,+but+largely+independent+of+nanoparticle+physical+and+chemical+properties.">Uptake and transfection with polymeric nanoparticles are dependent on polymer end-group structure, but largely independent of nanoparticle physical and chemical properties.</a> Mol. Pharm. , (2012).</li><li>Shmueli, R. B., Sunshine, J. C., Xu, Z., Duh, E. J., Green, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+delivery+nanoparticles+specific+for+human+microvasculature+and+macrovasculature.">Gene delivery nanoparticles specific for human microvasculature and macrovasculature.</a> Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine. , (2012).</li><li>Bhise, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+terminal+functionalization+and+molecular+weight+of+a+gene+delivery+polymer+and+transfection+efficacy+in+mammary+epithelial+2-D+cultures+and+3-D+organotypic+cultures.">The relationship between terminal functionalization and molecular weight of a gene delivery polymer and transfection efficacy in mammary epithelial 2-D cultures and 3-D organotypic cultures.</a> Biomaterials. 31, 8088-8096 (2010).</li><li>Tzeng, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-viral+gene+delivery+nanoparticles+based+on+poly(beta-amino+esters)+for+treatment+of+glioblastoma.">Non-viral gene delivery nanoparticles based on poly(beta-amino esters) for treatment of glioblastoma.</a> Biomaterials. 32, 5402-5410 (2011).</li><li>Sunshine, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-Molecule+End-Groups+of+Linear+Polymer+Determine+Cell-Type+Gene-Delivery+Efficacy.">Small-Molecule End-Groups of Linear Polymer Determine Cell-Type Gene-Delivery Efficacy.</a> Adv. Mater. 21, 4947 (2009).</li><li>Bhise, N. S., Shmueli, R. B., Gonzalez, J., Green, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+assay+for+quantifying+the+number+of+plasmids+encapsulated+by+polymer+nanoparticles.">A novel assay for quantifying the number of plasmids encapsulated by polymer nanoparticles.</a> Small. 8, 367-373 (2012).</li><li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+free+of+vector+and+transgene+sequences.">Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences.</a> Science. 324, 797-801 (2009).</li><li>Ho, Y. P., Chen, H. H., Leong, K. W., Wang, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+intracellular+stability+and+unpacking+of+DNA+nanocomplexes+by+quantum+dots-FRET.">Evaluating the intracellular stability and unpacking of DNA nanocomplexes by quantum dots-FRET.</a> Journal of Controlled Release: Official journal of the Controlled Release Society. 116, 83-89 (2006).</li><li>Kreiss, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmid+DNA+size+does+not+affect+the+physicochemical+properties+of+lipoplexes+but+modulates+gene+transfer+efficiency.">Plasmid DNA size does not affect the physicochemical properties of lipoplexes but modulates gene transfer efficiency.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 27, 3792-3798 (1999).</li><li>Pitard, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus-sized+self-assembling+lamellar+complexes+between+plasmid+DNA+and+cationic+micelles+promote+gene+transfer.">Virus-sized self-assembling lamellar complexes between plasmid DNA and cationic micelles promote gene transfer.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 14412-14417 (1997).</li><li>Collins, L., Kaszuba, M., Fabre, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+in+solution+of+(Lys)(16)-containing+bifunctional+synthetic+peptide/DNA+nanoparticles+for+gene+delivery.">Imaging in solution of (Lys)(16)-containing bifunctional synthetic peptide/DNA nanoparticles for gene delivery.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1672, 12-20 (2004).</li><li>Green, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+polymeric+vectors+for+gene+delivery+to+human+endothelial+cells.">Biodegradable polymeric vectors for gene delivery to human endothelial cells.</a> Bioconjug. Chem. 17, 1162-1169 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

The protocols above describe methods of evaluating the transfection efficacy of nanoparticle formulations, as well as a way to characterize the particle size and DNA loading of the nanoparticles. The number of plasmids per particle is an important parameter that can help predict the effectiveness of the particle and can also be used for dose determination. Nanoparticle tracking analysis can be performed in a range of different aqueous solutions, such as those differing in salt concentration. Often this characteriz...

The determination of the number of plasmids complexed per nanoparticle is important to design effective nanoparticle-based gene delivery strategies, particularly for co-delivery of multiple plasmids to the same cell target, as often is required in stem cell reprogramming studies12. Few approaches to calculate the number of plasmids associated with a single nanoparticle have been described, and each approach has drawbacks in the techniques used for estimation13-16. Quantum dot (QD) labeling combined with TEM has been used to estimate plasmids per particle in chitosan-based nanoparticles. Estimation with this QD technique is complicated due to the need to label the DNA, which may alter its self-assembly properties; the possibility that encapsulated unlabeled DNA is not directly detected; potentially overlapping plasmids and QDs in the 2D TEM images of particles; and other simplifying assumptions13. An alternative approach that is applicable when ordered microdomains exist in the particles has been used to study Lipopolyamine-DNA complexes via cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), X-ray scattering, and dynamic light scattering (DLS)14,15 . Unfortunately, materials such as the polymeric nanoparticles investigated here are not applicable with this method. In another study, Collins et al. used a flow particle image analysis technique to study (Lys)16-containing peptide/DNA complexes; however, their method can only evaluate larger, micron-sized particles16. Thus, we recently developed a novel and flexible assay to quantify the number of plasmids per nanoparticle11.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phosphate Buffered Saline, 1x (PBS)</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>10010</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>EGM-2MV BulletKit</td>
 <td>Lonza</td>
 <td>CC-3202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypsin</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>25300</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium acetate buffer</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>S7899</td>
 <td>Dilute to 25mM in deionized water</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>276855</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pEGFP DNA</td>
 <td>Elim Biopharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DsRed DNA</td>
 <td>Addgene</td>
 <td>21718</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PEI, branched </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>408727</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CellTiter 96 AQueous One</td>
 <td>Promega</td>
 <td>G3580</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Materials</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clear flat bottom 96-well plate, sterile</td>
 <td>Sarstedt</td>
 <td>82.1581.001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clear round bottom 96-well plate, sterile</td>
 <td>Sarstedt</td>
 <td>82.1582.001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>12-channel Finnpipette</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td>5-50 and 50-300 &mu;l</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
 <td>Zeiss</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td>Model number: AX10</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>C6 Accuri flow cytometer</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HyperCyt attachment</td>
 <td>Intellicyt</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NS500</td>
 <td>Nanosight</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

evaluation of polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles by nanoparticle tracking analysis and high-throughput flow cytometry

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a technology for regenerative medicine2. Unlike viruses, which have significant safety issues, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be non-toxic, non-immunogenic, non-mutagenic, easier to synthesize, chemically versatile, capable of carrying larger nucleic acid cargo and biodegradable and/or environmentally responsive. Cationic polymers self-assemble with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic interaction to form complexes on the order of 100 nm that are commonly termed polymeric nanoparticles. Examples of biomaterials used to form nanoscale polycationic gene delivery nanoparticles include polylysine, polyphosphoesters, poly(amidoamines)s and polyethylenimine (PEI), which is a non-degradable off-the-shelf cationic polymer commonly used for nucleic acid delivery1,3 . Poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are a newer class of cationic polymers4 that are hydrolytically degradable5,6 and have been shown to be effective at gene delivery to hard-to-transfect cell types such as human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)7, mouse mammary epithelial cells8, human brain cancer cells9 and macrovascular (human umbilical vein, HUVECs) endothelial cells10.
A new protocol to characterize polymeric nanoparticles utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is described. In this approach, both the particle size distribution and the distribution of the number of plasmids per particle are obtained11. In addition, a high-throughput 96-well plate transfection assay for rapid screening of the transfection efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles is presented. In this protocol, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are used as model polymers and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) are used as model human cells. This protocol can be easily adapted to evaluate any polymeric nanoparticle and any cell type of interest in a multi-well plate format.

Figure 1 shows a fluorescence microscopy image of an example of a successful transfection of HRECs with the EGFP plasmid. The brightfield image is helpful to ensure that cells maintain their usual morphology. Additionally, cell viability assays, such as MTS or similar assays, can be used to assess the nanoparticle toxicity7. Flow cytometry, as described, can be used to quantify the transfection efficiency. When using the HyperCyt multi-well plate attachment, the data will need to be processed ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry

A protocol for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and high-throughput flow cytometry to evaluate polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles is described. NTA is utilized to characterize the nanoparticle particle size distribution and the plasmid per particle distribution. High-throughput flow cytometry enables quantitative transfection efficacy evaluation for a library of gene delivery biomaterials.

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a ...

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15.6K Görüntüleme.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Nanoparçacık izleme analizi (NTA) ve polimerik gen teslimat nanopartiküller değerlendirmek için high-throughput Akım sitometri için bir protokol tanımlanmıştır. NTA nanoparçacık parçacık büyüklüğü dağılımı ve plazmid başına parçacık dağılımını karakterize etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek throughput flow sitometri gen teslimat biyomalzemelerin bir kütüphane için nicel transfeksiyon etkinliği değerlendirilmesini sağlar.