Bu çalışma Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri (R01DK58096 Vincent Poitout için) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Vincent Poitout Diyabet ve Pankreas beta-hücre Fonksiyon Kanada Araştırma Başkanı tutar. Bader Zarrouki Merck ve Eli Lilly gelen doktora sonrası burslar aldı. Ghislaine FONTES Kanada Diyabet Derneği bir doktora sonrası burs ile desteklenmiştir.

Bakış:, bir 7 günlük iyileşme süresi sağlayan, bir döner ve kafeste serbestçe hareket hayvan sağlayan karşı sistemini kullanarak pompaları için kateterler bağlayan işlem genel anestezi altında sağ juguler ven ve sol karotis arter kateterizasyonu oluşur; ve 72 saat süre ile (9, heparin infüzyonu doymuş yağ asitleri, yaklaşık% 80 unsaturated/20% karışımı üreten bir soya fasulyesi yağ emülsiyonu), glukoz ve / veya Intralipid beslerken. 1. Sağ Juguler Ven ve Sol Karotis Arter kanülasyon <ol><li> Cerrahi aletler sterilize edin. Kanülasyonu boruları, aynı zamanda işlem öncesinde bir sıvı sterilize edici madde (% 2.6 glutaraldehid) kullanılarak soğuk sterilize olması gerekir. 16-24 saat boyunca, bir otoklav kapta boru daldırın. Durulayın ve kullanmadan önce glutaraldehit tüm izlerini kaldırmak için steril distile su ile iyice yıkayın. </li><li> Hesaplamak için fare tartılırilaç dozları: Karprofen 5 mg / kg: seyreltme 1/10 = Vücut ağırlığı (g) x 0.001 mi SC (analjezik) 0.01 mg / kg &#39;glikopirolat: seyreltme 1/10 = CA (g) X, 0.0012 mi SC (antikolinerjik) </li><li> Izofluran ve oksijen kullanarak sıçan anestezisi. </li><li> Kendi karnına sıçan yerleştirin. Omuz tabanına kulak arkasındaki alan tıraş. Sırtında sıçan yatıyordu. Ön pençeleri için boyun altında bölge tıraş. </li><li> Klorheksidin, alkol ve iyot ile Hazırlık cerrahi Alanı. Ilaçlar yönetmek. </li><li> Cerrahi alanına sıçan aktarın. </li><li> Aseptik teknik kullanılarak, sağ juguler ven ve heparinize tuzlu 5 U ile dolu bir 1 ml şırınga bağlanmış bir PE-50 kanül ile sol karotid arter canulate. Iyileşme döneminde pıhtılaşma önlemek için heparinli serum fizyolojik 50 U ile canulas yıkayın. Körelmiş 23G iğne kullanın. Bir 23G iğne ile her kanül kapatın. </li><li> Ameliyattan sonra, kapalı yaklaşık 2.5 mm Döşemealt kesici dişler ve yer yemiş olmaktan canulas önlemek için bir infüzyon ceket sıçan. </li><li> Izofluran tahliye yardımcı olmak için oksijen (1 L / 10 dk dk) sağlayın. </li><li> Tamamen uyanık kadar ısıtılmış bir kafeste sıçan yerleştirin. </li><li> Infüzyon durum başına bir kullanımı dört sıçan (Tablo 1) çalıştırın. </li></ol> 2. Ameliyat sonrası Bakım (kateterler Post-cerrahi Tedavi ve Bağlantı) <ol><li> 1. gün ve gün 2 sonrası cerrahi fareler tartılır. </li><li> Gün 1 ameliyat sonrası ve günde bir kez 2 ameliyat sonrası iki kez glikopirolat (BW (g) x 0.00048 mi) SC yönetmek. </li><li> Gerekirse ek destekleyici tedaviler uygulanabilir: sıvılar, ısıtma yastığı, ıslak diyet, oksijen tedavisi, analjezikler, antikolinerjikler. </li><li> Gün 7 sonrası cerrahi, infüzyon için akış oranlarını hesaplamak için fareler tartın. </li><li> Bir kafes ızgara üst (Şekil 1) üzerine monte edilmiş bir halata ve döner kullanarak bir infüzyon sistemine her fare bağlayın.</li><li> Pıhtıları kaldırmak için heparinli serum fizyolojik 5 U ile canulas yıkayın. Pıhtılaşma önlemek için heparinli serum fizyolojik 50 U ile bir kez daha canulas yıkayın. </li><li> Sıçanlarda ip gelmesini ve infüzyon başlamadan önce en az 24 saat döner izin verin. </li></ol> 3. Demleme <ol><li> Her bir fare ve ölçü glisemi karotis kan 0.15 mL çizin. Juguler canulas yıkayın. Her bir sıçanın her iki canulas pıhtılaşmayı önlemek için heparinize tuzlu 50 U kullanımı. </li><li> % 2 EDTA içeren 0.5 ml&#39;lik bir toplama tüpü için kan örneği aktarın. 2 dakika 10.000 rpm&#39;de santrifüj ve -20 ° C de plazma dondurmak </li><li> Aşağıda listelenen infüzyon koşulların her biri için iki adet 60 ml şırınga doldurun. Pompanın arka pozisyon pompa ve yer Şırınga 2 ön konumuna yer Şırınga 1. </li><li> Y-bağlantı ve sterilize edilmiştir CO-EX T22 boru ile birlikte çözümleri her çift katılın. Harvard 33. şırınga yerleştirinikili şırınga pompası. </li><li> Kafes alt değiştirin ve kafes ızgara üstten tüm gıda çıkarın. </li><li> Kafes ızgara üzerine 150 standart yem g ve yer tartılır. </li><li> Kafes ızgara döner için şırınga bağlayın. Hatları sıkışmış hava kaldırmak için doğru şırınga yıkayın. </li><li> Infüzyon sistemi için sıçan bağlamadan önce alındı ​​vücut ağırlığı kullanılarak infüzyon akış oranları hesaplayın. Oranlar ml / saat içine glikoz infüzyon hızı (Gir) dönüştüren bir Microsoft Excel dosyası ile hesaplanır. </li><li> Fabrika ayarlarına göre 60 ml şırınga için akış oranları yönetmek için pompa ayarlayın. Şırınga 1 (ön şırınga) için hızı ve Şırınga 2 (geri şırınga) için oranını girin. </li><li> Pompayı çalıştır. </li></ol> 4. İzleme <ol><li> Pompayı çalıştırmadan sonra, herhangi bir döner veya canulas sızan ve infüzyon boru bükülmüş değil olduğunu doğrulayın. Ayrıca hiçbir hava kabarcığı olmadığını doğrulayınboru. </li><li> Infüzyon 3 saat sonra, glisemi izlemek için bir kan örneği almak. , 24, 6 sonra 48 tekrar ve infüzyon 72 saat. Bir önlem olarak, glisemi da infüzyon 30, 34, 54, ve 60 saat sonra izlenir. Kan şekeri taşınabilir bir glikoz monitörü kullanılarak, tam bir damla kan kullanılarak ölçülebilir. Bu infüzyon sırasında alınan kan miktarını sınırlar ve bu nedenle önemli ölçüde değiştiren kan hacmi ve / veya hematokrit önler. </li><li> Şırınga 1 için oran 220-250 mg / dl kan şekeri korumak için glisemi değerlerine göre değiştirilir. Serbest yağ asitleri 1 mmol / L tutulur çünkü Şırınga 2 oranı infüzyon 72 saat boyunca değişmez </li><li> İnfüzyon koşulları kontrol hayvanları için alınan ses test hayvanları (Tablo 1) için alınan hacmine eşit olduğunu, eşleştirilir. </li><li> Infüzyon 24 saat sonra kafesin altına değiştirmek ve kafes ızgara kalan gıda tartın. Yenmemiş kısmı t dönkafes ızgara o. 48 saat sonra tekrarlayın. </li><li> Yedek şırıngalar günlük olarak infüzyon 72 saat boyunca gerekli. </li><li> Infüzyon sırasında, her zaman iltihap veya rahatsızlık herhangi bir işaret için fare gözlemlemek. Gerekirse uygun bakım yönetmek. </li></ol> 5. Post-infüzyon Ötenazi <ol><li class="jove_content"> Infüzyon 72 saat sonra, sıçanlar, bir ketamin / ksilazin kokteyli (182 ketamin ve 11.6 mg / kg &#39;mg / kg ksilazin% 0.9 NaCI ile 1:02 seyreltilmiş), 0.5 ml ile intravenöz anestezi uygulanır. </li><li class="jove_content"> Ayak-tutam refleks anestezi seviyesini doğrulamak için kullanılır. Ek anestezi gerektiği gibi yönetilmektedir. </li><li class="jove_content"> Fare anestezi olduğunda, karın boşluğu ameliyat makasları ile açılır. Sıçan aort veya vena kava bir şırınga içinde kan 10-15 ml çizerek exsanguinated edilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antecedent+hyperglycemia,+not+hyperlipidemia,+is+associated+with+increased+islet+triacylglycerol+content+and+decreased+insulin+gene+mRNA+level+in+Zucker+diabetic+fatty+rats.">Antecedent hyperglycemia, not hyperlipidemia, is associated with increased islet triacylglycerol content and decreased insulin gene mRNA level in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.</a> Diabetes. 50, 2481-2486 (2001).</li><li>Bachar, E., Ariav, Y., Cerasi, E., Kaiser, N., Leibowitz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+nitric+oxide+synthase+protects+the+pancreatic+beta+cell+from+glucolipotoxicity-induced+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+and+apoptosis.">Neuronal nitric oxide synthase protects the pancreatic beta cell from glucolipotoxicity-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis.</a> Diabetologia. 53, 2177-2187 (2010).</li><li>Peyot, M. 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Vincent Poitout kurucularından ve Bêtagenex A.Ş., ticari bir hizmet olarak bu makalede sunulan infüzyon modeli sunan bir sözleşmeli araştırma kuruluştan araştırma sözleşmeleri aldı.

Önceki çalışmalarda bir dizi bilgilerimize kronik glikoz infüzyon (örneğin 10-15) veya kemirgenlerde lipid (örneğin 16,17), istihdam olmasına rağmen her iki yakıt kombine infüzyon sadece fareler 18 bildirilmiştir. Burada sunulan kronik infüzyon modeli sıçanlarda biyolojik fonksiyonları çeşitli besin aşırı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için çeşitli avantajlar sunuyor. İlk olarak, genetik olarak obez kemirgenler içermez ve insanlarda ortak o...

Dolaşımdaki glukoz ve lipit kronik yüksek seviyeleri de dahil olmak üzere glukoz homeostazının muhafaza edilmesinde rol oynadığı çeşitli organların fonksiyonunu değiştirerek, tip 2 diyabet patogenezine katkıda için önerilen, ancak bunlarla sınırlı değildir edilmiş, pankreatik beta-hücresi (yorumlanan 1). Kronik hiperglisemi böylece bir kısır döngü oluşturmak ve tip 2 diyabet hastalarında glikoz kontrolünün bozulmasına katkıda, ilk etapta hiperglisemi yol açan beta-hücre kusur azdırır bu Glukotoksisite hipotez öne süren. Aynı şekilde, glucolipotoxicity hipotez olarak genellikle tip 2 diyabet gözlenen glukoz ve lipid düzeylerinin eşlik eden cepheler,, beta hücre için zararlıdır önermektedir. Pankreatik beta hücre fonksiyonu üzerinde kronik yüksek besinlerin zararlı etkileri hücresel ve moleküler mekanizmaları deşifre understandi anahtarıdırtip 2 diyabet 1 patogenezi ng. Bu amaçla, çalışmaları, çok sayıda, Langerhans adacıklarında bir izole edilmiş ya da klonlar, insülin salgılayan hücre hatlarında in vitro kronik besin aşırı ex vivo mekanizmaları inceledik. Kültürlenmiş adacık hücreleri ya da içinde kullanılan yağ asitlerinin konsantrasyonu nadiren in vivo 2 beta hücrelerinin yakın dolaşımdaki seviyeleri neticesinde Ancak, bütün bir organizma için bu model sistemlerinde de elde edilen bulguların yapıldı, özellikle karmaşıktır. Öte yandan, besin aşırı tepki olarak beta hücresi yetmezliği mekanizmaları olarak Zucker Diyabetik Şişman sıçan 3,4, gerbil Psammomys obesus 5 ve yüksek yağlı diyet ile örneklenen, diyabet kemirgen modellerinde incelenmiştir beslenen fare 6. Bu modeller, ancak, içsel metabolik anormallikler ile karakterizedir ve kan şekeri manipülasyonlar kolayca uygun değildir vardırve / veya bir daha kontrollü ve daha az kronik bir ortamda lipid düzeyleri. Aksi takdirde, normal hayvanlarda gün bir süre besin seviyelerini dolaşan değiştirmek edebilmek için, fizyolojik parametreleri ve fonksiyonu, bize tek başına veya birlikte, lipid ve glukoz etkilerini incelemek sağlar Normal sıçanlarda kronik bir infüzyon modeli geliştirdik 7,8.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Saline 0.9%</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>JB1324</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dextrose 70%</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Intralipid 20%</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>JB6023</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Metricide (Glutaraldehyde 2.6%)</td>
			<td>Metrex</td>
			<td>11-1401</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Heparin Sodium 10,000 USP u/ml</td>
			<td>PPC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Metacam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Glycopyrrolate</td>
			<td>Sandoz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Abbott</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chlohexidine 2%</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Alcohol 70%</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Iodine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>PE-50</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>427411</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CO-EX T22</td>
			<td>Instech Solomon</td>
			<td>BCOEX-T22</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Connector 22G</td>
			<td>Instech Solomon</td>
			<td>SC22/15</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Swivel 22G</td>
			<td>Instech Solomon</td>
			<td>375/22PS</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Y-Connector 22G</td>
			<td>Instech Solomon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Counterbalance and arm</td>
			<td>Instech Solomon</td>
			<td>CM375BP</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>23 G blunted needles</td>
			<td>Instech Solomon</td>
			<td>LS23</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>23 G canulation pins</td>
			<td>Instech Solomon</td>
			<td>SP23/12</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Tethers (12 inch)</td>
			<td>Lomir</td>
			<td>RT12D</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Infusion jackets </td>
			<td>Lomir</td>
			<td>RJ01, RJ02, RJ03, RJ04</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>(SM-XL)</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Tether attachment piece</td>
			<td>Lomir</td>
			<td>RS T1</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>60 ml syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309653</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309602</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

a model of chronic nutrient infusion in the rat

Besinlerin aşırı düzeyde kronik maruz kalma birçok organ ve dokuların fonksiyonlarını etkileyen ve obezite ile ilişkili birçok komplikasyon gelişimi ve tip 2 diyabet gibi metabolik sendrom, katkıda kabul edilmektedir. Glikoz ve yağ asitlerinin aşırı düzeyde pankreas beta hücre ve insülin salgılanmasını etkileyen hangi mekanizmaları incelemek için, sıçan kronik bir besin infüzyon modeli kurduk. 7 günlük iyileşme süresi sağlayan,, bir döner ve kafes içinde serbestçe hareket hayvan sağlayan karşı sistemini kullanarak pompaları için kateter bağlantı ve beslerken işlem genel anestezi altında sağ juguler ven ve sol karotis arter kateterizasyonu oluşur glikoz ve / ya da Intralipid (heparin infüzyonu çok yaklaşık% 80 oranında unsaturated/20% doymuş yağ asitlerinin bir karışımı üreten bir soya fasulyesi yağı emülsiyonu) 72 saat boyunca gerçekleştirilebilir. Bu model birçok avan sunuyorFarmakolojik bileşikler, co-aşılamak için seçenek; ve diyet modellere karşı nispeten kısa bir zaman dilimi ince glukoz ve yağ asitleri, dolaşımdaki hedef seviyelerini değiştirmek üzere olasılığı dahil olmak üzere Ges. Bu organlarda çeşitli besin indüklenen disfonksiyon mekanizmalarını incelemek ve bu bağlamda ilaçların etkinliğini test etmek için de kullanılabilir.

Ameliyat 42 sıçan bir dizi dışında, 5 sıçan ameliyat sonrası dönemde kaybedildi ve 1 sıçan% 86 genel başarı oranı temsil eden, infüzyon sırasında kayboldu. Sonunda infüze edildi 37 sıçanların ortalama vücut ağırlığı 608 oldu ± 5 ameliyat öncesi g ve 588 ± infüzyon başlangıcında 6 g (ortalama ± SE, n = 37, p &lt;0.0001 tarafından t-testi eşleştirilmiş). 72 saatlik enfüzyon süresince, tuzlu su (sal) ve + Intralipid (GLU + IL) Şekiller 2A ve 2B gö...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat at JoVE.com

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Farelerde glukoz ve Intralipid kronik infüzyon için bir protokol açıklanmıştır. Bu model, organ fonksiyonu ve fizyolojik parametreler üzerindeki besin aşırı etkisini incelemek için kullanılabilir.

Sıçan Kronik Besin İnfüzyon Bir Model

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to  affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the  ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.6K Görüntüleme.  CRCHUM. Farelerde glukoz ve Intralipid kronik infüzyon için bir protokol açıklanmıştır. Bu model, organ fonksiyonu ve fizyolojik parametreler üzerindeki besin aşırı etkisini incelemek için kullanılabilir.

Video: A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP).
The commonly used animal model for cardiovascular chronic rejection studies is the heterotopic heart transplant model performed in laboratory rodents. This model is used widely in experiments since Ono and Lindsey (3) published their technique. To analyze the findings in the blood vessels, the heart has to be sectioned and all vessels have to be measured.
Another method to investigate chronic rejection in cardiovascular questionings is the aortic transplant model (1, 2). In the orthotopic aortic transplant model, the aorta can easily be histologically evaluated (2). The PVG-to-ACI model is especially useful for CAV studies, since acute vascular rejection is not a major confounding factor and Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment does not prevent the development of CAV, similar to what we find in the clinical setting (4). A7-day period of CsA is required in this model to prevent acute rejection and to achieve long-term survival with the development of TVP.
This model can also be used to investigate acute cellular rejection and media necrosis in xenogeneic models (5).

This video demonstrates the orthotopic aortic transplant model as a simple model to study the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP) in rats.

Ortotopik Aort Nakli: Rat Modeli Kronik Vaskülopati Geliştirme Çalışması

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

Tıp

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements of homeostasis, integrative animal models are necessary to study development and progression of CKD. To study development of CKD and novel therapeutic interventions in CKD, we use the 5/6th nephrectomy ablation model, a well known experimental model of progressive renal disease, resembling several aspects of human CKD. The gross reduction in renal mass causes progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial injury, loss of remnant nephrons and development of systemic and glomerular hypertension. It is also associated with progressive intrarenal capillary loss, inflammation and glomerulosclerosis. Risk factors for CKD invariably impact on endothelial function. To mimic this, we combine removal of 5/6th of renal mass with nitric oxide (NO) depletion and a high salt diet. After arrival and acclimatization, animals receive a NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-Arginine) (L-NNA) supplemented to drinking water (20 mg/L) for a period of 4 weeks, followed by right sided uninephrectomy. One week later, a subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) is performed on the left side. After SNX, animals are allowed to recover for two days followed by LNNA in drinking water (20 mg/L) for a further period of 4 weeks. A high salt diet (6%), supplemented in ground chow (see time line Figure 1), is continued throughout the experiment. Progression of renal failure is followed over time by measuring plasma urea, systolic blood pressure and proteinuria. By six weeks after SNX, renal failure has developed. Renal function is measured using 'gold standard' inulin and para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) clearance technology. This model of CKD is characterized by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), hypertension (systolic blood pressure&gt;150 mmHg), proteinuria (&gt; 50 mg/24 hr) and mild uremia (&gt;10 mM). Histological features include tubulo-interstitial damage reflected by inflammation, tubular atrophy and fibrosis and focal glomerulosclerosis leading to massive reduction of healthy glomeruli within the remnant population (&lt;10%). Follow-up until 12 weeks after SNX shows further progression of CKD.

A two-stage method to establish chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Lewis rat by surgically removing 5/6th of renal mass is described. Combination of the surgical procedure, NOS-inhibition and a high-salt diet leads to a model resembling human CKD, allowing study of causal mechanisms and development of novel therapeutic interventions.

Yüksek Tuz Diyet ve Lewis Rat Kronik Böbrek Hastalığı tetikleyebilecek Nitrik Oksit Sentaz inhibisyonu ile bağlantılı 5/6th nefrektomi

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

Farelerde Mesane Ağrı için bir model olarak Mesane Distansiyonunun Uyarılmış Visceromotor Cevapları

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

Rat Retina için Elvax 40W ile yavaş salınımlı İlaç Dağıtım: Kronik Koşullar Tedavisinde Etkileri

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Neurodegeneration in an Animal Model of Chronic Amyloid-beta Oligomer Infusion Is Counteracted by Antibody Treatment Infused with Osmotic Pumps

Decline in hippocampal-dependent explicit memory (memory for facts and events) is one of the earliest clinical symptom of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). It is well established that synapse loss and ensuing neurodegeneration are the best predictors for memory impairments in AD. Latest studies have emphasized the neurotoxic role of soluble amyloid-beta oligomers (A&#946;o) that begin to accumulate in the human brain approximately 10 to 15 yr before the clinical symptoms become apparent. Many reports indicate that soluble A&#946;o correlate with memory deficits in AD models and humans. The A&#946;o-induced neurodegeneration observed in neuronal and brain slice cultures has been more challenging to reproduce in many animal models. The model of repeated A&#946;o infusions shown here overcome this issue and allow addressing two key domains for developing new disease modifying therapies: identify biological markers to diagnose early AD, and determine the molecular mechanisms underpinning A&#946;o-induced memory deficits at the onset of AD. Since soluble A&#946;o aggregate relatively fast into insoluble A&#946; fibrils that correlate poorly with the clinical state of patients, soluble A&#946;o are prepared freshly and injected once per day during six days to produce marked cell death in the hippocampus. We used cannula specially design for simultaneous infusions of A&#946;o and continuous infusion of A&#946;o antibody (6E10) in the hippocampus using osmotic pumps. This innovative in vivo method can now be used in preclinical studies to validate the efficiency of new AD therapies that might prevent the deposition and neurotoxicity of A&#946;o in pre-dementia patients.

To study the effects of A&#946;o in vivo, we developed a model based on repeated hippocampal infusions of soluble A&#946;o coupled with continuous infusion of A&#946;o antibody (6E10) in the hippocampus using osmotic pumps to counteract the neurotoxic effect of A&#946;o.

Kronik Amiloid beta Oligomer İnfüzyon bir hayvan Modelinde Nörodejenerasyon Osmotik Pompalar ile Antikor Tedavisi infüzyon ile giderilir

Decline in hippocampal-dependent explicit memory (memory for facts and events) is one of the earliest clinical symptom of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). It ...

Use of a Central Venous Line for Fluids, Drugs and Nutrient Administration in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness

This protocol describes a centrally catheterized mouse model of prolonged critical illness. We combine the cecal ligation and puncture method to induce sepsis with the use of a central venous line for fluids, drugs and nutrient administration to mimic the human clinical setting. Critically ill patients require intensive medical support in order to survive. While the majority of patients will recover within a few days, about a quarter of the patients need prolonged intensive care and are at high risk of dying from non-resolving multiple organ failure. Furthermore, the prolonged phase of critical illness is hallmarked by profound muscle weakness, and endocrine and metabolic changes, of which the pathogenesis is currently incompletely understood. The most widely used animal model in critical care research is the cecal ligation and puncture model to induce sepsis. This is a very reproducible model, with acute inflammatory and hemodynamic changes similar to human sepsis, which is designed to study the acute phase of critical illness. However, this model is hallmarked by a high lethality, which is different from the clinical human situation, and is not developed to study the prolonged phase of critical illness. Therefore, we adapted the technique by placing a central venous catheter in the jugular vein allowing us to administer clinically relevant supportive care, to better mimic the human clinical situation of critical illness. This mouse model requires an extensive surgical procedure and daily intensive care of the animals, but it results in a relevant model of the acute and prolonged phase of critical illness.

This protocol describes a centrally catheterized mouse model of prolonged critical illness. We combine the cecal ligation and puncture method to induce sepsis with the use of a central venous line for fluids, drugs and nutrient administration to mimic the human clinical setting.

Kritik Hastalık Fare Modeli Sıvılar, Uyuşturucu ve Besin İdaresi için Santral Venöz Hattı Kullanımı

This protocol describes a centrally catheterized mouse model of prolonged critical illness. We combine the cecal ligation and puncture method to induce ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

İzometrik Contractility ölçüm tel Myography kullanarak fare mezenterik arter

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A New Best Practice for Validating Tail Vein Injections in Rat with Near-infrared-Labeled Agents

Intravenous (IV) administration of agents into the tail vein of rats can be both difficult and inconsistent. Optimizing tail vein injections is a key part of many experimental procedures where reagents need to be introduced directly into the bloodstream. Unwittingly, the injection can be subcutaneous, possibly altering the scientific outcomes. Utilizing a nanoemulsion-based biological probe with an incorporated near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye, this method offers the capability of imaging a successful tail vein injection in vivo. With the use of a NIRF imager, images are taken before and after the injection of the agent. An acceptable IV injection is then qualitatively or quantitatively determined based on the intensity of the NIRF signal at the site of injection.

Here we present a method to validate tail vein injections in rats by utilizing near-infrared fluorescence imaging data from dyes incorporated into agents or biological probes. The tail is imaged before and after the injection, the fluorescent signal is quantified, and an assessment of the injection quality is made.

Kuyruk ven enjeksiyonları sıçan-kızılötesi-etiketli ajanlar ile doğrulamak için yeni bir en iyi yöntem

Intravenous (IV) administration of agents into the tail vein of rats can be both difficult and inconsistent. Optimizing tail vein injections is a key part ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

Astımın Sıçan Modelinde Akupunktur

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...

A Mouse Model for Chronic Pancreatitis via Bile Duct TNBS Infusion

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. Several rodent models have been developed to study CP, of which the bile duct 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) infusion model replicates the features of neuropathic pain seen in CP. However, bile duct drug infusion in mice is technically challenging. This protocol demonstrates the procedure of bile duct TNBS infusion for generation of a CP mouse model. TNBS was infused into the pancreas through the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum. This protocol optimized drug volume, surgical techniques, and drug handling during the procedure. TNBS-treated mice showed features of CP as reflected by bodyweight and pancreas weight reductions, changes in pain-associated behaviors, and abnormal pancreatic morphology. With these improvements, mortality associated with TNBS injection was minimal. This procedure is not only critical in generating pancreatic disease models but is also useful in local pancreatic drug delivery.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas, often associated with intractable abdominal pain. This article focuses on refining the technique to generate a mouse model of CP via bile duct infusion with 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).

Safra Kanalı TNBS infüzyonu ile Kronik Pankreatit için Bir Fare Modeli

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. ...