Bu çalışma, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) BL567/3-1 ve Friedrich-Baur-Stiftung hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir. Biz Tag-TTT-T2 bize sağlamak için Kaliforniya, San Diego Üniversitesi&#39;nde Roger Y. Tsien, Howard Hughes Tıp Enstitüsü Laboratuvarları teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Biz çok şükür ki bize lentiviral plazmid FUGW sağlayan ve psPAX2/pMD2.G için David Baltimore, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, ve Didier Trono, Cenevre, Cenevre, Üniversitesi kabul.

<ol>
	<li>Berridge, M. J., Bootman, M. D., Roderick, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+signalling:+dynamics,+homeostasis+and+remodelling.">Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.</a> Nature reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 4, 517-529 (2003).</li><li>Berridge, M. J., Lipp, P., Bootman, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+versatility+and+universality+of+calcium+signalling.">The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.</a> Nature reviews. 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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ederim.

TED yöntemin avantajları ve dezavantajları son yayınları 34,35 yaygın olarak tartışılmıştır. Yukarıda tarif edilen diğer yöntemleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, TED hücreleri bozan ve perfüze problemini önlediği. Ayrıca, iki açıdan vurgulanması gerekir. ER kalsiyum görüntüleme için TED prensibi TED vektör yapıları yardımıyla ve düşük afiniteli bir sentetik AM-esterlerin (2). Verimli ve tercihli serbest bırakılması ile ER lümeninde aktif karboksilesteraz bölgesinin ...

ER fizyolojik kalsiyum yanıtları çözmek için, biz ER içine sentetik kalsiyum hassas boyaların yakalama artırmak için yeni bir strateji geliştirdi. Bu yöntem hücre dışı kalsiyum varlığında serbest ER kalsiyum doğrudan, olmayan yıkıcı gerçek zamanlı izleme sağlar. ER Kalsiyum fonksiyonu ve sinyal Kalsiyum sinyalleri farklı hücre tipleri, örneğin kas hücreleri, nöronlar ve öğrenme ve hafıza 1,2 sinaptik iletim bir katılımı kas kasılması aracılık gelen glial hücreler ve işlevleri aralığında bulunur. Kalsiyum gen transkripsiyonu, hücre çoğalması, nöronal uyarılabilirliği, hücre ölümü ve olaylar 1-7 sinyalizasyon diğer hücre düzenlenmesinde yer almaktadır, çünkü serbest kalsiyum konsantrasyonunu değişiklikler yüksek bir bilimsel ilgi vardır. Bütün bu hücre içi kalsiyum sinyalleri işlevsel olarak bağlı ve hücre içi kalsiyum katkıda bulunmaktadırmağaza dinamikleri 8-10. Tüm kalsiyum sinyalleri arasında ortak bir özelliği hücre dışı alan arasında kalsiyum akışını, sitoplazmada ve organeller, özellikle ER ve mitokondri olduğunu. Bu, farklı sinyal bileşenleri tarafından algılanır ve bu organellerin içinde kalsiyum konsantrasyonunda dinamik değişiklikler olur. Genel olarak, 100-800 uM arasındaki ER aralıkları içinde kalsiyum konsantrasyonu, sitoplazmada kalsiyum konsantrasyonu yaklaşık 100 nM, ve hücre dışı ortamda konsantrasyon 1-2 mm civarındadır. Buna göre, sitoplazmada 2,9,10 doğru kalsiyum akışı için yüksek bir kimyasal itici güç vardır. En yaygın olarak incelenmiştir ER-türevi kalsiyum sinyaller daha sonra fosfolipaz C (PLC), aktive G-protein bağlı reseptörler (GPCR), uyarımı bağlıdır. Da PLC inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3) 1 üretir. Onun rec IP 3 bağlayıcı üzerineeptor (IP 3-Rec, Şekil 1) ER-membran, kalsiyum iyonları ER lümeninde salınır. Tarihsel olarak, ER IP 3-aracılı kalsiyum sürümü ilk - bile dolaylı - Streb ve arkadaşları tarafından asiner pankreatik hücrelerde ölçülen 1.983 11.. Bu yayın, ilk kez önerilen asetilkolin, fosfolipaz C ve IP 3 içeren bir sinyal akışında. Kalsiyum serbest Bu şekilde genellikle IP 3-bağlı kalsiyum sürümü (IiCR) (Şekil 1) olarak adlandırılır. Reseptör tirozin kinazlar, bağlantılar IP 3 yükseklik 12 sonra sinyal ER kalsiyum büyüme faktörleri ve nörotrofik faktörlerin etkisi ile fosfolipaz Cγ arasında kinaza bağımlı aktifleştirme. IiCR ek olarak, kalsiyum yüksekliği riyanodin Re, voltaj-bağımlı kalsiyum kanallarının (Ca V) ve daha sonra kalsiyum ile indüklenen kalsiyum tahliyesinin (CICR) ile, örneğin, iyonotropik kalsiyum girişini aracılık edilebilirreseptör (RYR). IiCR ve CICR fizyolojik mağaza ile çalışan kalsiyum girişi (Soce) ile bağlantılıdır. Soce ER kalsiyum serbest bırakılması için bir sensör STIM (stroma etkileşen molekül), bir işlem içerir. STIM geçici reseptör potansiyel bir kanal (Trp) 13, Orai kalsiyum kanalları 14 ve hatta voltaj kapılı kalsiyum kanalları 15 (Şekil 1) yoluyla hücre-dışı kalsiyum girişini teşvik ettiği gösterilmiştir. ER kalsiyum kaybı dinamik aktif pompalar kalsiyum geri ER içine Sarko-endoplazmik retikulum kalsiyum ATPaz (SERCA), bir eylem tarafından kurtarılır. Bu thapsigargin gibi ilaçlar ile SERCA Engelleme sitozolik bölmesine ER kalsiyum sürekli bir kaybı tanıttı. Bu ER kalsiyum &quot;kaçak&quot; gibi Sec61 protein kompleksi 16,17 (Şekil 1) olarak ER intramembrane gözenek kompleksleri neden olur. 1998 yılında, Berridge bir model, &quot;bir nöron modeli içinde nöron&quot;, hangi yayınlandıh nöronal kalsiyum 5 entegre ER bir ilke fizyolojik rolünü göstermektedir. Bu model nöronal plazma zarı 5 bir hücre içi &quot;görüntü&quot; oluşturan sürekli ER membran sisteminin varlığını dikkate alır. Bu ikili ökaryotik membran sistemi nöronlarda hızlı ve yavaş kalsiyum sinyallerinin zamansal ve mekansal entegrasyonu için temel bir ön koşul olduğu iddia edildi. Aynı nöron farklı dikenler veya dendritler eş zamanlı veya daha sonra da meydana kalsiyum sinyalleri hücrenin soma ya da 5,18 toplanır ER, ile çekirdeğine veriliyor. Daha sonra, bunların toplamı sinyal şelaleden gen transkripsiyonu veya entegrasyon nöron, düzenleme heyecanlanma üzerinde etkileri olabilir. Bu nedenle, ER kalsiyum sinyallerinin birleştirilmesi destekler. Bu kavram için bir ön koşul çeşitli çalışmalar tarafından iddia edilmiştir ve en az somato-d kanıtlanmıştır ki tek bir hücre, içinde ER sürekliliği olanendritic alanları ve kısa bir mesafe aksonal projeksiyonlar 19-21. Uzun aksonal projeksiyonlar içinde ER süreklilik olup olmadığını tartışma meselesidir. ER membran üzerinden ücretsiz kalsiyum akışını ölçmek için Stratejiler Kalsiyum sinyalleri en sık sitoplazmada 22,23 izlenir. Bu nedenle, kolaylıkla hücre dışı Ca2 + veya 6,24 hücre içi mağazalarından sitozolüne akan olup olmadığını ayırt edilemez. Bu sınırlama üstesinden gelmek için, doğrudan ER kalsiyum görüntüleme için metodolojik stratejiler geliştirilmiştir. Özet olarak, aşağıdaki stratejileri kullanılmıştır:. (1) genetik olarak işlenmiş protein göstergeleri: 25-27 protein tabanlı, düşük afiniteli bir Ca2 + göstergeleri, bir kalsiyum algılama proteini ile kombinasyon halinde biyolüminesans proteini aequorin veya GFP kullanımı ER-hedefli. Bu genetik Ca 2 + göstergeleri (GeCIS) canBir sinyal peptidi yardımıyla ER hedeflenebilir ve aktif bir saklama ve geri çağırma motifi kullanılarak ER tutulur. Cameleon bölünmüş YC7.3ER 29 ve Cameleon D1 30 ve Cameleon ilkesine Ortak ER Ca 2 + göstergeleri baz Cameleon YC4.3 26,28 bulunmaktadır. AM-ester düşük afinite Ca 2 (2) Doğrudan esteraz tabanlı boya yükleme + göstergeleri 31,32. Gösterge boyaların (Mag-Fura2-AM, Mag-Fluo4-AM veya Fluo5N-AM)-türevleri AM geçmek bir lipofilik, kalsiyum-duyarsız durumda biyolojik membranlar. Daha sonra, sitoplazmada gibi ER, endojen esterazlar AM-ester grubunun yarılma ve sitoplazmada aktif olan boya belirli bir miktarda arkasında ve ER bırakarak, Ca2 + göstergesi bırakın. Sitozolik kalsiyum konsantrasyonu de de altında kalır Bu nedenle, bu yaklaşım sürece ER yüksek bir kalsiyum konsantrasyonu koşulları altında yararlıdırözellikle karakteristik kalsiyum sinyalleri (düşük mcM örneğin nM) sırasında düşük afinite göstergelerin koruması sınırı,. Plazma zarının geçirgenliği 32 ile birlikte (3) AM ester yükleme., Kalan sitosolik Ca2 + gösterge yapay bir hücre içi tampon içinde bir &quot;hafif&quot; deterjan (örneğin saponin) küçük miktarlarda bulunan plazma membran geçirgenliği ile çıkarılır. Bu nedenle, hücre içi zarlar doğrudan plazma zarında &quot;gözenekler&quot; yoluyla, hücre içi tampon IP 3 ile, örneğin, güdülenebilir. (4) Ca 2 tam hücre konfigürasyonu ve eş zamanlı ölçüm altında sitoplazmada Diyaliz + ER lümeni ve sitosol içinde 32,33. Bir hücre olanlar, düşük afiniteli bir Ca2 + göstergesi (örneğin, Mag-Fura2-ile yüklenir AM,), rasyometrik UV ışık. Daha sonra, bir yama pipet, herhangi bir geri kalan cyt yardımıylaosolic düşük afiniteli bir Ca2 + göstergesi Yüksek afiniteli bir Ca2 + göstergesi (örneğin, Flu-3, görünür ışık) ihtiva eden bir tampon maddesi ile sitoplazmada üzerinden dializ edilir. Bu strateji, sitosolik ve ER türetilen sinyallerin eş zamanlı kayıt sağlar. (5) Hedefli-esteraz bağlı boya yükleme 8,34. Bir karboksilesteraz (CES) ER lümenine hedefleyen ve düşük afinite Ca 2 + göstergelerin AM-ester formunun etkin yakalama için yüksek esteraz aktivite sağlar. Hedefli-esteraz bağlı boya yükleme (TED) ER lümen için düşük afinite Ca 2 + göstergelerin hedef artırmak için, TED geliştirilmiştir. TED ekspresyon yapıları ile elde edilir, bir ER hedeflenen fare karboksilesteraz (CES2) (Şekil 2), bir aşırı gerektirir. Yeniden birleştirici bir yapı CES-salgılayan hücrelerin bir kalsiyum AM-ester şekli ile inkübe edilirdicator boya (Fluo5N-AM, Şekil 2). Daha sonra, ER, boya Ca 2 + dönüştürülür duyarlı membran geçirgen Ca2 nedenle ER lümeninde 8 de yüksek bir konsantrasyon olarak, boya tutucu yüksek esteraz ile + göstergesi kompleksi (Fluo5N/Ca 2 +), , 34. Yöntem SERCA 17 abluka sonra örneğin doğrudan &quot;kaçak kanalları&quot;, ile metabotropik, purinerjik-veya glutamat reseptörleri 8,34 ile örneğin IiCR-yollardan ER kalsiyum-serbest araştırmak ve ER kalsiyum tükenmesi görselleştirmek için özellikle yararlıdır , 34. Deneyimlerimizi için düşük afinite Ca 2 + göstergesi Fluo5N-AM şu anda TED boya yükleme stratejisi ile kullanmak için mevcut en iyi göstergesidir. Fluo5N-AM, Ca2 + için düşük bir afiniteye sahiptir (ayrışma sabiti Kd ~ 90 uM, Şekil 2), hemen hemen-floresan ile AM-formunda olduğu, ancak calciu üzerine yüksek floresans emisyon içerirm bağlayıcı 8,34. Fluo5N/Ca 2 + kompleksi gibi FITC, Alexa 488 veya eGFP gibi standart boyalar karşılık ~ 490 nm standart bir ışık kaynağı ile heyecanlı olabilir. Sitosolik kalsiyum sinyalleri hemen hemen düşük uM aralığında bir konsantrasyonuna ulaşmak ve bu ancak sitoplazmada Fluo5N 35 tarafından tespit edilir. TED performansını artırmak için, birkaç rekombinant vektör yapıları (Şekil 3) geliştirilmiştir. Başlangıçta, CES2 kodlama dizisi (RefSeq katılım sayısı NM_145603, CES2c) ve en iyi TED performansa dayalı TED vektörler CES yapıları istikrarlı ifade ile görülmektedir. Yeni TED vektörler kırmızı floresan proteini TagRFP-T2 36 erimiş CES2 temel bir unsuru ifade eder. Bu vektörler hücrelere transduse tespit etmek ve Fluo5N/Ca 2 değişikliklerin normalizasyonu için bir iç kontrol olarak, kızıl flüoresans kullanmak için kullanılabilir olması avantajına sahiptir + floresan. Kırmızı floresan da stimülasyon koşullar altında ER ve ER dinamikleri değişikliklerin yapısal dağılımı görselleştirmek için imkan sunuyor.

<table border="1">
	 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>(S)-3,5-DHPG (Dihydroxyphenylglycine)</td>
 <td>Tocris</td>
 <td>0805</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5';-ATP-Na2, ATP disodium salt hydrate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A26209-1G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>B-27 supplement,50x</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>17504-044</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Carbamoylcholine chloride (Charbachol)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C4382-1g</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)</td>
 <td>Ascent scientific</td>
 <td>Asc-300</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>D2650</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM with Glutamax</td>
 <td>Invitrogen-Gibco</td>
 <td>31966-047</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dulbecco's PBS without Ca/Mg 1x</td>
 <td>PAA</td>
 <td>H15-002</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal calf serum</td>
 <td>Invitrogen-Gibco</td>
 <td>10270-106</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fluo-5N-AM, 10 x 50 &mu;g</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>F14204</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glutamate</td>
 <td>Ascent scientific</td>
 <td>Asc-049</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glutamax</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>35050-038</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ham's F12 nutrients mixture</td>
 <td>Invitrogen-Gibco</td>
 <td>21765-029</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hank's BSS(1x) without Ca,without Mg, with Phenol Red, HBSS</td>
 <td>PAA Laboratories</td>
 <td>H15-010</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Horse serum</td>
 <td>SHD3250YK</td>
 <td>Linearis</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ionomycin Ca2+ salt</td>
 <td>Ascent scientific</td>
 <td>Asc-116</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>murine EGF </td>
 <td>PreproTech</td>
 <td>315-09</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>N2 supplement 100x</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>17502-048</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Neurobasal medium</td>
 <td>Invitrogen-Gibco</td>
 <td>21103-049</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pluronic F127, low UV absorbance,2g</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>P6867</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Poly-DL-ornithine hydrobromide PORN</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P8638</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Poly-D-lysine hydrobromide</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P7280</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Poly-L-Lysin</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P2636</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Thapsigargin</td>
 <td>Calbiochem</td>
 <td>586005-1mg</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TryLE Express</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>12605-028</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypsin</td>
 <td>Worthington</td>
 <td>LS-003707</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypsininhibitor from Glycine MAX (soybean)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>T6522</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Materials</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Confocal system: inverted laser scanning microscope: FV1000 with IX81</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>user-specific configuration</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Confocal system: laser combiner FV10 and diode lasers (405, 473, 559, 635)</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>user-specific configuration</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Confocal system: scan head FV10-SPD with spectraldetector</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>user-specific configuration</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heater controller TC-344B</td>
 <td>Warner Instruments</td>
 <td>64-0101</td>
 <td>to control in line solution heater</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NIH ImageJ software</td>
 <td>WS Rasband, ImageJ, US National Institutes of Health, <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/" target="_blank">http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/</a>, 1997--2006</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Objective: UAPON20XW340 NA 0,7 WD 0,35</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td>N2709100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Objective: UPLFLN40XO</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td>N1478700</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Objective: UPLSAPO60XO/1.35, WD=0.15</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td>N1480700</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Perfusion chamber, inverse</td>
 <td>custom-made</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Perfusion chamber, RC-49FS</td>
 <td>Warner Instruments</td>
 <td>W4 64-1709 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Perfusion tube: PT-49</td>
 <td>Warner Instruments</td>
 <td>64-1730</td>
 <td>for perfusion</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Peristaltic pump MiniPlus 3 (4 channels)</td>
 <td>Gilson</td>
 <td>n.a. </td>
 <td>perfusion pump</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Single inline solution heater SH-27B</td>
 <td>Warner Instruments</td>
 <td>64-0102</td>
 <td>controlled by heater controller</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suction tubes: ST3R</td>
 <td>Warner Instruments</td>
 <td>64-1407</td>
 <td>for perfusion</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heating insert: Tempocontrol 37-2 digital 2-channel</td>
 <td>Pecon</td>
 <td>n.a. </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
	 </tbody>
 </table>

direct imaging of er calcium with targeted-esterase induced dye loading (ted)

Kalsiyum dinamikleri görselleştirme hücre fizyolojisi kalsiyum rolünü anlamak önemlidir. Kalsiyum dinamikleri incelemek için, sentetik floresan Ca 2 + göstergeleri, popüler olmuştur. Burada TED (= hedef-esteraz bağlı boya yükleme), Ca 2 serbest bırakılması geliştirmek için bir yöntem ortaya koymaktadır + farklı hücre tipleri ER lümeninde göstergesi boyalar. Bugüne kadar, TED hücre hatları, glial hücreler, in vitro ve in nöronlar kullanılmıştır. Vektör yapıları kullanarak ER lümen yüksek bir karboksilesteraz faaliyet hedefleyen etkin, rekombinant üzerinde TED üsleri olduğunu ifade karboksilesterazdan (CES). En son TED vektörleri böylece aynı anda iki-renkli görüntüleme sağlayan kırmızı floresan proteini kaynaşmış CES2 temel bir öğesi içerir. Ilgili ER yapısı kırmızı görünürken ER serbest kalsiyum dinamikleri, tek bir renkte görüntülü. Prosedürün başlangıcında, hücreler bir lentivirüs ile transduse edilmiştir. Daha sonra, enfekte olmuş hücreler,yeniden nihayet canlı hücre görüntüleme sağlamak için lamelleri numaralı seribaşı. Daha sonra, canlı hücrelerin asetoksimetil ester (AM-ester) düşük afinite Ca 2 formu inkübe edilir + göstergeleri, örneğin Fluo5N-AM, Mag-Fluo4-AM, veya Mag-Fura2-AM. Ca2 + göstergesi ve hidrofilik bir floresan boya / Ca 2 + kompleksi, AM formundan hidrofobik yan zincirler kapalı ER bölmektedir içinde esteraz oluşan ve ER lümeninde tutulur. Boya Yükleme işleminden sonra, hücreler, bir ters konfokal lazer tarama mikroskobu de analiz edilmiştir. Hücreler sürekli Zil benzeri çözümleri ile perfüze ve Acil kalsiyum dinamikleri zaman atlamalı görüntüleme doğrudan görsel vardır. ER kalsiyum deposunun dolum floresan bir artış üreten ise ER kalsiyum açıklaması, ilgi bölgelerinde floresan azalma ile tanımlanır. Son olarak, zaman içinde floresan yoğunluğundaki değişiklik kadar taşınmış / F 0 hesaplama ile belirlenmektedir.

Bu protokol ücretsiz ER kalsiyum doğrudan görüntüleme için olmayan bir yıkıcı bir yaklaşım sağlar. Düşük afiniteli sentetik Ca 2 + göstergeleri yayımlanan ve hedeflenen bir ER yardımıyla, rekombinant esteraz enzim aktivitesi ile ER lümen içinde sıkışıp kalırlar. ER lümen için Ca 2 + göstergesi boyaların Geliştirilmiş yükleme ER kalsiyum deposu dinamikleri doğrudan ve hızlı görüntüleme sağlar. TED için hücre tipleri <p class="jo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED at JoVE.com

Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED

Hedefli-esteraz bağlı boya yükleme (TED) floresan görüntüleme ile hücre içi kalsiyum deposu dinamiklerinin analizini destekler. Yöntem sentetik düşük afinite Ca yerel maskesinin geliştirir endoplazmik retikulum (ER), bir rekombinant karboksilesteraz hedeflenmesi üs<sup&gt; 2 +</supER lümeninde&gt; göstergesi boyalar.

Hedefli-esteraz ile ER Kalsiyum Doğrudan Görüntüleme Kaynaklı Boya Yükleme (TED)

Visualization of calcium dynamics is important to understand the role of calcium in cell physiology. To examine calcium dynamics, synthetic fluorescent ...

direct-imaging-er-calcium-with-targeted-esterase-induced-dye-loading

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading (TED)

19.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Wuerzburg. Hedefli-esteraz bağlı boya yükleme (TED) floresan görüntüleme ile hücre içi kalsiyum deposu dinamiklerinin analizini destekler. Yöntem sentetik düşük afinite Ca yerel maskesinin geliştirir endoplazmik retikulum (ER), bir rekombinant karboksilesteraz hedeflenmesi üs 2 + göstergesi boyalar.

Video: Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED

Loading Drosophila Nerve Terminals with Calcium Indicators

Calcium plays many roles in the nervous system but none more impressive than as the trigger for neurotransmitter release, and none more profound than as the messenger essential for the synaptic plasticity that supports learning and memory. To further elucidate the molecular underpinnings of Ca2+-dependent synaptic mechanisms, a model system is required that is both genetically malleable and physiologically accessible. Drosophila melanogaster provides such a model. In this system, genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators are available to detect Ca2+ changes in nerve terminals. However, these indicators have limited sensitivity to Ca2+ and often show a non-linear response. Synthetic fluorescent indicators are better suited for measuring the rapid Ca2+ changes associated with nerve activity. Here we demonstrate a technique for loading dextran-conjugated synthetic Ca2+ indicators into live nerve terminals in Drosophila larvae. Particular emphasis is placed on those aspects of the protocol most critical to the technique's success, such as how to avoid static electricity discharges along the isolated nerves, maintaining the health of the preparation during extended loading periods, and ensuring axon survival by providing Ca2+ to promote sealing of severed axon endings. Low affinity dextran-conjugated Ca2+-indicators, such as fluo-4 and rhod, are available which show a high signal-to-noise ratio while minimally disrupting presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics. Dextran-conjugation helps prevent Ca2+ indicators being sequestered into organelles such as mitochondria. The loading technique can be applied equally to larvae, embryos and adults.

Calcium is a ubiquitous messenger in the nervous system, essential for triggering neurotransmitter release and changes in synaptic strength. Here we demonstrate a technique for loading Ca2+-indicators into Drosophila nerve terminals. We also demonstrate fabrication of the required apparatus and emphasize points critical for the technique's success.

Kalsiyum Göstergeleri ile yükleme Drosophila Sinir Terminalleri

Calcium plays many roles in the nervous system but none more impressive than as the trigger for neurotransmitter release, and none more profound than as ...

Biyoloji

In Vivo 2-Photon Calcium Imaging in Layer 2/3 of Mice

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons . In-vivo two-photon calcium imaging is the only method that allows one to record the activity of a dense neuronal population with single-cell resolution . The method consists in implanting a cranial imaging window, injecting a fluorescent calcium indicator dye that can be taken up by large numbers of neurons and finally recording the activity of neurons with time lapse calcium imaging using an in-vivo two photon microscope. Co-injection of astrocyte-specific dyes allows one to differentiate neurons from astrocytes. The technique can be performed in mice expressing fluorescent molecules in specific subpopulations of neurons to better understand the network interactions of different groups of cells.

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons . In-vivo two-photon calcium imaging is the only method that allows one to record the activity of a dense neuronal population with single-cell resolution .

Katman In Vivo 2-Foton Kalsiyum Görüntüleme Fare 2 / 3

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons .  ...

Calcium Imaging of Cortical Neurons using Fura-2 AM

Calcium imaging is a common technique that is useful for measuring calcium signals in cultured cells. Calcium imaging techniques take advantage of calcium indicator dyes, which are BAPTA-based organic molecules that change their spectral properties in response to the binding of Ca2+ ions. Calcium indicator dyes fall into two categories, ratio-metric dyes like Fura-2 and Indo-1 and single-wavelength dyes like Fluo-4. Ratio-metric dyes change either their excitation or their emission spectra in response to calcium, allowing the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined from the ratio of fluorescence emission or excitation at distinct wavelengths.  The main advantage of using ratio-metric dyes over single wavelength probes is that the ratio signal is independent of the dye concentration, illumination intensity, and optical path length allowing the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined independently of these artifacts. One of the most common calcium indicators is Fura-2, which has an emission peak at 505 nM and changes its excitation peak from 340 nm to 380 nm in response to calcium binding.  Here we describe the use of Fura-2 to measure intracellular calcium elevations in neurons and other excitable cells.

Calcium signals play a key role in many cellular processes including gene expression, survival and differentiation. Here we demonstrate how to perform calcium imaging using Fura-2 AM. Calcium imaging is a valuable tool to study the regulation of intracellular calcium in real time and its regulation of signaling cascades.

Kortikal nöronlar kullanarak Fura-02:00 Kalsiyum Görüntüleme

Calcium imaging is a common technique that is useful for measuring calcium signals in cultured cells. Calcium imaging techniques take advantage of calcium ...

Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell

The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) is a powerful biophysical tool that allows us to record macromolecular sedimentation profiles during high speed centrifugation. When properly planned and executed, an AUC sedimentation velocity or sedimentation equilibrium experiment can reveal a great deal about a protein in regards to size and shape, sample purity, sedimentation coefficient, oligomerization states and protein-protein interactions.
This technique, however, requires a rigorous level of technical attention. Sample cells hold a sectored center piece sandwiched between two window assemblies. They are sealed with a torque pressure of around 120-140 in/lbs. Reference buffer and sample are loaded into the centerpiece sectors and then after sealing, the cells are precisely aligned into a titanium rotor so that the optical detection systems scan both sample and reference buffer in the same radial path midline through each centerpiece sector while rotating at speeds of up to 60, 000 rpm and under very high vacuum
Not only is proper sample cell assembly critical, sample cell components are very expensive and must be properly cared for to ensure they are in optimum working condition in order to avoid leaks and breakage during experiments. Handle windows carefully, for even the slightest crack or scratch can lead to breakage in the centrifuge. The contact between centerpiece and windows must be as tight as possible; i.e. no Newton s rings should be visible after torque pressure is applied. Dust, lint, scratches and oils on either the windows or the centerpiece all compromise this contact and can very easily lead to leaking of solutions from one sector to another or leaking out of the centerpiece all together. Not only are precious samples lost, leaking of solutions during an experiment will cause an imbalance of pressure in the cell that often leads to broken windows and centerpieces. In addition, plug gaskets and housing plugs must be securely in place to avoid solutions being pulled out of the centerpiece sector through the loading holes by the high vacuum in the centrifuge chamber. Window liners and gaskets must be free of breaks and cracks that could cause movement resulting in broken windows.
This video will demonstrate our procedures of sample cell assembly, torque, loading and rotor alignment to help minimize component damage, solution leaking and breakage during the perfect AUC experiment.

The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) sample cell holds sample and reference buffer and during experiments and is exposed to high vacuum and rotor speeds up to 60,000 rpm. This video will demonstrate the rigorous attention to detail necessary for assembly, loading and alignment of this very important component of an AUC experiment.

Kurul, Yükleme ve Analitik ultrasantrifüjdeki Örnek Hücre Hizalama

The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) is a powerful biophysical tool that allows us to record macromolecular sedimentation profiles during high speed ...

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane provides an aqueous path for newly-synthesized polypeptides into the lumen of the ER. Recent work from various laboratories suggested that this heterotrimeric complex may also form transient Ca2+ leak channels2-8. The key observation for this notion was that release of nascent polypeptides from the ribosome and Sec61 complex by puromycin leads to transient release of Ca2+ from the ER. Furthermore, it had been observed in vitro that the ER luminal protein BiP is involved in preventing ion permeability at the level of the Sec61 complex9,10. We have established an experimental system that allows us to directly address the role of the Sec61 complex as potential Ca2+ leak channel and to characterize its putative regulatory mechanisms11-13. This system combines siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging13. Cells are treated with siRNAs that are directed against the coding and untranslated region (UTR), respectively, of the SEC61A1 gene or a negative control siRNA. In complementation analysis, the cells are co-transfected with an IRES-GFP vector that allows the siRNA-resistant expression of the wildtype SEC61A1 gene. Then the cells are loaded with the ratiometric Ca2+-indicator FURA-2 to monitor simultaneously changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a number of cells via a fluorescence microscope. The continuous measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ also allows the evaluation of the impact of various agents, such as puromycin, small molecule inhibitors, and thapsigargin on Ca2+ leakage. This experimental system gives us the unique opportunities to i) evaluate the contribution of different ER membrane proteins to passive Ca2+ efflux from the ER in various cell types, ii) characterize the proteins and mechanisms that limit this passive Ca2+ efflux, and iii) study the effects of disease linked mutations in the relevant components.

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in protein biogenesis and in calcium homeostasis. We have established an experimental system that allows us to address the role of Ca2+ leak channels and to characterize their putative regulatory mechanisms. This system involves siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging.

Canlı Hücre Kalsiyum Görüntüleme siRNA aracılığı ile gen susturma ile birlikte Ca tanımlar 2 + ER Membran Kaçak Kanallar ve Düzenleme Mekanizmaları

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 ...

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Virus-like particles (VLPs) and subviral particles (SVPs) are an alternative approach to viral vaccine design that offers the advantages of increased biosafety and stability over use of live pathogens. Non-infectious and self-assembling, VLPs are used to present structural proteins as immunogens, bypassing the need for live pathogens or recombinant viral vectors for antigen delivery. In this article, we demonstrate the different stages of VLP design and development for future applications in preclinical animal testing. The procedure includes the following stages: selection of antigen, expression of antigen in cell line of choice, purification of VLPs/SVPs, and quantification for antigen dosing. We demonstrate use of both mammalian and insect cell lines for expression of our antigens and demonstrate how methodologies differ in yield. The methodology presented may apply to a variety of pathogens and can be achieved by substituting the antigens with immunogenic structural proteins of the user&#39;s microorganism of interest. VLPs and SVPs assist with antigen characterization and selection of the best vaccine candidates.

Here, we present a protocol for synthesizing virus-like particles using either baculovirus or mammalian expression systems, and ultracentrifugation purification. This highly customizable approach is used to identify viral antigens as vaccine targets in a safe and flexible manner.

İfade ve Aşılama için Virüs benzeri Parçacıkların saflaştırılması

Virus-like particles (VLPs) and subviral particles (SVPs) are an alternative approach to viral vaccine design that offers the advantages of increased ...

Monitoring ER/SR Calcium Release with the Targeted Ca2+ Sensor CatchER+

Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients evoked by extracellular stimuli initiate a multitude of biological processes in living organisms. At the center of intracellular calcium release are the major intracellular calcium storage organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the more specialized sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle cells. The dynamic release of calcium from these organelles is mediated by the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) with refilling occurring through the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump. A genetically encoded calcium sensor (GECI) called CatchER was created to monitor the rapid calcium release from the ER/SR. Here, the detailed protocols for the transfection and expression of the improved, ER/SR-targeted GECI CatchER+ in HEK293 and C2C12 cells and its application in monitoring IP3R, RyR, and SERCA pump-mediated calcium transients in HEK293 cells using fluorescence microscopy is outlined. The receptor agonist or inhibitor of choice is dispersed in the chamber solution and the intensity changes are recorded in real time. With this method, a decrease in ER calcium is seen with RyR activation with 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-cmc), the indirect activation of IP3R with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inhibition of the SERCA pump with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). We also discuss protocols for determining the in situ Kd and quantifying basal [Ca2+] in C2C12 cells. In summary, these protocols, used in conjunction with CatchER+, can elicit receptor mediated calcium release from the ER with future application in studying ER/SR calcium related pathologies.

Monitoring ER/SR Calcium Release with the Targeted Ca2+ Sensor CatchER+

We present protocols for the application of our targeted genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI) CatchER+ for monitoring rapid calcium transients in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) of HEK293 and skeletal muscle C2C12 cells using real-time fluorescence microscopy. A protocol for the in situ Kd measurement and calibration is also discussed.

Hedeflenen Ca ile ER / SR Kalsiyum Salınımının İzlenmesi<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Sensör Catcher<sup&gt; +</sup

Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients evoked by extracellular stimuli initiate a multitude of biological processes in living organisms. At the center of ...

Imaging Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules with 2-dimensional Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF), plays a key role in the control of cell shape, polarity, and motility. The organization of the actin and microtubule networks has been extensively studied but that of IFs is not yet fully characterized. IFs have an average diameter of 10 nm and form a network extending throughout the cell cytoplasm. They are physically associated with actin and microtubules through molecular motors and cytoskeletal linkers. This tight association is at the heart of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure the coordinated regulation of the three cytoskeletal networks required for most cell functions. It is therefore crucial to visualize IFs alone and also together with each of the other cytoskeletal networks. However, IF networks are extremely dense in most cell types, especially in glial cells, which makes its resolution very difficult to achieve with standard fluorescence microscopy (lateral resolution of ~250 nm). Direct STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM) is a technique allowing a gain in lateral resolution of one order of magnitude. Here, we show that lateral dSTORM resolution is sufficient to resolve the dense organization of the IF networks and, in particular, of IF bundles surrounding microtubules. Such tight association is likely to participate in the coordinated regulation of these two networks and may, explain how vimentin IFs template and stabilize microtubule organization as well as could influence microtubule dependent vesicular trafficking. More generally, we show how the observation of two cytoskeletal components with dual-color dSTORM technique brings new insight into their mutual interaction.

The overall goal of this methodology is to give the optimal experimental conditions from sample preparation to image acquisition and reconstruction in order to perform 2D dual color dSTORM images of microtubules and intermediate filaments in fixed cells

Ara filamentler ve mikrotübüller 2 boyutlu doğrudan Stokastik optik imar mikroskobu ile görüntüleme

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF), plays a key role in the control of cell shape, ...

Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching of Yellow Fluorescent Protein Tagged p62 in Aggresome-like Induced Structures

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)&#160;is a microscopy technique that can be used to quantify protein mobility in live cells. In a typical FRAP experiment, steady-state fluorescence is observed by repeated imaging with low-intensity laser light. Subsequently, the fluorescent molecules are rapidly and irreversibly impaired via brief exposure to high-intensity laser light. Information about protein mobility is obtained by monitoring the recovery of fluorescence. We used FRAP to determine the mobility of p62 in aggresome-like induced structures (ALIS) in murine macrophages after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because many existing FRAP protocols are either incomplete or complex, our goal was to provide a comprehensive, practical, and straightforward step-by-step protocol for FRAP experiments with live cells. Here, we describe RAW264.7 macrophage transfection with yellow fluorescent protein-p62 (YFP-p62), induction of ALIS by exposing the cells to LPS, and a step-by-step method for collecting prebleach and postbleach FRAP images and data analysis. Finally, we discuss important factors to consider when conducting a FRAP experiment.

We describe a comprehensive and practical protocol for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments with live cells. Although the protocol was used to measure the mobility of yellow fluorescent protein-tagged p62 in aggresome-like induced structures, it can be applied to a variety of microscopy systems and fluorescent proteins.

Photobleaching, sarı floresan Protein etiketli p62 indüklenen Aggresome benzeri yapılarda sonra Floresans kurtarma

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)&#160;is a microscopy technique that can be used to quantify protein mobility in live cells. In a typical ...

Imaging Calcium Dynamics in Subpopulations of Mouse Pancreatic Islet Cells

Pancreatic islet hormones regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in blood glucose induce oscillations of cytosolic calcium in pancreatic islet cells that trigger secretion of three main hormones: insulin (from &#946;-cells), glucagon (&#945;-cells) and somatostatin (&#948;-cells). &#946;-Cells, which make up the majority of islet cells and are electrically coupled to each other, respond to the glucose stimulus as one single entity. The excitability of the minor subpopulations, &#945;-cells and &#948;-cells (making up around 20% (30%) and 4% (10%) of the total rodent1 (human2) islet cell numbers, respectively) is less predictable and is therefore of special interest.
Calcium sensors are delivered into the peripheral layer of cells within the isolated islet. The islet or a group of islets is then immobilized and imaged using a fluorescence microscope. The choice of the imaging mode is between higher throughput (wide-field) and better spatial resolution (confocal). Conventionally, laser scanning confocal microscopy is used for imaging tissue, as it provides the best separation of the signal between the neighboring cells. A wide-field system can be utilized too, if the contaminating signal from the dominating population of &#946;-cells is minimized.
Once calcium dynamics in response to specific stimuli have been recorded, data are expressed in numerical form as fluorescence intensity vs. time, normalized to the initial fluorescence and baseline-corrected, to remove the effects linked to bleaching of the fluorophore. Changes in the spike frequency or partial area under the curve (pAUC) are computed vs. time, to quantify the observed effects. pAUC is more sensitive and quite robust whereas spiking frequency provides more information on the mechanism of calcium increase.
Minor cell subpopulations can be identified using functional responses to marker compounds, such as adrenaline and ghrelin, that induce changes in cytosolic calcium in a specific populations of islet cells.

Here, we present a protocol for imaging and quantifying calcium dynamics in heterogeneous cell populations, such as pancreatic islet cells. Fluorescent reporters are delivered into the peripheral layer of cells within the islet, which is then immobilized and imaged, and per-cell analysis of the dynamics of fluorescence intensity is performed.

Fare Pankreas Adacık Hücrelerinin Alt Popülasyonlarında Görüntüleme Kalsiyum Dinamiği

Pancreatic islet hormones regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in blood glucose induce oscillations of cytosolic calcium in pancreatic islet cells ...