MB, MRC dostluk hibe finansmanı ile desteklenmektedir. KP ve AHM Wessex Tıbbi Araştırma ve Birleşik Krallık Kanser Araştırma / RCS (İngiltere) (C28503/A10013) hibe finansmanı ile desteklenmektedir. Biz Southampton Histokimyas Araştırma Birimi Üniversitesi&#39;nin destek için müteşekkiriz.

Kolon Eksplantlarından Primer Fibroblast Kültürleri 1.. Kurulması <ol><li> Doğrudan cerrahi ameliyathanede normal insan kolon mukoza dokusu örnekleri elde edilir ve 7-10 içinde askıya PBS ml 100 birim / ml penisilin, 100 ug / ml streptomisin, ve / ml Fungizone, 0.25 ug ile takviye edilmiştir. </li><li> Laboratuarda, 10 cm&#39;lik bir doku kültürü çanağı merkezinde numune yerleştirin ve PBS / Pen-strep / fungizon ile 3 kez yıkayın. Son yıkamadan sonra aspire etmeyin. </li><li> Steril forseps ve neşter ile (yaklaşık 2mm) küçük parçalar halinde doku kesilir ve 12 plaka olarak neşter ile çizilmiş bir haç merkezine her bir parçayı yerleştirin. Yapışması sağlamak için doku üzerinde hafifçe neşter sallayın. </li><li> Kültür 750 ul numuneler birinci fibroblast büyüme ortamı subme gerekir, (DMEM,% 20 fetal buzağı serumu (FCS), 100 U / ml penisilin, 100 ug / ml streptomisin ve 292 ug / ml L-glutamin ile takviye edilmiş)float etkinleştirme olmadan doku RGE. 2 günde yeniden besleme dışında önümüzdeki 5 gün içinde plaka rahatsız kaçının. </li><li> Sonraki 5 gün boyunca yavaş yavaş fibroblastlar doku kenarından dışarı büyümeye başlar. Yaklaşık 7 gün, bu daha görünür olacak. Dışarı büyüyen yeterli fibroblastlar varsa Yaklaşık 3-4 hafta sonra, ve, her bir oyuğa 750 ul tripsin eklemek. Hücreler T-25 doku kültürü şişesi, havuz ve transfer (5-10 dk sürebilir) müstakil sonra. </li></ol> 2.. Organotipik Hazırlık Fibroblast emprenye organotipik jelin hazırlanması: <ol><li> % 10 FCS ve 292 ug / ml L-glutamin ile takviye edilmiş DMEM içinde Organotipik başına 5 x 10 5 hücre ihtiva eden bir fibroblast hücre süspansiyonu hazırlayın. </li><li> Aşağıdaki oranlarda, buz üzerinde organotipik jeller Makyaj: <ul><li> Rat-Kuyruk Kollajen 7 hacim: Matrıgel karışımı (1:1) </li><li> Süzüldü 10x DMEM 1 hacim </li><li> FCS 1 hacim </li><li> 5 x 10 5 fibroblastlar içeren fibroblast hücre süspansiyonu, 1 hacim 9 jeller (jel başına 1 mi) 10 ml hazırlamak ve kabarcıklarını önlemek için yavaşça karıştırın. </li></ul></li><li> , 24 oyuklu plakanın her oyuğuna 1 ml ilave edilir ve 37 ° C&#39;de 1 saat boyunca kuluçkaya bırakınız Jeller ayarlaması için nemli bir atmosferde C °. 1 saat sonra, jellerin üzerine 1 ml DMEM (% 10 FCS) / Glut ekleyin ve gece boyunca inkübatör dönün. </li><li> Ertesi gün, jeller ve 5 x 10 5 CRC epitel hücreleri ihtiva eden ortam plaka 1 ml üst aspirat ortamı. </li></ol> Jel kaplı naylon Formlarının hazırlanması: <ol start="5"><li> , 1.5 cm boyutlarında otoklavlanmalıdır naylon sayfaları peşin, 1.5 cm x steril hazırlayın. </li><li> Steril forseps kullanarak, 10 cm kültür çanak (genellikle 4 naylon yaprak çanak başına kalabilirler) naylon yaprak gerekli sayıda koyun. </li><li> Aşağıdaki sırayla, buz üzerinde jel Makyaj (250 ul toplamhacim) naylon tabaka başına gereklidir: <ul><li> Rat-Kuyruk Kollajen 7 hacimleri </li><li> Süzüldü 10x DMEM 1 hacim </li><li> FCS 1 hacim </li><li> 1 DMEM hacmi,% 10 FCS / Glut </li></ul></li><li> Çözelti, sarı ise, çözelti donene kadar 50 ul alikolar içinde 0.1 M NaOH ilave edilerek etkisiz hale getirir. </li><li> Her bir naylon tabaka için, bu çözeltinin 250 ul ilave edin ve 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe ° C jel ayarlaması için 30 dakika boyunca% 5 CO2 bulunan nemli bir atmosferde. </li><li> PBS içinde% 1 glutaraldehid çözelti hazırlayın. Jel belirledi bir kez, her 10 cm kültür tabağına 10 ml ilave edilir ve 1 saat boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> Yıkama naylon levhalar PBS ve DMEM içinde 1x (% 10 FCS) / Glu içinde 3 kat ve 4 ° C de DMEM / Glu içinde gece boyunca inkübe </li></ol> Işgali için çelik ızgaralar üzerine organotipik jeller Raising: <ol start="12"><li> Tripod oluşum içine paslanmaz çelik levhalar katlayarak iskele ızgaralarını hazırlıyor. Kullanmadan önce otoklav.</li><li> Altı çukurlu bir levhanın her bir kuyuya bir çelik ızgara yerleştirmek için, etanol içinde sterilize forseps kullanın. </li><li> Her ızgara üzerine, üst kollajen tarafı ile bir jel kaplı naylon yaprak yerleştirin. </li><li> Dikkatlice etanol steril bir spatula kullanılarak yükseltilmiş naylon tabaka için 24 oyuklu plaka Organotipik jeller aktarın. </li><li> Naylon tabaka ortamı ile temas halinde olduğu, ancak daldırılmamaktadır kadar% 10 FCS ile takviye edilmiş DMEM,% 10 FCS / Glut ile kuyu doldurun. Orta organotipik jel dokunmayın olmadığından emin olun. </li><li> Her 2 günde bir ortam değiştirme,% 5 CO2 bulunan nemli bir atmosferde 37 ° C&#39;de 14 gün boyunca inkübe edin. </li></ol> 3.. Organotipik Fixation <ol><li> Kuyudan naylon tabaka dahil tüm organotipik çıkarın ve sarılmak film yerleştirin. </li><li> Organotipik ve temiz bir tek neşter kullanılarak naylon sayfasını ikiye bölmek ve oda sıcaklığında 24 saat formaldehit içinde iki yarıyı düzeltmek. </li><li> % 70 Ethan ile formaldehit değiştirinol, 24 saat sonra ve öncesinde, parafine gömme, kesme, boyama ve bir gece bekletin. </li></ol> İnvaziv Margin 4. Lazer Diseksiyon <ol><li> Zarı üzerine 10 um-kalınlıkta Bölüm slaytlar. </li><li> 1 dakika boyunca Ksilen uygulayarak Deparaffinize bölümleri, daha sonra, ilave 1 dakika boyunca iksilenin çıkması ve% 75 etanol içinde çözmek. </li><li> 1 dakika boyunca% 0.125 kresil menekşe çözeltisi ile etanol ve leke çıkarın. Kresil Violet epitel hücreleri vurgular ve stromadan kolay ayrımcılığına izin verir. </li><li> Kresil menekşesi çıkarın ve% 100 etanol ile yıkamadan önce, ilave 1 dakika boyunca% 100 etanol geçerlidir. 30 dakika boyunca kuru hava slaytlar izin verin. </li><li> Seçilen platformu (örneğin Leica AS sistemi) kullanılarak lazer mikrodiseksiyon Davranış. </li><li> Mikroskop sahnede yüzü aşağı microdissected gereken lekeli bölümü ile cam slayt yerleştirin. </li><li> Toplama kaseti bir 0.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpü monte edin ve 50 ul ilave edinmicrodissected doku toplayacak içine kapağa hücre liziz tamponu (örn., DNA, RNA ya da protein lizis tamponu). </li><li> Direkt görüş altında, ilgi doku tespit joystick&#39;i kullanın ve yazılım arayüzü kullanarak, tümör yayılması önünde microdissected edilecek hücreleri vurgulayarak, lekeli organik bölümü açıklama. </li><li> Vurgulanan bir bölümünü kesmek gerekir hem de yangın lazer, talimat ve mikrosantrifüj tüp kap içine microdissected doku itmek. </li><li> Bir kez yeterli malzeme elde edilmiştir, toplama kaseti çıkarmak mikrosantrifüj tüpü kapatmak ve tüpün altına lizis tamponu çekmek için yavaşça dönerler. </li><li> Mikrodisseksiyon tamamlanana kadar buz üzerinde örnekleri yerleştirin. Uygun bir yöntem ile işlem örnekleri ilgilenilen analit çıkarmak için. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nystrom, M. L., Thomas, G. J., Stone, M., Mackenzie, I. C., Hart, I. R., Marshall, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+quantitative+method+to+analyse+tumour+cell+invasion+in+organotypic+culture.">Development of a quantitative method to analyse tumour cell invasion in organotypic culture.</a> J Pathol. 205 (4), 468-475 (2005).</li><li>Zhang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-153+supports+colorectal+cancer+progression+via+pleiotropic+effects+that+enhance+invasion+and+chemotherapeutic+resistance.">miR-153 supports colorectal cancer progression via pleiotropic effects that enhance invasion and chemotherapeutic resistance.</a> Cancer Res. , (2013).</li><li>Bullock, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+actions+of+miR-21+highlight+the+critical+role+of+deregulated+stromal+microRNAs+during+colorectal+cancer+progression.">Pleiotropic actions of miR-21 highlight the critical role of deregulated stromal microRNAs during colorectal cancer progression.</a> Cell Death Dis. 20 (4), (2013).</li><li>Jenei, V., Nystrom, M. L., Thomas, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+invasion+in+an+organotypic+model.">Measuring invasion in an organotypic model.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 769, 223-232 (2011).</li><li>De Wever, O., Demetter, P., Mareel, M., Bracke, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+myofibroblasts+are+drivers+of+invasive+cancer+growth.">Stromal myofibroblasts are drivers of invasive cancer growth.</a> Int J Cancer. 123 (10), 2229-2238 (2008).</li><li>Fries, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+fibroblast+heterogeneity+and+the+role+of+fibroblast+subpopulations+in+fibrosis.">Evidence of fibroblast heterogeneity and the role of fibroblast subpopulations in fibrosis.</a> Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 72 (3), 283-292 (1994).</li><li>Moutasim, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Betel-derived+alkaloid+up-regulates+keratinocyte+alphavbeta6+integrin+expression+and+promotes+oral+submucous+fibrosis.">Betel-derived alkaloid up-regulates keratinocyte alphavbeta6 integrin expression and promotes oral submucous fibrosis.</a> J Pathol. 223 (3), 366-377 (2011).</li><li>Winter, J., Jung, S., Keller, S., Gregory, R. I., Diederichs, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Many+roads+to+maturity:+microRNA+biogenesis+pathways+and+their+regulation.">Many roads to maturity: microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 11 (3), 228-234 (2009).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+miRNA+expression+patterns+using+total+RNA+extracted+from+matched+samples+of+formalin-fixed+paraffin-embedded+(FFPE)+cells+and+snap+frozen+cells.">Comparison of miRNA expression patterns using total RNA extracted from matched samples of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cells and snap frozen cells.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 7 (36), (2007).</li><li>Szafranska, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+molecular+characterization+of+formalin-fixed,+paraffin-embedded+tissues+by+microRNA+expression+profiling.">Accurate molecular characterization of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by microRNA expression profiling.</a> J Mol Diagn. 10 (5), 415-423 (2008).</li></ol>

Yazarlar herhangi bir çıkar çatışmaları anlatmaktadır.

Burada spesifik olarak izole edilmesi ve epitel hücreler ve stromal hücrelerin bir 3 boyutlu ko-kültür yapı metastatik ilerlemesi en erken aşamaları sırasında kanser bağlantılı stroma işgal etme kapasitesine kazanmış tümör hücrelerini karakterize etmek için bir yöntem tarif eder. Ex vivo insan kolonik fibroblastlar ihtiva eden bir sentetik stroma ile yan yana CRC epitel hücrelerinin oluşan Co-kültür modelleri 3-boyutlu olarak CRC işgali yapısını incelemek...

Organik tip ko-kültürler bu temel hücre-dışı matris bileşenlerini ihtiva eden bir 1-3 kollajen jel habis epitel hücreler ve stromal hücrelerin yan yana 3-boyutlu olarak in vivo tümör mikro-ortam içinde yeniden yardım doku mühendisliği modellerdir. Prensip olarak tümör istilasını ölçülmesi için bir yöntem olarak tasarlanmış, organotypics in vivo hayvan modellerinde bağımlılığı azaltmak ve bu bezine akın eden hücre, bir mono-dağılmış halde 2-4 içine yapay karşıya hareket ettiği Transwell tahlilleri, in vitro olarak, diğer tekniklerin eksikliklerini kaçının. Fibroblastlar gibi, bu modellerde görülen stromal hücreleri dahil, malign yayılma ve metastaz 3-4 düzenlenmesinde tümör mikro-ortamınm rol yansıtır, ancak stroma fenotipik hetero gibi olduğu organotipik fizyolojik önemi maksimize etmek için modeller, hedef organ, anatomik olarak doğru bir ex vivomümkün olan her yerde 3,6 fibroblastlar dahil edilmelidir. Organotypics tümör ve stromal hücreler arasındaki etkileşimleri incelemek için çok yönlü bir platform vardır ve giderek kimyasal inhibitörlerinin tümör işgali üzerine etkisini ve hedeflenen gen değişiklikleri 7,8 incelemek için yeni yollar kullanılır. Invaziv tümör marjı incelenmesi özellikle heyecan verici bir görünüm sergiliyor. Organotipik modellerinde, kurulan kolorektal kanser (CRC) hücre çizgileri, tipik olarak iyi tabakalı epitel tabakası üretir ve kesit olarak, hücre dışı matris (ECM) işgal kapasitesi kazanmış hücreler kolay bir şekilde görülebilir. Lazer mikrodiseksiyon kullanarak ve izolasyon bunları okuyan bu hücreleri ayıklanması tümör ve in vivo tümör ilişkili stromal hücrelerinin kurulan mikro-topografik düzensizliğin ışığında, kolorektal kanser metastaz kökeniyle ilgili önemli biyolojik anlayışlar ortaya koyabilir ve nasıl daha verimli olabilir hedeflenmiş. Benn aşağıdaki metodoloji, doku yazılı onam sağlanan örnekleri ve çalışma bağışlanan tüm hastalar bölgesel araştırma etik komitesi kurumlar tarafından onaylanmıştır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="634">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Colorectal cancer cell lines - example shown SW480</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ATCC CCL-228</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagen</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nylon membrane</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VVLP01300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Metal grid</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">The Mesh Company</td>
			<td>WSS20-A4</td>
			<td>themeshcompany.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Laser microdissection platform</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Leica AS LMD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Membrane mounted slides</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Molecular devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cresyl Violet</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1052350025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

molecular profiling of the invasive tumor microenvironment in a 3-dimensional model of colorectal cancer cells and ex vivo fibroblasts

Kolorektal kanser işgalci (CRC) hücreleri, onların kardeş hücrelerden kurtulma stromayı sızmak ve hücre dışı matris (ECM) bozulmasina kapasitesini elde etmiş. Bu hücre fenotipik ayrı grubun biyolojisini karakterize ölçüde metastatik kaskad sırasında erken olayların anlayışımızı geliştirmek olabilir. Tümör işgali malign epitel ve kanser bağlantılı stroma arasında çift yönlü etkileşimler tarafından kolaylaştırdı dinamik bir süreçtir. Bu ko-kültür ve lazer mikro-disseksiyon teknikleri Organotipik kombine tümör stroma-arayüzünde hücreye özel tepkileri incelemek amacıyla. Fibroblastlar gibi önemli stromal bileşenleri 3-dimentioanally kanser epitelyal hücrelere sahip ortak-kültürlenir, olduğu Organik tip modeller, yakın pH incelenecek istila ve kansere stroma etkileşimi sağlayacak yüksek manuel olarak kullanılabilen deneysel araçlardırysiological koşulları. Lazer mikrodisseksiyon (LMD) mikron düzeyinde hassasiyetle tümör dokusu içinde çeşitli katmanlarının cerrahi diseksiyonu ve çıkarma, gerektiren bir tekniktir. Genomik Transkriptomik ve epigenetik profilleme ile bu teknikleri birleştirerek biz tümör hücreleri istila ve stromal doku çevresindeki moleküler özelliklerine daha derin bir anlayış geliştirmek ve bunu yaparken de potansiyel yeni biyomarkerler ve CRC ilaç gelişimi için fırsatlar ortaya hedefliyoruz.

Biz CRC hücre hatları ve stromal hücrelerin çoklu kombinasyonlar için yukarıdaki yöntemi uyguladık. Burada sunulan bir örnek, primer insan ex vivo kolon fibroblastlar ile SW480 epitelyal hücre hatları olduğu, CRC. 3-boyutlu ko-kültürler istilacı tümör ön hücreler arasında farklı şekilde eksprese miRNAs karşılaştırılmasında mikroskopisi ve lazer yakalama mikro-kesim (Şekil 2) tabi tutuldu (Şekil 1), inşa edilmiş ve microRNA (miRNA) profil ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts at JoVE.com

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

Sentetik, doku mühendisliği kolorektal kanser modelleri, lazer microdissected stroma hücreleri ve moleküler profil invaziv ön ve kanserle ilişkili stromal hücre tümör hücreleri arasındaki ara yüzeyde ayırt edici karakterize biyoloji ve incelemek için bir yeni ve manuel olarak kullanılabilen bir yaklaşımı temsil etmektedir.

Moleküler Kolorektal Kanser Hücrelerinin bir 3-Boyutlu Modeli İnvaziv tümör mikro Profili ve<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Fibroblastlar

Invading colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have acquired the capacity to break free from their sister cells, infiltrate the stroma, and remodel the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

11.0K Görüntüleme.  University of Southampton School of Medicine.  Sentetik, doku mühendisliği kolorektal kanser modelleri, lazer microdissected stroma hücreleri ve moleküler profil invaziv ön ve kanserle ilişkili stromal hücre tümör hücreleri arasındaki ara yüzeyde ayırt edici karakterize biyoloji ve incelemek için bir yeni ve manuel olarak kullanılabilen bir yaklaşımı temsil etmektedir. 

Video: Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

Meme Kanseri Beyin metastaz tümör Hipoksi Dynamics in vivo Biyoparlaklık Görüntüleme Fare Modeli

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

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Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modelleme ve Görüntüleme 3-Boyutlu Toplu Hücre Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

Bir Zebra balığı Otokton Tümör Modeli kullanılarak Melanom Değiştiricileri için Tarama

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software.

We describe a method for imaging response to anti-cancer treatment in vivo and at single cell resolution.

Meme Kanseri Fare Modelleri Tümör Mikroçevre İlaç Yanıtlarının Görüntüleme Canlı

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of &#945;&#946; and &#947;&#948; T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.

Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.

Meme Kanseri Bir Roman Transgenik Fare Modeli: Adenovirüs-Kretasedekine ile epiteli Hedefleme ile Metastatik Meme Kanseri Başlatma

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

Bir<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Model İnsan Meme Hormon Eylem Eğitim için

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Üç boyutlu (3D) Tümör Sfero Yayılması deneyindeki

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Pankreas Kanseri Yeni Tedavi Stratejileri Geliştirme Hücre Özellikleri Kök incelenmesi

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Isolation and Propagation of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Mouse Cancer Model

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer metastasis. Indeed, the number of CTCs correlates with tumor size. Here, a detailed description is provided of a methodology for isolation and propagation of CTCs from a syngeneic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which allows for downstream analysis of potentially important molecular mechanisms of solid organ tumor metastasis. This method is efficient and reproducible. It is a non-invasive technique and, therefore, has potential to replace the invasive biopsy of tissues from humans which may be associated with complications. Therefore, the method discussed here allows for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from whole blood samples such that they can be examined and characterized. This has potential for future adaptation for clinical applications such as diagnosis, and personalized targeted therapy.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been shown to play an important role in tumor metastasis. Here, a method for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from the whole blood of a syngeneic mouse tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis is described.

Fare Kanser Modeli Tümör Hücreleri Sirkülasyon İzolasyonu ve Yayılım

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer ...

A Brain Tumor/Organotypic Slice Co-culture System for Studying Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Drug Therapies

Brain tumors are a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapeutics for these cancers is difficult, as many of these tumors are not easily grown in standard culture conditions. Neurosphere cultures under serum-free conditions and orthotopic xenografts have expanded the range of tumors that can be maintained. However, many types of brain tumors remain difficult to propagate or study. This is particularly true for pediatric brain tumors such as pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. This protocol describes a system that allows primary human brain tumors to be grown in culture. This quantitative assay can be used to investigate the effect of microenvironment on tumor growth, and to test new drug therapies. This protocol describes a system where fluorescently labeled brain tumor cells are grown on an organotypic brain slice from a juvenile mouse. The response of tumor cells to drug treatments can be studied in this assay, by analyzing changes in the number of cells on the slice over time. In addition, this system can address the nature of the microenvironment that normally fosters growth of brain tumors. This brain tumor organotypic slice co-culture assay provides a propitious system for testing new drugs on human tumor cells within a brain microenvironment.

Many types of human brain tumors are localized to specific regions within the brain and are difficult to grow in culture. This protocol addresses the role of tumor microenvironment and investigates new drug treatments by analyzing fluorescent primary brain tumor cells growing in an organotypic mouse brain slice. &#160;

İlaç Tedavileri tümörün mikro incelenmesi ve Hedeflenen A Beyin Tümörü / Organotipik Dilim Co-kültür Sistemi

Brain tumors are a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapeutics for these cancers is difficult, as many of these ...