KF ve KO KS ile birlikte ilk yazarları co edilir Bu çalışma AHPBA Kardeşliği (KS), NIH K23 CA148964-01 (LZ), Tıp Johns Hopkins Yüksekokulu Klinik Bilim İnsanı Ödülü (LZ), Virágh Vakfı ve Johns Hopkins Atla Virágh Pankreas Kanseri Merkezi (EMJ ve kısmen desteklenmiştir LZ), Ulusal Pankreas Vakfı (LZ), Lefkofsky Aile Vakfı (LZ), Gastrointestinal Kanserler P50 CA062924 yılında NCI SPORE (EMJ, LZ), Lustgarten Vakfı (LZ) ve Sol Goldman Pankreas Kanseri Merkezi hibeler (KS , BHE, LZ).

Tüm hayvan deneyleri Johns Hopkins Üniversitesi Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu kurallarına uyduğu, ve hayvanlar Laboratuarı Değerlendirme ve Bakımı Akreditasyon (AAALAC) Derneği kurallarına uygun olarak muhafaza edildi. Cerrahi işlem on beş saatte hava değişim minimum giren bir ameliyathanede steril koşullar altında gerçekleştirilir. Tüm cihazlar, işlem sırasında önce, her bir fare arasında% 70 etanol ile işlem ve tekrar otoklav ile sterilize edilir. Cerrahi prosedürü hayatta beklenmemektedir bütün fareler anestezi altında ise hala sonra servikal dislokasyon yapılmıştır 3 dakika boyunca CO2 altında kurban edilmiştir. 1. Hücre Hazırlanması <ol><li> 2 x10 7 hücre / ml fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su içinde kültürlenmiş hücrelerin tekrar Panc02 ve buz üzerinde tutun. </li></ol> 2. Fare Hazırlık <ol><li> Ketamin yönetmeXylazine (10 mg / kg) ile karıştırılmıştır E (100 mg / kg) intraperitoneal olarak 8-12 hafta bölünmüş dozlarda C57BL / 6 dişi fareleri kullanıldı. </li><li> Ayak tutam geri çekilme refleksi Fare tamamen uyuşturulduktan sağlamak için kaldırılmıştır olduğunu görmek için kontrol edin. </li><li> Tam fareler anestezi için gerektiği kadar ksilazin (10 mg / kg) ile karıştırılmıştır Ketamin ilave dozda (100 mg / kg) uygulayın. </li><li> Fareler anestezi altında iken kurumasını önlemek için, farelerin gözlerine Puralube Veteriner merhemi uygulanır. </li><li> Yaranın kirlenmesini önlemek için farelerin cerrahi alan tıraş. </li><li> Daha sonra iyot% 70 etanol ile kesi sol subcostal alanı hazırlayın. </li><li> Sterilliği korumak için, karın çevresinde bir cerrahi örtü yerleştirin. </li></ol> 3. Laparotomi <ol><li> Deri yoluyla ve bir neşter kullanılarak karın zarı aracılığıyla sol kulakta doğrultusunda sol subkostal kesi yapmak. </li><li> Eşzamanlı dijital p uygulayarak kesiden dalak ifadekesi kranial ve kaudal yönleri boyunca hava basıncı. </li><li> Dalak alt ucunda dalak, kan damarları bulun. </li><li> Dalak kutuplarda dalak, kan damarları zarar vermemek için dikkatli olmak dalak merkezinde iki Horizon orta boy ligatlayıcı klipleri koyarak dalak bölün. </li><li> Kirlenmeyi önlemek için geri periton içine dalak üst kutbunu yerleştirin. </li></ol> 4. Tümör Enjeksiyon <ol><li> Bir 26 G x 5/8 &quot;şırınga içine fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su, 150 ul hazırlayın. </li><li> Enjeksiyon sırasında her zaman dik bir pozisyonda şırınga muhafaza aynı enjektöre 100 Panc02 ul (2 x10 6) hücrelerini çizin. </li><li> % 70 etanol çözeltisi içinde iğne batırın. İğne sterilizasyonu sağlamak için% 70 etanol içinde daldırılır. </li><li> Şırınga her zaman dik tutulur emin olarak maruz hemispleen yavaşça hücreleri enjekte edilir. Enjektörler arasında şevge dalak altında hücrelerin enjekte edilmesini önlemek için dalak kapsülü ile her zaman dikkat edilmelidir. Dalak ve kan damarlarının bir beyazlatma enjeksiyonu üzerine dikkat edilmelidir. </li><li> Dalak yükseltmek ve dalak kan damarlarını tıkamak için dalak altında bir orta Horizon klibi geçerlidir. </li><li> Pankreas ve dalak gemilerin en distal yönüne küçük bir Horizon klibi uygulayın. </li><li> Horizon klipleri yukarıdaki keserek hemispleen gelen pankreas ve dalak gemilerin Arter. </li><li> Onun &#39;yan fare yerleştirin ve distile su ile kesi sulamak. </li></ol> Anestezi 5. Karın Kapanış ve Kurtarma <ol><li> 4-0 çalışan dikiş ile periton kapatın. </li><li> Cilt insizyon kapatmak için iki veya üç cilt klipleri uygulayın. </li><li> Cerrahi sonrası ağrıyı hafifletmek için 0.1 mg / kg buprenorfini veya 5-10 mg / kg Karprofen subkutan yönetmek. </li><li> Rec için bir ısıtma pedi üzerinde fare yerleştirinovery mobil kadar ve fare düzenli nefes desen göstermektedir. Hayvanlar sadece tam cerrahi kurtardıktan sonra diğer hayvanların şirkete iade edilir. </li></ol> 6. Nekropsi Sınav ve Karaciğer Hasat <ol><li> Cerrahi sonrası 30 ila 60 gün arasında, farenin metastaz klinik belirtileri göstermeye başlayacak ve ötenazi gerektirir. Insani ötenazi gerektiren metastatik hastalık belirtileri büyütülmüş karınlarını ve assit gelişimi bulunmaktadır. CO 2 Solunduğunda fareler Euthanize. </li><li> Teneffüs ardından, servikal çıkık gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Hayvan duyarlı olmayan olduğu tespit edildikten sonra, makas kullanılarak karın ortaya çıkarmak için karın zarı içinden bir kesik. </li><li> Forseps ve makas kullanarak, yavaşça karın dışına karaciğer kesti. </li><li> OCT bileşiği karaciğer yerleştirin ve flaş sıvı azot kullanılarak dondurmak. -80 ° C de karaciğer saklayın. Alternatif olarak, canlır gömülü 24 saat ve parafin oda sıcaklığında% 16 nötr tamponlu formalin içinde tespit edilebilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>American Cancer Society. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cancer Facts &amp; Figures. , (2013).</li><li>Clark, C. E., Beatty, G. L., Vonderheide, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunosurveillance+of+pancreatic+adenocarcinoma:+insights+from+genetically+engineered+mouse+models+of+cancer.">Immunosurveillance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: insights from genetically engineered mouse models of cancer.</a> Cancer letters. 279, 1-7 (2009).</li><li>Rhim, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EMT+and+dissemination+precede+pancreatic+tumor+formation.">EMT and dissemination precede pancreatic tumor formation.</a> Cell. 148, 349-361 (2012).</li><li>Frese, K. K., Tuveson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+mouse+cancer+models.">Maximizing mouse cancer models.</a> Nature reviews. Cancer. 7, 645-658 (2007).</li><li>Corbett, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+chemotherapeutic+response+of+two+transplantable+ductal+adenocarcinomas+of+the+pancreas+in+C57BL/6+mice.">Induction and chemotherapeutic response of two transplantable ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas in C57BL/6 mice.</a> Cancer research. 44, 717-726 (1984).</li><li>Leao, I. C., Ganesan, P., Armstrong, T. D., Jaffee, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+depletion+of+regulatory+T+cells+allows+the+recruitment+of+mesothelin-specific+CD8+T+cells+to+the+antitumor+immune+response+against+a+mesothelin-expressing+mouse+pancreatic+adenocarcinoma.">Effective depletion of regulatory T cells allows the recruitment of mesothelin-specific CD8 T cells to the antitumor immune response against a mesothelin-expressing mouse pancreatic adenocarcinoma.</a> Clinical and translational science. 1, 228-239 (2008).</li><li>Jain, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+effect+of+a+granulocyte-macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor-transduced+tumor+vaccine+and+systemic+interleukin-2+in+the+treatment+of+murine+colorectal+cancer+hepatic+metastases.">Synergistic effect of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced tumor vaccine and systemic interleukin-2 in the treatment of murine colorectal cancer hepatic metastases.</a> Annals of surgical oncology. 10, 810-820 (2003).</li><li>Yoshimura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+targeting+of+antitumor+immune+responses+with+engineered+live-attenuated+Listeria+monocytogenes.">Selective targeting of antitumor immune responses with engineered live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes.</a> Cancer research. 66, 1096-1104 (2006).</li><li>Yoshimura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+attenuated+Listeria+monocytogenes+effectively+treats+hepatic+colorectal+cancer+metastases+and+is+strongly+enhanced+by+depletion+of+regulatory+T+cells.">Live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes effectively treats hepatic colorectal cancer metastases and is strongly enhanced by depletion of regulatory T cells.</a> Cancer research. 67, 10058-10066 (2007).</li><li>Olino, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor-associated+antigen+expressing+Listeria+monocytogenes+induces+effective+primary+and+memory+T-cell+responses+against+hepatic+colorectal+cancer+metastases.">Tumor-associated antigen expressing Listeria monocytogenes induces effective primary and memory T-cell responses against hepatic colorectal cancer metastases.</a> Annals of surgical oncology. 19, 597-607 (2012).</li><li>Hingorani, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trp53R172H+and+KrasG12D+cooperate+to+promote+chromosomal+instability+and+widely+metastatic+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma+in+mice.">Trp53R172H and KrasG12D cooperate to promote chromosomal instability and widely metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice.</a> Cancer cell. 7, 469-483 (2005).</li><li>Marion, A., Aoudi, W., Basarab, A., Delachartre, P., Vray, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+flow+evaluation+in+high-frequency,+40+MHz+imaging:+a+comparative+study+of+four+vector+velocity+estimation+methods.">Blood flow evaluation in high-frequency, 40 MHz imaging: a comparative study of four vector velocity estimation methods.</a> Ultrasonics. 50, 683-690 (2010).</li><li>Zheng, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tyrosine+23+phosphorylation-dependent+cell-surface+localization+of+annexin+A2+is+required+for+invasion+and+metastases+of+pancreatic+cancer.">Tyrosine 23 phosphorylation-dependent cell-surface localization of annexin A2 is required for invasion and metastases of pancreatic cancer.</a> PloS one. 6, e19390 (2011).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa ilgi hiçbir ilgili çatışmaları var.

Bir hemispleen enjeksiyon tekniği ile karaciğer, pankreas kanser metastazı bu klinik öncesi fare modeli, karaciğere metastatik hastalığı olan hastaların klinik ve immünolojik hastalıkların birçoğu aynaları tarif edilen birinci modelidir. Bu model, diğer sıçangil modellerinde fazla birkaç avantaj sunar. Farelerin sadece% 30 karaciğer ve metastaz oluşumu zamanlamasına metastazları geliştirir pankreas kanseri transjenik modelleri oldukça değişkendir farklı İlk olarak, bu model, farelerin% 100&#...

Pankreas duktal adenokarsinom (PDA) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 1 kansere bağlı ölümlerin dördüncü önde gelen nedenidir. Metastatik PDA hastalar için beş yıllık sağkalım% 2-12 1&#39;dir. Pankreas kanseri için adjuvan kemoterapi ve bugün her zamankinden daha etkili olmasına rağmen, hala yeni tedaviler için umutsuz bir ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Yeni tedavilerin geliştirilmesi güvenilir klinik öncesi hayvan modellerinde gerektirir. , Deri altı tümör modelleri kullanmak için basit olmasına rağmen, dezavantajları, insan kanserlerinde görülen tümör ilerlemesi ve mikroçevrelerde metastaz taklit etmek için, bu tümörlerin yetersizlik içerir. Bu p53 ve Kras knock-onkojenik mutasyonların (KMG modeli) 2 ve bir soy YFP izleyicinin (PKCY model) KMG modeli içeren genetik olarak fare gibi genetik olarak modeller, 3 immunocompete doğal olarak oluşan tümörlerin çalışma için izin verirnt farenin. Buna ek olarak, tümör mikro değiştirilmemiş ve daha yakın insan tümör progresyonu görülene benzemektedir. Ne yazık ki, tümör gelişim zamanlaması zor deneysel tedavilerin çalışma yapar, bu model, içinde değişkendir. Ayrıca, bu farelerin geriye dönük melezleştirme zaman ve her zaman mümkün değildir, finansal bağlılık, önemli bir miktarda enerji gerektirmektedir. Son olarak, implante ksenogreft PDA fare modelleri değişmiş fareleri, ya da yoktur tümör mikroçevrelerde immünokompromize gerektirecek. Bunun bir sonucu olarak, bu klinik öncesi modellerinde ortaya deneysel tedavilerin etkinliği sıklıkla insan klinik deneylerinde 4 tekrarlanabilir değildir. Bu hemisplenectomy fare modeli C57BL / 6 farelerinin 5, 6 türetilmiş bir çok tümörijenik, metilkolantren kaynaklı pankreatik tümör hücre soyu olan Panc02 tümör hücrelerini kullanır. Ayrıca, diğer sıçangil PDA hücre çizgileri KMG mikrofon türetilmişE Bu modelde kullanılabilir. Schulick ve ark. Önce bir hemisplenectomy tekniğini geliştirmiş ve kolon kanseri metastazı 7 genden fare modeli oluşturduk. Bu hemisplenectomy modeli (Şekil 1) yeni terapötik ajanların 7-10 soruşturma için borç verme bağışıklığı farelerde tutarlı ve eşit tümör aşılama sunuyor.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="713">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cell culture media and components</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:181px;">will vary depending on cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010-023</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 mL centrifigure tubes</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430052</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Curved Operating Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Roboz Surgical Store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6835</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Micro dissecting Graefe Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Roboz Surgical Store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5130</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Needle holder (regular)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">3-0 or 4-0 suture</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:181px;">courtesy of dept of surgery, Johns Hopkins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Weck Horizon Open Ligating Clip Applier, small, angled</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Teleflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">137085</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Weck Horizon Open Ligating Clip Applier, medium, angled</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Teleflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">237115</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Weck Horizon medium ligating clips</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Teleflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">002200</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Weck Horizon small ligating clips</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Teleflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">001200</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Syringe, 1 cc, tb syringe, 3/8&#34; slip tip</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Syringe, 1 cc, tb syringe, 5/8&#34; slip tip</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309597</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">9 mm Autoclip Applier</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Mikron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">427630</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">9 mm Autoclip</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">427631</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sunbeam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAT93</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:181px;">sold by numerous vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ketamine Hydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Hospira</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22395DD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Xylazine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X1251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a preclinical murine model of hepatic metastases

Sayısız fare modelleri, insan kanserleri çalışma ve kanser tedavisi ve kalkınma anlayışı ilerletmek için geliştirilmiştir. Burada, sinjenik mürin pankreas tümörü hücreleri hemispleen enjeksiyon ile karaciğer metastazlarının klinik öncesi, kemirgen pankreatik tümör modeli tarif edilmektedir. Bu model, karaciğere metastatik hastalığı olan hastalarda klinik durumların bir çoğu taklit eder. Fareler sürekli metastatik sürecinin incelenmesi, deneysel tedavi test ve tümör immünoloji araştırma için izin karaciğer metastazı gelişir.

Hemispleen içine enjekte edilen tümör hücreleri Panc02 tekniği doğru yapılması halinde akciğer ve karın zarı metastaz gözlenmez iken (Şekil 1) farelerin% 100&#39;ünde bir şekilde karaciğer metastazı. Bu teknik çok sayıda bağımsız deneylerde Panc02 hücreleri kullanılarak yüz üzerinde fareler üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir ve yeniden üretilebilir, tüm tedavi edilmemiş fareler hemisplenectomy prosedür (Şekil 2) takip eden 30 ila 60 gün, karaciğer metasta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases at JoVE.com

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Karaciğer metastazlarının klinik öncesi bir sıçangil modeli, hemispleen enjeksiyon tekniği ile gerçekleştirilir.

Karaciğer metastazları Klinik öncesi fare modeli

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

a-preclinical-murine-model-of-hepatic-metastases

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

28.3K Görüntüleme.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Karaciğer metastazlarının klinik öncesi bir sıçangil modeli, hemispleen enjeksiyon tekniği ile gerçekleştirilir. 

Video: A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are administered specifically to the liver to induce a localised liver tumour, via mobilisation of the spleen and splitting into two, leaving intact the vascular pedicle for each half of the spleen. Lewis lung carcinoma cells that constitutively express the firefly luciferase gene (luc1) are inoculated into one hemi-spleen which is then resected 10 minutes later. The other hemi-spleen is left intact and returned to the abdomen. Liver tumour growth can be monitored by bioluminescence imaging using the IVIS whole body imaging system. Quantitative imaging of tumour growth using IVIS provides precise quantitation of viable tumour cells. Tumour cell death and necrosis due to drug treatment is indicated early by a reduction in the bioluminescent signal. This mouse model allows for investigating the mechanisms underlying metastatic tumour-cell survival and growth and can be used for the evaluation of therapeutics of liver metastasis. 

This article describes a procedure for the induction of orthotopic bioluminescent liver tumours in mice, and subsequent analysis of tumour growth confined to the liver using live whole body luminescence imaging.

Murin Bioluminescent Karaciğer Tümör Modeli

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are ...

Tıp

Gene Transfer for Ischemic Heart Failure in a Preclinical Model

Various emerging technologies are being developed for patients with heart failure. Well-established preclinical evaluations are necessary to determine their efficacy and safety.
Gene therapy using viral vectors is one of the most promising approaches for treating cardiac diseases. Viral delivery of various different genes by changing the carrier gene has immeasurable therapeutic potential.
In this video, the full process of an animal model of heart failure creation followed by gene transfer is presented using a swine model. First, myocardial infarction is created by occluding the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Heart remodeling results in chronic heart failure. Unique to our model is a fairly large scar which truly reflects patients with severe heart failure who require aggressive therapy for positive outcomes. After myocardial infarct creation and development of scar tissue, an intracoronary injection of virus is demonstrated with simultaneous nitroglycerine infusion. Our injection method provides simple and efficient gene transfer with enhanced gene expression. This combination of a myocardial infarct swine model with intracoronary virus delivery has proven to be a consistent and reproducible methodology, which helps not only to test the effect of individual gene, but also compare the efficacy of many genes as therapeutic candidates.

A method of gene transfer for the treatment of ischemic heart failure is described using a swine model of myocardial infarction. Our simple and reproducible method enables us to readily evaluate the efficacy of various gene transfers with a very simple and reproducible way.

Klinik öncesi Model İskemik Kalp Yetmezliği Gen Transferi

Various emerging technologies are being developed for patients with heart failure. Well-established preclinical evaluations are necessary to determine ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Yara Şifa murin Modeli

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

Subaraknoid Kanama bir fare modeli

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

Non-invaziv Görüntüleme için fare modeli Algılama ve Monitör Yumurtalık Kanseri nüks için

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Ex Vivo Treatment Response of Primary Tumors and/or Associated Metastases for Preclinical and Clinical Development of Therapeutics

The molecular analysis of established cancer cell lines has been the mainstay of cancer research for the past several decades. Cell culture provides both direct and rapid analysis of therapeutic sensitivity and resistance. However, recent evidence suggests that therapeutic response is not exclusive to the inherent molecular composition of cancer cells but rather is greatly influenced by the tumor cell microenvironment, a feature that cannot be recapitulated by traditional culturing methods. Even implementation of tumor xenografts, though providing a wealth of information on drug delivery/efficacy, cannot capture the tumor cell/microenvironment crosstalk (i.e., soluble factors) that occurs within human tumors and greatly impacts tumor response. To this extent, we have developed an ex vivo (fresh tissue sectioning) technique which allows for the direct assessment of treatment response for preclinical and clinical therapeutics development. This technique maintains tissue integrity and cellular architecture within the tumor cell/microenvironment context throughout treatment response providing a more precise means to assess drug efficacy.

Ex Vivo Treatment Response of Primary Tumors and/or Associated Metastases for Preclinical and Clinical Development of Therapeutics

Established cancer cell lines and xenografts have been the mainstay of cancer research for the past several decades. However, recent evidence suggests that therapeutic response is greatly influenced by the tumor cell microenvironment. Therefore, we have developed an ex vivo analysis of primary tumor specimens for drug development purposes.

İlköğretim Tümörleri ve / veya klinik öncesi için İlişkili Metastazlarının ve Tedavi Klinik Geliştirme Ex Vivo Tedavisi Tepki

The molecular analysis of established cancer cell lines has been the mainstay of cancer research for the past several decades. Cell culture provides both ...

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan. Briefly, the procedure starts with the setup of a percutaneous veno-venous bypass from the femoral vein to the external jugular vein. Via a laparotomy, catheters are then inserted into the proper hepatic artery and the caval vein. The portal vein and the caval vein, both supra- and infrahepatically, are then clamped. The arterial and venous catheters are connected to a heart lung machine and the liver is perfused with melphalan (1 mg/kg body weight) for 60 min. This way it is possible to locally perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, without leakage to the systemic circulation.
In previous studies including patients with isolated liver metastases of uveal melanoma, an overall response rate of 33-100% and a median survival between 9 and 13 months, have been reported. The aim of this protocol is to give a clear description of how to perform the procedure and to discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Here, we present a protocol how to perform an isolated liver perfusion (IHP) with melphalan and we also discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Uveal Melanom Karaciğer Metastazlı için bir tedavi olarak izole Karaciğer Perfüzyon

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic ...

Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion (PHP) with Melphalan as a Treatment for Unresectable Metastases Confined to the Liver

Unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer can be treated with systemic chemotherapy, aiming to limit the disease, extend survival or turn unresectable metastases into resectable ones. Some patients however, suffer from side effects or progression under systemic treatment. For patients with metastasized uveal melanoma there are no standard systemic therapy options. For patients without extrahepatic disease, isolated liver perfusion (IHP) may enable local disease control with limited systemic side effects. Previously, this was performed during open surgery with satisfying results, but morbidity and mortality related to the open procedure, prohibited a widespread application. Therefore, percutaneous hepatic perfusion (PHP) with simultaneous chemofiltration was developed. Besides decreasing morbidity and mortality, this procedure can be repeated, hopefully leading to a higher response rate and improved survival (by local control of disease). During PHP, catheters are placed in the proper hepatic artery, to infuse the chemotherapeutic agent, and in the inferior caval vein to aspirate the chemosaturated blood returning through the hepatic veins. The caval vein catheter is a double balloon catheter that prohibits leakage into the systemic circulation. The blood returning from the hepatic veins is aspirated through the catheter fenestrations and then perfused through an extra-corporeal filtration system. After filtration, the blood is returned to the patient by a third catheter in the right internal jugular vein. During PHP a high dose of melphalan is infused into the liver, which is toxic and would lead to life threatening complications when administered systemically. Because of the significant hemodynamic instability resulting from the combination of caval vein occlusion and chemofiltration, hemodynamic monitoring and hemodynamic support is of paramount importance during this complex procedure.

Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion PHP with Melphalan as a Treatment for Unresectable Metastases Confined to the Liver

In this manuscript, we describe percutaneous isolated hepatic perfusion with simultaneous chemofiltration as treatment for unresectable liver metastases. This procedure is performed under general anaesthesia in the angiosuite by an experienced team, consisting of an interventional radiologist, a clinical perfusionist and anaesthesiologist.

Karaciğer için Kapalı ckiabl Metastazına bir tedavi olarak Melfalan ile Perkütan karaciğer perfüzyon (PHP)

Unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer can be treated with systemic chemotherapy, aiming to limit the disease, extend survival or turn ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with myriad negative consequences. Potential I/R injury in marginal organs destined for liver transplantation contributes to the current donor shortage secondary to a decreased organ utilization rate. A significant need exists to explore hepatic I/R injury in order to mediate its impact on graft function in transplantation. Rat liver hilar clamp models are used to investigate the impact of different molecules on hepatic I/R injury. Depending on the model, these molecules have been delivered using inhalation, epidural infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous administration or injection into the peripheral superior mesenteric vein. A rat liver hilar clamp model has been developed for use in studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating I/R injury. The described model for rat liver hilar clamp includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic hepatic segment via a side branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct segmental hepatic delivery. Our approach is to induce ischemia in the left lateral and median lobes for 60 min, during which time the substance under study is infused. In this case, pegylated-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), a free radical scavenger, is infused directly into the ischemic segment. This series of experiments demonstrates that infusion of PEG-SOD is protective against hepatic I/R injury. Advantages of this approach include direct injection of the molecule into the ischemic segment with consequent decrease in volume of distribution and reduction in systemic side effects.

A unique rat liver hilar clamp model was developed for studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury. This model includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic liver segment via a branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct hepatic delivery.

Bir Sıçan Karaciğer Hilar Kelepçe Modeli Kullanılarak Doğrudan Segmental İçi hepatik Dağıtım Yöntemi

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...

Preclinical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Rabbits

Peripheral vascular disease is a widespread clinical problem that affects millions of patients worldwide. A major consequence of peripheral vascular disease is the development of ischemia. In severe cases, patients can develop critical limb ischemia in which they experience constant pain and an increased risk of limb amputation. Current therapies for peripheral ischemia include bypass surgery or percutaneous interventions such as angioplasty with stenting or atherectomy to restore blood flow. However, these treatments often fail to the continued progression of vascular disease or restenosis or are contraindicated due to the overall poor health of the patient. A promising potential approach to treat peripheral ischemia involves the induction of therapeutic neovascularization to allow the patient to develop collateral vasculature. This newly formed network alleviates peripheral ischemia by restoring perfusion to the affected area. The most frequently employed preclinical model for peripheral ischemia utilizes the creation of hind limb ischemia in healthy rabbits through femoral artery ligation. In the past, however, there has been a strong disconnect between the success of preclinical studies and the failure of clinical trials regarding treatments for peripheral ischemia. Healthy animals typically have robust vascular regeneration in response to surgically induced ischemia, in contrast to the reduced vascularity and regeneration in patients with chronic peripheral ischemia. Here, we describe an optimized animal model for peripheral ischemia in rabbits that includes hyperlipidemia and diabetes. This model has reduced collateral formation and blood pressure recovery in comparison to a model with a higher cholesterol diet. Thus, the model may provide better correlation with human patients with compromised angiogenesis from the common co-morbidities that accompany peripheral vascular disease.

We describe a surgical procedure used to induce peripheral ischemia in rabbits with hyperlipidemia and diabetes. This surgery acts as a preclinical model for conditions experienced in peripheral artery disease in patients. Angiography is also described as a means to measure the extent of introduced ischemia and recovery of perfusion.

Diyabetik tavşanların arka ekstremite Iskemi preklinik modeli

Peripheral vascular disease is a widespread clinical problem that affects millions of patients worldwide. A major consequence of peripheral vascular ...

Methods Article

Karaciğer metastazları Klinik öncesi fare modeli