Bu çalışma Ulusal Alerji ve Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Enstitüsü Hibe R01AI079253 (BHS için) tarafından desteklenen edildi ve Ulusal Kanser Enstitüsü Kanser Merkezi Destek Hibe CA016056 tarafından Roswell Park Kanser Enstitüsü.

Bu çalışmada, hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan tüm işlemler Roswell Park Kanser Enstitüsü Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından onaylanmış ve federal tüm devlet, uyulması ve Sağlık düzenlemeler National Institutes edildi. 1.. In vivo Makrofaj Etiketleme Not: PHK26 (iv) intravenöz olarak uygulandığında dolaşımdan ve dokularda hem fagositik hücreler tarafından alınacak bir lipofilik boyadır. PKH26 makrofaj hasat sonrası işleme miktarını en aza indirmek için in vivo etiketlenmesi için kullanılmıştır. PKH-26 sabit bir şekilde uzun süreler boyunca alveolar makrofajlar biriken avantajına sahiptir. 10 gün uygulanmasından sonra bekleme PKH26 8, 9 sadece alveolar makrofaj kararlı biçimde ayrılan işaretli dolaşımdan her etiketli hücrelerin temizlenmesi için olanak sağlar. PKH26 uyarma (551 nm) ve emisyon (567 nm) özellikleri uyumlu olan kırmızı florokromla olduğunurodamin veya fikoeritrin algılama sistemleri ile. Herhangi bir etiketleme prosedürü canlılığı kaybı da dahil olmak üzere, paraziti tanıtabilirsiniz. Biz farklı fare genotipleri makrofajların etiketleme için aynı yaklaşım kullanmak Ancak, (örneğin, WT vs NADPH oksidaz eksikliği), bu eserlerin etkileri düzgün olur. <ol><li> PKH26 stok solüsyonu (etanol içinde 1 x 10 -3 M) üretici tarafından sağlanan seyreltici C 01:05 sulandırmak. </li><li> Her bir fare için bir 1/2 ml insülin şırınga (29 G x 1/2 &quot;) ile seyreltilmiş PKH26 yükleyin 100 ul. </li><li> Hasat için en az 10 gün önce iv enjeksiyonu (kuyruk ven veya retro orbital ya) tarafından farelere yönetmek. </li></ol> Bronchoalveolar Lavage 2. Hasat Alveoler Makrofajlar (BAL) Bir deney için kullanılacak farelerin sayısı değişebilir. Bir uyarılmamış fareden tipik bir verim 3-5 x 10 5 alveolar makrofajlar aralığında, ancak bu sayı bas büyük ölçüde değişebilirbu lavaj yapan kişinin fare, deneyim boyutu ve lavaj sıvısı ve akciğer geri çekilen hacim instilasyon sayısı gibi faktörlere ed. Bu protokolde, akciğer yıkama tekrar 1 mi tabi tutulmuş yıkama sıvıları ile birlikte hücre verimini artırmak için yardımcı olan bir kapalı göğüs boşluğu ile gerçekleştirilir. <ol><li> Steril çözelti tutmak için aseptik koşullar kullanılarak avertin anestezik öldürücü bir doz (12.5 mg) intraperitoneal (ip) verilmesi ile fare Euthanize. </li><li> % 70 etanol ile iyice fare sprey. </li><li> Göğüs (Şekil 1A) açığa hayvanın kafatası ucundan cilt kaldırmak. <ol><li> Diyaframın hemen altında deri küçük bir kesim olun. </li><li> Kesim içine parmağınızı yerleştirin ve uzak hayvan (Şekil 1A) kranial ucundan cilt çekin. </li><li> Boynun ventral tarafı (Şekil 1A) uzanan kafasına hafifçe yukarıya doğru itilir. </li></ol></li><li> Göğüs kafesi ile küçük bir delik kestitoraks sağ tarafına akciğerlere söndürülmesi ve ayrıca aşağıdaki adımları sırasında akciğerlerin görüntülenmesine olanak vermek üzere. </li><li> Trakea bulun ve dikkatle çevresi dokuları uzak teşrih. <ol><li> Kavisli bir forseps ile tükürük bezleri, sternohyoid kasları ve gırtlak vb çıkarın. </li><li> Dikkatle kavisli bir forseps ile kaldırın ve makas ile yatan halkalı kıkırdak yapısını ortaya trakea (adventita) kapsayan ince dokuyu kesip. </li></ol></li><li> Trakea içine kateter yerleştirin. <ol><li> Kavisli bir forseps kullanarak, trakea (dorsal) arkasında bir sütür koyun ve açıklıktan 10 cm uzunluğa çekin. </li><li> Krikoid (kıkırdak kalınlaşmış halka) Yukarıdaki başlayarak dikkatlice trakea göğüs kemiğinin arkasında kaybolur nerede durdurma trakea aşağı bir 22 G kateter kılavuz. </li><li> Sıkıca oturması için trakea ve kateter çevresinde dikiş kravat. Kateter iğne çıkarılır. </li></ol></li><li> 4-yollu valf birleştirin. <ol><li> DoldurmakBir 6 ml DPBS,% 1 FBS ile şırınga ve Şekil 1B &#39;de gösterildiği gibi 4-yollu musluk ekleyin. </li><li> 4-yollu vana (Şekil 1 B) üzerinde gösterilen konumda bir boş 6 ml şırınga takın. </li><li> Kateter 4-yollu musluk (Şekil 1B) açık portu takın. Trakea kateteri çıkarmak için dikkatli olun. </li></ol></li><li> Akciğerlerden lavaj sıvısı toplayın. Not: Müfettişler dokuya hasar olasılığını en aza indirmek için lavaj sıvısının düşük miktarlar kullanmayı tercih edebilir. Aynı yaklaşım, sürekli olarak, tüm fare gruplarının uygulanabilir önemlidir. <ol><li> Böylece boş şırınga kapalı musluğu kolunu çevirin ve yavaş yavaş akciğerleri şişirmek için ~ 1 ml DPBS,% 1 FBS enjekte. Adım 2.4 delik kesme yoluyla akciğer enflasyonu gözlemleyin. </li><li> Akciğerleri overinflate için değil dikkatli olun. </li><li> Tam şırınga kapalı böylece musluğu kolunu açın ve dikkatlice grip çekilme<html> akciğerlerden gelen kimliği. </li><li> Akciğerler Adım 1.4 delik kesim aracılığıyla Söndür gözlemleyin. Kateter iyi bir beraberlik almak için biraz ileri veya geri hareket edilmesi gerekebilir. Trakea içinde kateteri tutmak için özel önlem alın. </li><li> Tekrar FBS% 1 enjekte ve akciğerlerden çekilmiş olan tüm DPBS&#39;de kadar 2.8.1-2.8.4 5-6x adımları. Not: akciğer sıvısının kurtarma enjekte edilen sıvının% 100 olmayacaktır. </li></ol></li><li> 50 ml konik tüp içine lavaj sıvısı ile boş şırınga. Oda sıcaklığında hücrelere tutun. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca 300 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile hücreler ve süpernatant Pelet dökün. İstenirse bu sitokin analizi için kaydedilebilir. </li><li> % 10 FBS ile 1-5 ml RPMI 1640 hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon ve menositometrede saymak. Uyarılmamış fare olarak, BAL ile hasat hücrelerin&gt;% 95 sitolojisi ile teyit edilebilir makrofajlar, olması beklenmektedir. </li></ol> 3.. Kültüre ve Hasat Mantar &quot;&gt; Bu protokolde kullanılan Aspergillusfumigatus kendi yaşam döngüsünün tüm aşamalarında GFP ifade:. Sporlar, germlings ve hif Bu mantar gerginlik Dr Margo Moore, Simon Fraser Üniversitesi, Vancouver, BC, Kanada tarafından sağlandı. <ol><li> Kloramfenikol (0.05 g / L) ve gentamisin (0.5 g / L) ile yatık Sabouraud agar beyin kalp infüzyon (BHI) üzerine, GFP ifade eden bir Aspergillus fumigatus soyu Levha conidia. </li><li> Gevşek olarak oda sıcaklığında 7-10 gün boyunca kapatılmış karanlıkta inkübe edin. </li><li> DPBS içinde% 0.01 Tween 20 içinde 10 ml yıkama eğik Hasat conidia. Hafifçe gevşetmek için stripette ile mantar kazıyın. Verimi artırmak için Eğimli birkaç kez durulayın. </li><li> 50 ml konik içine 100 mikron hücre süzgecinden konidial süspansiyon geçmektedir. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile pelet conidia. </li><li> Süspanse 50 ml DPBS&#39;de konidya ve Hemasitometre kullanarak saymak. </li><li> DPBS ile iki kez yıkanır ve arzu edilen konsantrasyon, seyreltinyon. </li></ol> 4. Mantar Mücadelesi ve Konfokal Mikroskopi Konak savunmasında makrofaj NADPH oksidaz rolünü araştırmak için, fagosite Aspergillus sporlarının büyümesini kontrol etmek için üç genotip farelerden izole alveoler makrofaj kabiliyeti değerlendirildi. Bu çalışmada kullanılan genotipleri arasında; Doğal olarak meydana gelen mutasyona Ncf1 (Ncf1 olanağına NADPH oksidaz den yoksun bırakarak p47 pHOx, fagosit NADPH oksidaz gerekli bir bileşeni) için kodlayan ve 3) Ncf1 * / 1), vahşi tip fareler, 2) Ncf1 / * Mn-farenin * Mn + transjenik farenin NADPH oksidaz aktivitesi monosit / makrofaj nüfus 10, 11 içinde yeniden edilmiştir (MN insan CD68 promotörünün kontrolü altında yabani tip Ncf1 barındıran transgeni ifade eder.) Konfokal mikroskopi en nedeniyle varlığı Bu deneme için uygundurve slaytlarda olmayan fagosite Konidyumların büyüme. Konfokal mikroskop Z-ekseni içinde bireysel uçaklarının görselleştirme için izin ve makrofaj içeride ziyade çevresinde büyüyen mantar arasındaki farklılaşmayı sağlayacak. Tüm konfokal görüntüler 63X immersiyon yağı lens kullanılarak elde edilir. Z-yığınlar 2.5 elektronik zum faktörü ile elde edilir. Z-yığın kalınlığı alanın üst ve alt kısmını için DAPI ve parlak saha görüntüleri kullanılarak belirlenir. Z-yığınlar ~ 1 mikron kalınlığında 14 bireysel dilimleri ile 24 mikron arasında değişmektedir. Makrofaj ölçümü için, 1X elektronik zum tek taramalar genotipi için 10 alanları üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bozulmamış makrofajlar, sırasıyla PKH26 ve membran ve çekirdeğin DAPI lekelemesi göre tespit edilmiştir. Konidya FITC ifadesi ve parlak bir alan görüntüye göre belirlenmiştir. <ol><li> Steril lamelleri ve tabak hazırlayın <ol><li> Bir Biyolojik Güvenlik Kabinesi altında,% 70 etano 22 x 22 mm cam lamelleri emmek5-10 dakika için l. </li><li> Steril PBS lamelleri durulayın. </li><li> Steril forseps kullanılarak, yumuşak, tek başına steril paketlenmiş 6 oyuklu plakanın her bir alt tek bir lamel yerleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Tohum ~ 1 x 10 6 PKH26 her bir lamel üzerine alveolar RPMI 1640 300 ul içerisinde süspansiyon haline makrofajlar,% 10 FBS etiketli hasat edildi. Tam sayı hasat verimi bağlı olarak değişebilir. </li><li> Makrofaj gece boyunca% 5 CO2 ile 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilerek uygun izin verin. </li><li> Sonraki sabah, yaklaşık 1 x 10 7 GFP-ifade A. eklemek fumigatus conidia 100 ul önceden ısıtılmış (37 ° C) RPMI 1640,% 10 FBS içinde süspanse. </li><li> % 5 CO 2 ile 37 ° C inkübatör plaka dönün. </li><li> Hücreler, 4 ° C&#39;de ya da gece boyunca oda sıcaklığında 2 saat arasında, en az sabit olmalıdır Eşit her bir% 2 formaldehit hacmi de (nihai konsantrasyon% 1 formaldehit) ilave edilerek 3, 7 ve 14 saat düzeltme hücre. Için yer plakalarıgece boyunca 4 ° C &#39;de, erken zaman noktalarında. Son zaman noktasında (14 saat) için, 2 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında hücreleri saptamak. </li><li> Fiksasyon sonra, yavaşça forseps kullanarak lamelleri kaldırmak ve DPBS&#39;de durulayın. </li><li> Katlanmış Kimwipe lamel kenarına koyarak fazla sıvıyı çıkarın. </li><li> Bir cam mikroskop lamı DAPI ile 6 ul floresan montaj orta uygulayın. </li><li> Slayt üzerinde lamel bir kenarını yatırın ve yavaşça montaj ortama hücre aşağı tarafı bırakın. Orta montaj yayılmış ve lamel altında düz bir tabaka oluşturacak. Lamel basın gerek yoktur. </li><li> Şeffaf tırnak cilası ile lamel kenarları mühür ve kurumaya bırakın. </li><li> Mağaza konfokal mikroskopi ile analiz etmek için hazır olana kadar oda sıcaklığında (ışıktan korunarak) slayt kutu içinde hazırlanan slaytlar. </li></ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Birlikte in vivo fungal okuma ile makrofaj antifungal aktivitenin ex vivo analiz için, bu yaklaşımı kullanarak, daha önce makrofajlarda NADPH oksidaz A&#39;ya karşı savunmasında önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermiştir fumigatus 4. Izole alveolar makrofaj kullanılması, in vivo olarak Aspergillus karşı savunmak için diğer bağışıklık hücreleri (örneğin, nötrofiller işe) yokluğunda, mantarlarla mücadele etkinlikleri odaklanma sa...

Alveoler makrofajlar inhale mikropları karşılaşmaya ilk basamak fagositik hücrelerdir. Makrofajlar, patojen tanıma reseptörleri tarafından Aspergillus motiflerini tanımak yemek ve teneffüs sporlar (konidia) büyümesini sınırlamak ve enflamatuar cevabı başlatabilir. Fagosit NADPH oksidaz, süperoksit anyon ve aşağı doğru, reaktif oksijen ara (ROI) moleküler oksijen dönüştürür. Kronik granülomatöz hastalık (ÇGD) ciddi bakteriyel ve fungal enfeksiyonlar ve aşırı inflamatuar yanıtlar ile karakterize NADPH oksidaz kalıtsal bir hastalıktır. NADPH oksidaz kritik olmasına rağmen nötrofil aracılı konakçı savunması için 1-3, makrofajlarda NADPH oksidaz önemi iyi tanımlanmış değildir. Önceki çalışmalar nötrofiller esas hifal sahne 5 hedef ise alveolar makrofajlar, yemek ve Aspergillus sporlar öldürmek olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak, çelişkili resul olmuşturA. büyümesinin kontrolünde makrofajda NADPH oksidaz rolüne olarak ts fumigatus 6, 7 sporlar. Bu yöntemin amacı, bir ev sahibi savunma A&#39;ya karşı aracılık makrofajlarda NADPH oksidazın belirli bir rolü olduğunu tanımlamak için fumigatus sporlar. Biz, alveoler makrofajlar içinde NADPH oksidaz fagosite A. büyümesini kontrol bulundu fumigatus 4 sporlar. En yakından inhale mantarlara konak yanıtı modellemek için, uyarılmamış farelerin hemen kurban aşağıdaki bronkoalveoler lavaj ile hasat alveol makrofajlar kullanılır. İzole Alveoler makrofaj kullanımı in vivo Aspergillus&#39;a karşı savunmak, diğer bağışıklık hücreleri (örneğin, işe nötrofiller) yokluğunda kendi antifungaldir odaklanmak sağladı. Bu yöntemde, alveolar makrofajlar hasat sonrası işleme miktarını en aza indirmek için hasattan önce in vivo olarak boyandı. &#39;/ P&gt; Bu protokol için diğer bir avantajı, bir GFP-ifade A. kullanılmasıdır fumigatus suşu. Bu mantar hifal aşamasında konidial aşamasından GFP ifade ve daha fazla boyanma ihtiyacı yok. Daha ayrıntılı görüntüler elde etmek için, elde edilen görüntülerin üç boyutlu yapıların yeniden sağlayan konfokal mikroskopi seçti. Üç boyutlu rekonstrüksiyon hif bir makrofaj veya yoluyla çevresinde büyüyen ziyade ayırt yeteneği verir. Konidya ayrıca ekstraselüler karşı hücre içi gibi hassas ayırt edilebilir.

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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">PKH26 Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit for General Cell Membrane Labeling</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PKH26GL-1KT</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2,2,2 Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T48402</td>
			<td>Used to make AvertinAnesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2-methyl-2-butanol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-1685</td>
			<td>Used to make AvertinAnesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (without calcium and magnesium)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">NH4CL</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0171</td>
			<td>Used to make ACK red cell lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">KHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P91444</td>
			<td>Used to make ACK red cell lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E6758</td>
			<td>Used to make ACK red cell lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">22 gauge X 1.00 inch i.v. catheter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">381523</td>
			<td>Insyte Autoguard Winged</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">insulin syringes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">6 ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">4-way stopcock</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-700-077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">suture thread</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50 ml conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">gauze sponges (4 inch square)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30396.03</td>
			<td>heat inactivated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Hema 3 Stain Set</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22-122-911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cytoseal 60</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8310-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sabouraud Brain Heart Infusion Agar with Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin Slants</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">297252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Aspergillus fumigatous strain expressing green fluorescent protein</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>provided by Dr Margo Moore, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">100 micron Cell Strainers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">64753-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">scissors</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">forceps</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Biological Safety Cabinet Class II</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sorval ST40 Centrifuge with swing bucket rotor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Leica DM1000 light microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cytospin 2 centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Cell Culture Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>37 &#176;C, 5%&#160; CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">22X22 mm micro cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48366-227</td>
			<td>glass coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">6 well Cell Culture Plates</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10% Neutral Buffered Formalin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BDH0502-1LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Vectashield Mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Leica TCS SP2 system with a laser point scanner</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Mounted on DMIRE2 fluorescence microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing anti-fungal activity of isolated alveolar macrophages by confocal microscopy

Akciğer konak hücreler rutin mikropların ve mikrobiyal ürünlere maruz bir arayüz. Alveoler makrofajlar inhale mantar ve diğer mikropları karşılaşmaya ilk basamak fagositik hücrelerdir. Makrofajlar ve diğer bağışıklık hücreleri, patojen tanıyan reseptörler ile Aspergillus motifleri tanımak ve alt-enflamatuar cevap başlar. Phagocyte NADPH oksidaz reaktif oksijen ara ürünleri (ROI) üretir ve konak savunma için önemlidir. NADPH oksidaz kritik olmasına rağmen nötrofil aracılı konakçı savunması için 1-3, makrofajlarda NADPH oksidaz önemi iyi tanımlanmış değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı A&#39;ya karşı konak savunmasını arabuluculuk makrofajlarda NADPH oksidaz belirli bir rol tasvir oldu fumigatus. Biz, alveoler makrofajlar içinde NADPH oksidaz fagosite A. büyümesini kontrol bulundu fumigatus 4 sporlar. Burada, fare yeteneğini değerlendirmek için bir yöntem tariffagosite Aspergillus sporlar (conidia) büyümesini kontrol etmek için lveolar makrofajlar (AMS). Alveol makrofajlarının, in vivo olarak, lekeli ve on gün sonra, bronkoalveoler lavaj (BAL) ile farelerden izole edilmiştir. Makrofajlar, cam kapak slipleri üzerine plakalanmıştır, daha sonra yeşil floresan protein (GFP)-ifade eden A ile tohumlandı fumigatus sporlar. Belirtilen zamanlarda, hücreler sabitlenir ve fagosite sporlarla sağlam makrofaj sayısının konfokal mikroskobu ile tespit edilir.

<html> Stimüle edilmemiş farelerden BAL ile alveolar makrofajlar Toplama sitoloji göre bir&gt;% 95 saf bir nüfus neden olur. 3 ve 7 saat (Şekil 2) saat puan fungal büyümenin hipal aşamasını önüne ve genotipler arasında konidia fagositik etkinliğinin karşılaştırılmasına olanak sağlar. Genotipleri doku invazif hipal aşamasına fagosite konidianın geçişi (Şekil 3) inhibe etme yeteneği ile ilgili karşılaştırılabilir burada 14 saat bir zaman noktasıdır. Bozul...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy at JoVE.com

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

Konfokal mikroskopi tarafından fagosite Aspergillus sporlarının büyümesini kontrol için izole edilmiş fare alveolar makrofaj yeteneğini değerlendirmek için bir yöntem.

Eşodaklı Mikroskopi İzole Alveoler Makrofagların anti-fungal Hareketi değerlendirilmesi

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

assessing-anti-fungal-activity-isolated-alveolar-macrophages-confocal

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.4K Görüntüleme.  Roswell Park Cancer Institute.  Konfokal mikroskopi tarafından fagosite Aspergillus sporlarının büyümesini kontrol için izole edilmiş fare alveolar makrofaj yeteneğini değerlendirmek için bir yöntem. 

Video: Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

Intravital Microscopy of the Spleen: Quantitative Analysis of Parasite Mobility and Blood Flow

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. Thus, in vivo imaging of malaria parasites during pre-erythrocytic stages have revealed the active entrance of parasites into skin lymph nodes 3, the complete development of the parasite in the skin 4, and the formation of a hepatocyte-derived merosome to assure migration and release of merozoites into the blood stream 5. Moreover, the development of individual parasites in erythrocytes has been recently documented using 4D imaging and challenged our current view on protein export in malaria 6. Thus, intravital imaging has radically changed our view on key events in Plasmodium development. Unfortunately, studies of the dynamic passage of malaria parasites through the spleen, a major lymphoid organ exquisitely adapted to clear infected red blood cells are lacking due to technical constraints.
Using the murine model of malaria Plasmodium yoelii in Balb/c mice, we have implemented intravital imaging of the spleen and reported a differential remodeling of it and adherence of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) to barrier cells of fibroblastic origin in the red pulp during infection with the non-lethal parasite line P.yoelii 17X as opposed to infections with the P.yoelii 17XL lethal parasite line 7. To reach these conclusions, a specific methodology using ImageJ free software was developed to enable characterization of the fast three-dimensional movement of single-pRBCs. Results obtained with this protocol allow determining velocity, directionality and residence time of parasites in the spleen, all parameters addressing adherence in vivo. In addition, we report the methodology for blood flow quantification using intravital microscopy and the use of different colouring agents to gain insight into the complex microcirculatory structure of the spleen. 
Ethics statement
All the animal studies were performed at the animal facilities of University of Barcelona in accordance with guidelines and protocols approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the University of Barcelona CEEA-UB (Protocol No DMAH: 5429). Female Balb/c mice of 6-8 weeks of age were obtained from Charles River Laboratories.

We show the method for performing intravital microscopy of the spleen using GFP transgenic malaria parasites and the quantification of parasite mobility and blood flow within this organ.

Dalak intravital Mikroskopi: Parazit Mobilite ve Kan Akımının Kantitatif Analiz

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Real-time Imaging of Myeloid Cells Dynamics in ApcMin/+ Intestinal Tumors by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy

Myeloid cells are the most abundant immune cells within tumors and have been shown to promote tumor progression. Modern intravital imaging techniques enable the observation of live cellular behavior inside the organ but can be challenging in some types of cancer due to organ and tumor accessibility such as intestine. Direct observation of intestinal tumors has not been previously reported. A surgical procedure described here allows direct observation of myeloid cell dynamics within the intestinal tumors in live mice by using transgenic fluorescent reporter mice and injectable tracers or antibodies. For this purpose, a four-color, multi-region, micro-lensed spinning disk confocal microscope that allows long-term continuous imaging with rapid image acquisition has been used. ApcMin/+ mice that develop multiple adenomas in the small intestine are crossed with c-fms-EGFP mice to visualize myeloid cells and with ACTB-ECFP mice to visualize intestinal epithelial cells of the crypts. Procedures for labeling different tumor components, such as blood vessels and neutrophils, and the procedure for positioning the tumor for imaging through the serosal surface are also described. Time-lapse movies compiled from several hours of imaging allow the analysis of myeloid cell behavior in situ in the intestinal microenvironment.

Real-time Imaging of Myeloid Cells Dynamics in ApcMin/+ Intestinal Tumors by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy

By using transgenic reporter mice and injectable fluorescent labels, long-term intravital spinning disk confocal microscopy enables direct visualization of myeloid cell behavior into intestinal adenoma in the ApcMin/+ colorectal cancer model.

Miyeloid hücrelerin Dynamics Gerçek zamanlı Görüntüleme<em&gt; Süm<sup&gt; Min / +</sup</em&gt; Bağırsak Tümörleri Disk Eşodaklı Mikroskopi Spinning tarafından

Myeloid cells are the most abundant immune cells within tumors and have been shown to promote tumor progression. Modern intravital imaging techniques ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Nucleofection İnsan THP-1 Makrofagların Yüksek Verimli Transfeksiyonu

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

2D Elektroforez ile Makrofagların proteomik Profil

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

Generation and Identification of GM-CSF Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages and Dendritic Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. However, they are difficult to isolate in sufficient numbers to study them in detail, therefore, in vitro models have been developed. In vitro cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells are well-established and valuable methods for immunological studies. Here, a method for culturing and identifying both DCs and macrophages from a single culture of primary mouse bone marrow cells using the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is described. This protocol is based on the established procedure first developed by Lutz et al. in 1999 for bone marrow-derived DCs. The culture is heterogeneous, and MHCII and fluoresceinated hyaluronan (FL-HA) are used to distinguish macrophages from immature and mature DCs. These GM-CSF derived macrophages provide a convenient source of in vitro derived macrophages that closely resemble alveolar macrophages in both phenotype and function.

Bone marrow cells cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) generate a heterogeneous culture containing macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). This method highlights using MHCII and hyaluronan (HA) binding to differentiate macrophages from the DCs in the GM-CSF culture. Macrophages in this culture have many similarities to alveolar macrophages.

Fare Kemik İliği itibaren Üretimi ve GM-CSF tanımlanması Türetilmiş Alveoler gibi makrofajlar ve dendritik hücrelerin

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

Akış Sitometrisi ile Sıçan Böbrek gelen Makrofagların Fenotipik Karakterizasyonu

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

Yalıtım, karakterizasyonu ve obezite ile ilgili iltihap tarafından etkilenen dokular makrofajlar arıtma

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Visualizing Macrophage Extracellular Traps Using Confocal Microscopy

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal microscopy methods to visualize macrophage extracellular traps (METs). These extracellular traps are defined by the presence of extracellular chromatin with co-expression of other components such as granule proteases, citrullinated histones, and peptidyl arginase deiminase (PAD). The expression of METs is generally measured after exposure to a stimulus and compared to un-stimulated samples. Samples are also included for background and isotype control. Cells are analyzed using well-defined image analysis software. Confocal microscopy may be used to define the presence of METs both in vitro and in vivo in lung tissue.

Macrophage extracellular traps are a newly described entity. This article will concentrate on confocal microscopy methods and how they are visualized in vitro and in vivo from lung samples.

Makrofaj hücre dışı tuzaklar Confocal mikroskobu kullanılarak görüntülenmesi

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

Yalıtım ve fare ve insan alveoler makrofajlar Vitro kültürü

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton to capture, envelop and engulf large particles. Although phagocytic receptors, downstream signaling pathways, and effectors, such as Rho GTPases, have been identified, the dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling of specific receptor-mediated phagocytic events remain unclear. Four decades ago, two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis, exemplified by Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)- and complement receptor (CR)-mediated phagocytosis, were identified using scanning electron microscopy. Binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized particles to Fc&#947;Rs triggers the protrusion of thin membrane extensions, which initially form a so-called phagocytic cup around the particle before it becomes completely enclosed and retracted into the cell. In contrast, complement opsonized particles appear to sink into the phagocyte following binding to complement receptors. These two modes of phagocytosis, phagocytic cup formation and sinking in, have become well established in the literature. However, the distinctions between the two modes have become blurred by reports that complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis may induce various membrane protrusions. With the availability of high resolution imaging techniques, phagocytosis assays are required that allow real-time 3D (three dimensional) visualization of how specific phagocytic receptors mediate the uptake of individual particles. More commonly used approaches for the study of phagocytosis, such as end-point assays, miss the opportunity to understand what is happening at the interface of particles and phagocytes. Here we describe phagocytic assays, using time-lapse spinning disk confocal microscopy, that allow 3D imaging of single phagocytic events. In addition, we describe assays to unambiguously image Fc&#947; receptor- or complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis.

Here we describe methods using spinning disk confocal microscopy to image single phagocytic events by mouse resident peritoneal macrophages. The protocols can be extended to other phagocytic cells.

Fagositoz fare makrofajlar tarafından hızlandırılmış 3D görüntüleme

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of ...