YSS, MB ve FK Fonuna ilişkin EPSRC Takip tarafından desteklenmiştir. BL-V ve DS her MRC Doktora Studentships tarafından desteklenmiştir. KC İngiltere Rejeneratif Tıp Platformu fon tarafından desteklenmiştir.

PHNGAD (poli [1,6-hexanodiol / neopentil glikol / di (etilen glikol) -Alt-adipik asit] dio) 1. sentezi <img alt="Şema 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723scheme1.jpg" width="500" /> Şema 1: PHNAGD sentezi PHNAGD sentezinin şematik gösterimi.. PHNAGD 1,6-Hexanodiol reaksiyonu, dietilen glikol, neoppentyl glikol ve adipik asit ile hazırlandı. PHNAGD, poli [1,6-hexanodiol / neopentil glikol / di (etilen glikol) -Alt-adipik asit] dio. <ol><li> Herhangi bir artık suyun ayrılması için bir vakumlu fırın içinde 48 saat boyunca 40 ° C &#39;de monomerler 1,6-heksandiol, di (etilen glikol) ve neopentil glikol için ısıl işlem uygulanır. Vakum altında oda sıcaklığına soğumuş izin verin. </li><li> Bir Dean-Stark aparatı ile karıştırıldı çubuğu ile donatılmış ve bağlı olan, bir iki-boyunlu yuvarlak tabanlı bir şişeye, her monomer ve adipik asit (55 mmol), 22 mmol ekleyin. </li><li> Bir vakum altında bütün tertibatım yerleştirin, yavaşça GLA ısıtmakşişe içine kimyasal maddenin ilave edilmesi sırasında nem emilmesini önlemek için, 6 saat boyunca 40 ° C, ssware. </li><li> Damla katalizör titanyum (IV) butoksit 0.0055 mol damla şırınga ile ilave edin. </li><li> 24 saat boyunca, bir N2 atmosferi altında 180 ° C&#39;de, reaksiyon karışımı, karıştırın ve Dean-Stark tuzağı içinde kalan suyun toplanması. Ürün oda sıcaklığına soğumaya bırakın. </li></ol> PU134 2. sentezi <img alt="Şema 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723scheme2.jpg" width="500" /> Şema 2: PU134 sentezi PU134 bir 4,4 &#39;-metilenbis (fenil izosiyanat) 2.0 eşdeğer bir PHNGAD 1.0 eşd reaksiyonu ile hazırlandı poliüretan 134. sentezinin şematik temsili, 1.0 ilave edildi. bir 1,4-bütandiol zincir uzatıcının eşdeğer. <ol><li> 4, iki eşdeğeri ile poliol PHNGAD bir eşdeğeri (Mn ~ 1800 Da, 3.2 mmol) karıştırınSusuz N &#39;4-metilenbis (fenil izosiyanat) (6.4 mmol) N, N-dimetilformamid (12 mi). </li><li> Bir N2 atmosferi altında 70 ° C de, reaksiyon karışımı, ilave edin. </li><li> , Şırınga ile, katalizör ekleme damla damla titanyum (IV) butoksit (0.8% wt). </li><li> 1 saat sonra, zincir uzatıcı 1,4-bütandiol (3.2 mmol) bir eşdeğeri ilave edin. 90 ° C de sıcaklığı artar ve bir N2 atmosferi altında 24 saat için karıştırın. </li><li> Reaksiyonu takiben, çökelti oluşacak kadar reaksiyon çözelti içine damla damla (de kullanılabilir heksan ya da su), dietil eter ilave edilerek çökeltme poliüretan toplar. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 5,300 x g&#39;de çözümü santrifüj. </li><li> Süpernatant süzün ve çözücü buharlaşana kadar bir vakum fırınında 40 ° C&#39;de kurutunuz. Not: amacıyla reaksiyonun nihai ürünün molekül ağırlığı dağılımına ilişkin parametreler doğru sahip olduğundan emin olmak için işlevsel Groupolimer ve ergitme ve cam geçiş sıcaklıklarının PS, çeşitli analitik teknikler ve yöntemler, jel geçirgenlik kromatografisi veya Ramazan spektroskopi gibi, kullanılabilir. </li></ol> PU134 Çözümleri 3. hazırlanması <ol><li> Bir cam şişe içine 200 mg PU134 tartılır. </li><li> Kloroform, 1 kloroform ve toluen bir kombinasyonu: a çözücüler sayısındaki% 2&#39;lik bir nihai konsantrasyona kadar seyreltilir PU134 1 oranında, tetrahidrofuran, ve kombinasyon 1 tetrahidrofuran ve diklorometan arasında: 1 oranında. Not: Sağ çözücünün seçimi, kullanımı polimere bağlı olarak değişir. Değişik çözücüler polimerin çözünürlüğünü etkiler farklı kaynama noktalarına sahiptir. </li><li> Çözelti homojen hale gelir ve çökelti gözleninceye kadar, 200 mot / dakika hızda bir çalkalayıcı kullanılarak, oda sıcaklığında kuvvetli bir şekilde 20 dakika süre ile çözelti çalkalayın. </li></ol> PU134 Cam Slaytlar 4. Kaplama <ol><li> Bir rou yerleştirinSpin lak nd 15 mm 2 lamel. </li><li> Bir pipet kullanılarak her PU134 solüsyonu 50 ul uygulayın. Oranı ile orantılı yüzeye hacim tutarak gerekli lamel boyutu için buna PU134 çözümün ses seviyesini ayarlayın. </li><li> 23 x g 7 saniye boyunca her lamel Spin. </li><li> Sterilizasyondan önce en az 24 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında kuru hava lamel. </li></ol> Lamel 5. Işınlama <ol><li> 12 dakika süre ile, laboratuar ışınlama kullanılarak 10 Grays bir dozunun uygulanmasıyla polimer kaplı lamel Gama-ışın tedavisi. </li><li> 16 dakika her iki taraf için bir 30 W, UV ampulü kullanarak polimer kaplı lamel ışın UV. </li><li> Slayt boyutuna uygun olarak uygun bir doku kültürü plakasında, polimer kaplı lamel yerleştirin. </li></ol> 6. Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu <ol><li> Basınç 5 x 10 milibar -1 atmosferinde 200 saniye boyunca püskürtme ile altın kaplama polimer lamel. </li><li> Microg yakalayınİkincil elektron görüntüleme modunda 20 kV bir hızlandırma voltajı bir tarama elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak polimer ile kaplanmış lamel raphs. </li></ol> 7. Atomik Kuvvet Mikroskobu Gözlemler <ol><li> Polimer yüzeyin 20 x 20 um tarama alanı içinde, bir. </li><li> 1.32 Hz 1.60 Hz tarama hızı ayarlayın. </li><li> Taranan bölgede 512 x 512 piksel çözünürlüğe ayarlayın. </li><li> Kök ortalama resim veri düzleminden alınan yükseklik sapmalarının ortalaması kullanılarak kaplamanın karesi (RMS veya Rq) hesaplayın ortalama olarak ifade edilen: <img fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723eq1.jpg" width="123" /> Nerede Zi akım Z değeri ve N belirli bir alanda nokta sayısıdır. </li><li> Kullanarak görüntünün 7,5 sapmasını hesaplayın ve ortalama yüzey pürüzlülüğüne (Ra), <img fo:content-width="1.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723eq2.jpg" width="154" /> Burada Z (X) t tarif fonksiyonuduro yükseklikte (Z) ve değerlendirme uzunluğu &quot;L&quot; üzerinden örnek konumuna (x) cinsinden analiz yüzey profili. Ra orta düzlemine yüzey nisbetle ortalama değeri temsil eder. </li></ol> 8. Hücre Kültürü ve Farklılaşma <ol><li> Kültür ve Hay 17&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi, insan embriyonik kök hücre çizgisi (HESC) H9 ayırt eder. </li><li> Bir ayırma reaktifi kullanılarak hücreleri ayırmak ve Szkolnicka 18,19 &#39;de anlatıldığı gibi bir serumsuz ortam varlığında, farklılaşma gün, 9 ile kaplanmış dilimlerin üzerine PU134 bunları Replate. Not: Enzimatik Çözülme fiziksel hücre ayrılması için tercih edilir. </li></ol> 9. Sitokrom P450 üzerinde fonksiyonel denemeler <ol><li> Üreticinin talimatlarına CYP3 aktivitesini ölçmek. </li><li> Hücreler olmaksızın HESC türetilmiş Gün 13 ve Gün 19 hepatositleri ve ortam inkübe - negatif kontrol olarak, uygun olan substr37 ° C&#39;de 5 saat boyunca yedi. </li><li> , Hücreler ve ortamdan süpernatantlar toplamak üreticinin talimatlarına göre analizini gerçekleştirmek. </li><li> Yüzey alanı (cm2) için CYP aktivite ve normalize seviyesini ölçer. </li></ol> 10. immün <ol><li> Yıkama HESC 1 dakika boyunca PBS ile hepatositleri türetilmiş, iki kez tekrarlanır. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca -20 ° C&#39;de buz soğukluğunda% 100 hücreleri düzeltmek için, metanol, yer ekleyin. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca PBS ile yıkayın ve hücreler iki kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> PBS / T (% 0.1 Tween), oda sıcaklığında 1 saat boyunca /% 10 BSA ile hücreleri inkübe edin. </li><li> PBST solüsyonu aspire ve PBS / T (% 0.1 Tween) /% 1 BSA içinde seyreltilmiştir ve uygun bir primer antikor ekleyin, hafif çalkalama O / N 4 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca PBS / T (% 0.1 Tween) /% 1 BSA hücreleri yıkayın ve üç kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> PBS / T (% 0.1 Tween) /% 1 BSA içinde, uygun bir antikor seyreltik hücrelere eklenir ve hafif çalkalanarak 1 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında karanlıkta inkübe. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca PBS ile hücreleri yıkayın ve üç kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> Her bir oyuğa hava kabarcıkları sayısını azaltmak için hafifçe bir lamel ekleyin: (1000 DAPI içeren 1) Mowiol 488 ekleyin. Mağaza karanlıkta 4 ° C&#39;de duran hücrelerin. Uygun bir filtre ve floresan lambası ile bir mikroskop kullanılarak boyama dikkate alınmalıdır. Optimize edilmiş birincil ve ikincil antikorlar, Tablo 1 &#39;de listelenmiştir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zhou, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMOylation+of+HNF4&#945;+regulates+protein+stability+and+hepatocyte+function.">SUMOylation of HNF4&#945; regulates protein stability and hepatocyte function.</a> J Cell Sci. 125 (15), 3630-3635 (2012).</li><li>Banerjee, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+hydrogel+modulus+on+the+proliferation+and+differentiation+of+encapsulated+neural+stem+cells.">The influence of hydrogel modulus on the proliferation and differentiation of encapsulated neural stem cells.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (27), 4695-4699 (2009).</li><li>Shanbhag, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Progenitor+Cells+Grown+on+Hydrogel+Surfaces+Respond+to+the+Product+of+the+Transgene+of+Encapsulated+Genetically+Engineered+Fibroblasts.">Neural Progenitor Cells Grown on Hydrogel Surfaces Respond to the Product of the Transgene of Encapsulated Genetically Engineered Fibroblasts.</a> Biomacromolecules. 11 (11), 2936-2943 (2010).</li><li>Battista, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+matrix+composition+of+3D+constructs+on+embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation.">The effect of matrix composition of 3D constructs on embryonic stem cell differentiation.</a> Biomaterials. 26 (31), 6194-6207 (2005).</li><li>Tian, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyaluronic+acid+hydrogel+as+Nogo-66+receptor+antibody+delivery+system+for+the+repairing+of+injured+rat+brain:+in+vitro.">Hyaluronic acid hydrogel as Nogo-66 receptor antibody delivery system for the repairing of injured rat brain: in vitro.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 102 (1), 13-22 (2005).</li><li>Keshaw, H., Forbes, A., Day, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Release+of+angiogenic+growth+factors+from+cells+encapsulated+in+alginate+beads+with+bioactive+glass.">Release of angiogenic growth factors from cells encapsulated in alginate beads with bioactive glass.</a> Biomaterials. 26 (19), 4171-4179 (2005).</li><li>Baharvand, H., Hashemi, S. M., Kazemi Ashtiani, S., Farrokhi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+into+hepatocytes+in+2D+and+3D+culture+systems+in+vitro.">Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes in 2D and 3D culture systems in vitro.</a> The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 50 (7), 645-652 (2006).</li><li>Cameron, K., Travers, P., Chander, C., Buckland, T., Campion, C., Noble, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+osteogenic+differentiation+of+human+mesenchymal+stem/precursor+cells+on+silicate+substituted+calcium+phosphate.">Directed osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/precursor cells on silicate substituted calcium phosphate.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 101 (1), 13-22 (2013).</li><li>Pernagallo, S., Unciti-Broceta, A., Diaz-Mochon, J. J., Bradley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+cellular+morphology+and+biocompatibility+using+polymer+microarrays.">Deciphering cellular morphology and biocompatibility using polymer microarrays.</a> Biomedical Materials. 3 (3), 034112 (2008).</li><li>Li, Z., Guo, X., Matsushita, S., Guan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+cardiosphere-derived+cells+into+a+mature+cardiac+lineage+using+biodegradable+poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)+hydrogels.">Differentiation of cardiosphere-derived cells into a mature cardiac lineage using biodegradable poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels.</a> Biomaterials. 32 (12), 3220-3232 (2011).</li><li>Tare, R. S., Khan, F., Tourniaire, G., Morgan, S. M., Bradley, M., Oreffo, R. O. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microarray+approach+to+the+identification+of+polyurethanes+for+the+isolation+of+human+skeletal+progenitor+cells+and+augmentation+of+skeletal+cell+growth.">A microarray approach to the identification of polyurethanes for the isolation of human skeletal progenitor cells and augmentation of skeletal cell growth.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (6), 1045-1055 (2009).</li><li>Khan, F., Tare, R. S., Kanczler, J. M., Oreffo, R. O. C., Bradley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+cell+manipulation+and+skeletal+tissue+engineering+using+high-throughput+polymer+blend+formulation+and+microarray+techniques.">Strategies for cell manipulation and skeletal tissue engineering using high-throughput polymer blend formulation and microarray techniques.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (8), 2216-2228 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+thermoresponsive+and+chemically+defined+hydrogel+for+long-term+culture+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">A thermoresponsive and chemically defined hydrogel for long-term culture of human embryonic stem cells.</a> Nature Communications. 4 (1335), (2013).</li><li>Medine, C. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+high-fidelity+hepatotoxicity+models+from+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Developing high-fidelity hepatotoxicity models from pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 2 (7), 505-509 (2013).</li><li>Hay, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbiased+screening+of+polymer+libraries+to+define+novel+substrates+for+functional+hepatocytes+with+inducible+drug+metabolism.">Unbiased screening of polymer libraries to define novel substrates for functional hepatocytes with inducible drug metabolism.</a> Stem Cell Research. 6 (2), 92-102 (2011).</li><li>Lucendo-Villarin, B., Khan, F., Pernagallo, S., Bradley, M., Iredale, J. P., Hay, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+hepatic+stem+cell+gene+expression+on+biological+and+synthetic+substrata.">Maintaining hepatic stem cell gene expression on biological and synthetic substrata.</a> BioResearch Open Access. 1 (1), 50-53 (2012).</li><li>Hay, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+differentiation+of+hESCs+to+functional+hepatic+endoderm+requires+ActivinA+and+Wnt3a+signaling.">Highly efficient differentiation of hESCs to functional hepatic endoderm requires ActivinA and Wnt3a signaling.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34), 12301-12306 (2008).</li><li>Szkolnicka, D., Zhou, W., Lucendo-Villarin, B., Hay, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pluripotent+Stem+Cell&#8211;Derived+Hepatocytes:+Potential+and+Challenges+in+Pharmacology.">Pluripotent Stem Cell&#8211;Derived Hepatocytes: Potential and Challenges in Pharmacology.</a> Annu Rev Pharmecol Toxicol. 53, 147-149 (2013).</li><li>Szkolnicka, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+prediction+of+drug-induced+liver+injury+using+stem+cell-derived+populations.">Accurate prediction of drug-induced liver injury using stem cell-derived populations.</a> Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 3 (2), 141-148 (2014).</li><li>Medine, C. N., Lucendo-Villarin, B., Zhou, W., West, C. C., Hay, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+Generation+of+Hepatocyte-like+Cells+from+Human+Embryonic+Stem+Cell+Populations.">Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (56), (2011).</li><li>Freed, L. E., Vunjak-Novakovic, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+of+organized+cell+communities.">Culture of organized cell communities.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 33 (1-2), 15-30 (1998).</li><li>Braam, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+Vitronectin+Is+a+Functionally+Defined+Substrate+That+Supports+Human+Embryonic+Stem+Cell+Self-Renewal+via+&#945;V&#946;5+Integrin.">Recombinant Vitronectin Is a Functionally Defined Substrate That Supports Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal via &#945;V&#946;5 Integrin.</a> Stem Cells. 26 (9), 2257-2265 (2008).</li><li>Rodin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+culturing+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+on+laminin-521/E-cadherin+matrix+in+defined+and+xeno-free+environment.">Clonal culturing of human embryonic stem cells on laminin-521/E-cadherin matrix in defined and xeno-free environment.</a> Nature Communications. 5 (3195), (2014).</li><li>Thaburet, J. -. F. O., Mizomoto, H., Bradley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Throughput+Evaluation+of+the+Wettability+of+Polymer+Libraries.">High-Throughput Evaluation of the Wettability of Polymer Libraries.</a> Macromolecular Rapid Communication. 25 (1), 336-370 (2003).</li><li>Lim, J. Y., Donahue, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Sensing+and+Response+to+Micro-+and+Nanostructured+Surfaces+Produced+by+Chemical+and+Topographic+Patterning.">Cell Sensing and Response to Micro- and Nanostructured Surfaces Produced by Chemical and Topographic Patterning.</a> Tissue Engineering. 13 (8), 1879-1891 (2007).</li><li>Teixeira, A. I., Abrams, G. A., Bertics, P. J., Murphy, C. J., Nealey, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+contact+guidance+on+well-defined+micro-+and+nanostructured+substrates.">Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro- and nanostructured substrates.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 116 (10), 1881-1892 (2003).</li><li>Biggs, M. J. P., Richards, R. G., Wilkinson, C. D. W., Dalby, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focal+adhesion+interactions+with+topographical+structures:+a+novel+method+for+immuno-SEM+labelling+of+focal+adhesions+in+S-phase+cells.">Focal adhesion interactions with topographical structures: a novel method for immuno-SEM labelling of focal adhesions in S-phase cells.</a> Journal of Microscopy. 231 (1), 28-37 (2008).</li><li>Karuri, N. W., Porri, T. J., Albrecht, R. M., Murphy, C. J., Nealey, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-+and+microscale+holes+modulate+cell-substrate+adhesion,+cytoskeletal+organization,+and+-beta1+integrin+localization+in+SV40+human+corneal+epithelial+cells.">Nano- and microscale holes modulate cell-substrate adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, and -beta1 integrin localization in SV40 human corneal epithelial cells.</a> IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience. 5 (4), 273-280 (2006).</li><li>Hamilton, D. W., Brunette, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+substratum+topography+on+osteoblast+adhesion+mediated+signal+transduction+and+phosphorylation.">The effect of substratum topography on osteoblast adhesion mediated signal transduction and phosphorylation.</a> Biomaterials. 28 (1), 1806-1819 (2007).</li><li>Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L., Discher, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+elasticity+directs+stem+cell+lineage+specification.">Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 677-689 (2006).</li><li>Dang, J. M., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myogenic+Induction+of+Aligned+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cell+Sheets+by+Culture+on+Thermally+Responsive+Electrospun+Nanofibers.">Myogenic Induction of Aligned Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets by Culture on Thermally Responsive Electrospun Nanofibers.</a> Advanced Materials. 19 (19), 2775-2779 (2007).</li><li>Azevedo, E. C., Nascimento, E. M., Chierice, G. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UV+and+gamma+irradiation+effects+on+surface+properties+of+polyurethane+derivate+from+castor+oil.">UV and gamma irradiation effects on surface properties of polyurethane derivate from castor oil.</a> Pol&#237;meros. 23 (3), 305-311 (2013).</li><li>Rosu, L., Cascaval, C. N., Ciobanu, C., Rosu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+UV+radiation+on+the+semi-interpenetrating+polymer+networks+based+on+polyurethane+and+epoxy+maleate+of+bisphenol+A.">Effect of UV radiation on the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane and epoxy maleate of bisphenol A.</a> Journal of Photochemistry and Photobilogy A: Chemistry. 169 (2), 177-185 (2005).</li><li>Yang, X. F., Tallman, D. E., Bierwagen, G. P., Croll, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blistering+and+degradation+of+polyurethane+coatings+under+different+accelerated+weathering+tests.">Blistering and degradation of polyurethane coatings under different accelerated weathering tests.</a> Polymer Degradation and Stability. 77 (1), 103-109 (2002).</li></ol>

YSS STK, FibromEd Ürünler Ltd Direktörü, kurucusu ve FibromEd Ürünleri Ltd MB ve JPI bir hissedar olan kurucu ortaklar olduğunu

Kök hücrelerden hepatositleri üretmek için kullanılan mevcut yöntemlerin çoğu hayvan menşeli tanımlanmamış matrisler dayanır. Bu alt-tabakalar uygulama için önemli bir engel temsil eden hücre fonksiyonu ve stabilitesini etkileyen, pahalı ve son derece değişken olabilir. Bu nedenle, kök hücre elde edilen hepatositlerin kültürünü destekleyen sentetik malzemeler için bir ekran ısırttı. Biz belirledik, sağlam bir hepatosit farklılaşma yaklaşımı ile kombinasyon halinde PHNGAD, MDI ve bir ge...

Biyolojik maddeler, yaygın olarak, pluripotent kök hücreleri 1 bakım ve farklılaşması kullanılmıştır. Sağlarken, bu biyolojik substratların tanımlanmamış bileşenlerin sayısız içerir. Matrigel kök hücre kültürü ve farklılaşması için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir alt-tabakadır. Ne yazık ki, değişken bileşim hücre fonksiyonu fenotipi etkiler. Alternatif, daha tanımlı biyolojik matris çeşitli 2-7 kullanılıyor olsa, onların hayvansal kökenli veya kötü ölçeklenebilirlik onlara endüstriyel üretimi için uygun bir aday haline getiriyor. Bu nedenle, kök hücre araştırmalarında önemli hedefler tanımlanır kompozisyon ve güvenilir performansı ile sentetik alternatifleri, kimlik vardır. Tanımsız hücre kültürü yüzeylerin sınırlamaları aşmak için bir girişim, kimya ve biyoloji arasında disiplinler arası işbirliği hücre fenotipi desteklemek için kapasite ile sentetik malzemeler tespit ettik. Synthetik yüzeyler, etkili ölçeklenebilir maliyet ve in vivo ortamda taklit, karmaşık 3D yapılarına imal edilebilir. Bu özelliklere bağlı olarak, sentetik alt-tabakalar, çoğu hücre tipinde yaygın olarak 8-10 farklılaşmasını desteklemek ve sürmek için kullanılmıştır. Gelişmiş ve yüksek kapasiteli testler büyük kütüphanelerinden, sentetik malzemelerin hızlı tarama kolaylaştırdı ve biyomedikal araştırma ve geliştirme 11-13 geniş uygulamaları ile esnek özelliklere sahip yeni malzemeler teslim ettik. Yüksek verim, polimer mikro-dizi tarama teknolojisini kullanarak, hızla insan kök hücresi elde edilen hepatositlerin bakımı için uygun olan basit bir poliüretan (PU134), tespit. Bu polimer, hepatosit farklılaşımı ve fonksiyon 14-16 ile ilgili olarak, hayvan kaynaklı alt tabakalara üstün olduğu bulunmuştur. Biz sonradan etkilerini erişmek için kaplama koşulları, topografya ve sterilizasyon işlemini optimizehepatosit fonksiyonları ve ömrünü stabilize polimer performansı. Bu hücre tabanlı modelleme ve rejeneratif tıp uygulamalarında hepatosit biyolojinin temel anlayış açısından önemli etkileri vardır. Burada anlatılan teknoloji sentetik bir polimerin yüzey hücre fenotipi korumak için optimize edilebilir nasıl bir örneğini temsil eder. Verimli bir serumsuz hepatosit farklılaşma protokol ile bu teknolojinin kombinasyonu in vitro olarak modelleme ve rejeneratif tıpta kullanım için hepatosit ölçeklenebilir üretim sağlamak için bir potansiyele sahip olduğuna inanıyoruz.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Synthesis, preparation, coating and characterization of polymer PU134 coated coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>Edmun B&#252;hler</td>
			<td>KS-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Irradiator</td>
			<td>CIS Biointernational</td>
			<td>IBL 637&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater</td>
			<td>Specialty Coating System</td>
			<td>&#160;P-6708</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>XL30CPSEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atomic Force Microscope</td>
			<td>DimensionV Nanoscope, VEECO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p4-GLO CYP3A4</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V8902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV bulb</td>
			<td>ESCO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoScope analysis software</td>
			<td>VEECO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>version 1.20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>TH45200</td>
			<td>Use Volocity 4 Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>Corning, UK&#160;</td>
			<td>3527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass slides</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>MIC3308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>93171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;1,6-hexanediol</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>240117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neopentyl glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>408255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adipic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>9582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anhydrous N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>227056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl ether</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>676845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>titanium (IV) butoxide&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>244112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,4-butanediol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>493732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum oven</td>
			<td>Thermoscientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4,4&#8217;-Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>101688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofurane</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputter coater</td>
			<td>Bal-Tec SCD 050</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inmunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer saline (-MgCl2, -CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010031</td>
			<td>&#160;Store at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBST, PBS made up with 0.1% TWEEN 20&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160; Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd</td>
			<td>EC607&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>&#160; Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd</td>
			<td>CHE5010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOWIOL 488 DAPI</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>475904</td>
			<td>Made up in Tris HCL and glycerol as per manufacturers instructions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell culture and Functional assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CYP3A activity pGLO kit</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V8902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepatozyme</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17705021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TryLE express</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/12604013">12604013</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stabilizing hepatocellular phenotype using optimized synthetic surfaces

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing and maintaining primary and pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. While biological matrices are useful, they permit short term culture of hepatocytes, limiting their widespread application. We have attempted to overcome the limitations using a synthetic polymer coating. Polymers represent one of the broadest classes of biomaterials and possess a wide range of mechanical, physical and chemical properties, which can be fine-tuned for purpose. Importantly, such materials can be scaled to quality assured standards and display batch-to-batch consistency. This is essential if cells are to be expanded for high through-put screening in the pharmaceutical testing industry or for cellular based therapy. Polyurethanes (PUs) are one group of materials that have shown promise in cell culture. Our recent progress in optimizing a polyurethane coated surface, for long-term culture of human hepatocytes displaying stable phenotype, is presented and discussed.

Polimer çözücü polimer kaplanmış bir yüzey topografisi etkiler Poliüretan 134 tek başına ya da toluen ya da tetrahidrofuran ya da diklorometan ve cam slaytlar farklı formülasyonlar ile kaplı dönüşü ile kombinasyon halinde, kloroform içinde çözüldü. Tarama elektron mikroskopi (SEM) ve atomik kuvvet mikroskopisi (AFM) (Şekil 1) polimer kaplamaların fiziksel özelliklerini karakterize etmek için kullanıldı. Toluen veya kloroform kulla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces at JoVE.com

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Bu makalede, uzun vadede polimer kaplı yüzeylere geliştirilmesi üzerinde durulacak, kök hücre istikrarlı kültür, insan hepatositleri türetilmiş.

Optimize Sentetik Yüzeyler Hepatosellüler Fenotip kullanma Stabilize

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing ...

stabilizing-hepatocellular-phenotype-using-optimized-synthetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

10.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Edinburgh.  Bu makalede, uzun vadede polimer kaplı yüzeylere geliştirilmesi üzerinde durulacak, kök hücre istikrarlı kültür, insan hepatositleri türetilmiş. 

Video: Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell differentiation into osteoblasts, thus stimulating healing and de novo bone formation. The clinical use of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in conjunction with scaffolds has raised recent controversies, based on the mode of presentation and the amount to be delivered. The protocol presented here provides a simple and efficient way to deliver BMP-2 for in vitro studies on cells. We describe how to form a self-assembled monolayer consisting of a heterobifunctional linker, and show the subsequent binding step to obtain covalent immobilization of rhBMP-2. With this approach it is possible to achieve a sustained presentation of BMP-2 while maintaining the biological activity of the protein. In fact, the surface immobilization of BMP-2 allows targeted investigations by preventing unspecific adsorption, while reducing the amount of growth factor and, most notably, hindering uncontrolled release from the surface. Both short- and long-term signaling events triggered by BMP-2 are taking place when cells are exposed to surfaces presenting covalently immobilized rhBMP-2, making this approach suitable for in vitro studies on cell responses to BMP-2 stimulation.

We describe a method for accomplishing efficient immobilization of BMP-2 on surfaces. Our approach is based on the formation of a self-assembled monolayer to achieve the covalent binding of BMP-2 via its free amine residues. This method is a useful tool to study signaling at the cell membrane.

Kovalent Öz-monte tabakalı Yaklaşım Kullanarak Yüzeyler üzerinde BMP-2 bağlanması

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell ...

Kimya

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and lignin. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process which relies on the assembly of oppositely charged molecules from aqueous solutions was used to build a freestanding composite film of isolated wood polymers of lignin and oxidized nanofibril cellulose (NFC). To facilitate the assembly of these negatively charged polymers, a positively charged polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammomium chloride) (PDDA), was used as a linking layer to create this simplified model cell wall. The layered adsorption process was studied quantitatively using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The results showed that layer mass/thickness per adsorbed layer increased as a function of total number of layers. The surface coverage of the adsorbed layers was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complete coverage of the surface with lignin in all the deposition cycles was found for the system, however, surface coverage by NFC increased with the number of layers. The adsorption process was carried out for 250 cycles (500 bilayers) on a cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. Transparent free-standing LBL assembled nanocomposite films were obtained when the CA substrate was later dissolved in acetone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fractured cross-sections showed a lamellar structure, and the thickness per adsorption cycle (PDDA-Lignin-PDDA-NC) was estimated to be 17 nm for two different lignin types used in the study. The data indicates a film with highly controlled architecture where nanocellulose and lignin are spatially deposited on the nanoscale (a polymer-polymer nanocomposites), similar to what is observed in the native cell wall.

The objective of this research was to form synthetic plant cell wall tissue using layer-by-layer assembly of nanocellulose fibrils and isolated lignin assembled from dilute aqueous suspensions.&#160; Surface measurement techniques of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy were used to monitor the formation of the polymer-polymer nanocomposite material.

Nanocellulose, Lignin Fabrikasyon Serbest duran Filmler ve Sentetik polikatiyon: Biomimicking Wood Doğru

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and ...

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using conventional synthesis techniques. Coupling soft landing with in situ characterization using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) enables analysis of well-defined surfaces under clean vacuum conditions. The capabilities of three soft-landing instruments constructed in our laboratory are illustrated for the representative system of surface-bound organometallics prepared by soft landing of mass-selected ruthenium tris(bipyridine) dications, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = bipyridine), onto carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled monolayer surfaces on gold (COOH-SAMs). In situ time-of-flight (TOF)-SIMS provides insight into the reactivity of the soft-landed ions. In addition, the kinetics of charge reduction, neutralization and desorption occurring on the COOH-SAM both during and after ion soft landing are studied using in situ Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR)-SIMS measurements. In situ IRRAS experiments provide insight into how the structure of organic ligands surrounding metal centers is perturbed through immobilization of organometallic ions on COOH-SAM surfaces by soft landing. Collectively, the three instruments provide complementary information about the chemical composition, reactivity and structure of well-defined species supported on surfaces.

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of novel materials. Coupled with analysis by in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), soft landing provides unprecedented insights into the interactions of well-defined species with surfaces.

Kütle-Seçilen İyonlar Yumuşak İniş Hazırlayan İyi tanımlanmış Yüzeyler Yerinde SIMS ve IR spektroskopisi

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using ...

Synthetic Methodology for Asymmetric Ferrocene Derived Bio-conjugate Systems via Solid Phase Resin-based Methodology

Early detection is a key to successful treatment of most diseases, and is particularly imperative for the diagnosis and treatment of many types of cancer. The most common techniques utilized are imaging modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Topography (PET), and Computed Topography (CT) and are optimal for understanding the physical structure of the disease but can only be performed once every four to six weeks due to the use of imaging agents and overall cost. With this in mind, the development of &#8220;point of care&#8221; techniques, such as biosensors, which evaluate the stage of disease and/or efficacy of treatment in the clinician&#8217;s office and do so in a timely manner, would revolutionize treatment protocols.1 As a means to exploring ferrocene based biosensors for the detection of biologically relevant molecules2, methods were developed to produce ferrocene-biotin bio-conjugates described herein. This report will focus on a biotin-ferrocene-cysteine system that can be immobilized on a gold surface.

The synthesis of asymmetric species of ferrocene is challenging using solution techniques. This report focuses on the methods carried out to produce a ferrocene-biotin bioconjugate using facile and clean reactions accomplished via solid-phase synthesis. Incorporation of a thiolate moiety is shown to impart the ability for immobilization on gold surfaces.

Katı Faz Reçine-tabanlı Metodoloji aracılığıyla Asimetrik Ferrosen Türetilmiş Bio-konjuge Sistemleri Sentetik Metodoloji

Early detection is a key to successful treatment of most diseases, and is particularly imperative for the diagnosis and treatment of many types of cancer. ...

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Protein alignments are commonly used to evaluate the similarity of protein residues, and the derived consensus sequence used for identifying functional units (e.g., domains). Traditional consensus-building models fail to account for interpositional dependencies &#8211; functionally required covariation of residues that tend to appear simultaneously throughout evolution and across the phylogentic tree. These relationships can reveal important clues about the processes of protein folding, thermostability, and the formation of functional sites, which in turn can be used to inform the engineering of synthetic proteins. Unfortunately, these relationships essentially form sub-motifs which cannot be predicted by simple &#8220;majority rule&#8221; or even HMM-based consensus models, and the result can be a biologically invalid &#8220;consensus&#8221; which is not only never seen in nature but is less viable than any extant protein. We have developed a visual analytics tool, StickWRLD, which creates an interactive 3D representation of a protein alignment and clearly displays covarying residues. The user has the ability to pan and zoom, as well as dynamically change the statistical threshold underlying the identification of covariants. StickWRLD has previously been successfully used to identify functionally-required covarying residues in proteins such as Adenylate Kinase and in DNA sequences such as endonuclease target sites.

Synthetic protein sequences based on consensus motifs typically ignore co-evolving residues, that imply interpositional dependencies (IPDs). IPDs can be essential to activity, and designs that disregard them may result in suboptimal results. This protocol uses StickWRLD to identify IPDs and help inform rational protein design, resulting in more efficient results.

Sentetik Proteinlerin Optimizasyon: interpozisyonel bağımlılıklar belirlenmesi Yapısal belirten ve / veya Fonksiyonel Bağlantılı tortular

Protein alignments are commonly used to evaluate the similarity of protein residues, and the derived consensus sequence used for identifying functional ...

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-functionalized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction. Radioiodination of the stannylated precursor (2) was carried out by using [125I]NaI and chloramine T as an oxidant at room temperature for 15 min. After HPLC purification of the crude product, the purified 125I-labeled azide (1) was obtained with high radiochemical yield (75 &plusmn; 10%, n = 8) and excellent radiochemical purity (&gt;99%). For the synthesis of radiolabeled 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles, the DBCO-functionalized gold nanoparticles (3) were prepared by using a thiolated polyethylene glycol polymer. A copper-free click reaction between 1 and 3 gave the 125I-labeled gold nanoparticles (4) with more than 95% of radiochemical yield as determined by radio-thin-layer chromatography (radio-TLC). These results clearly indicate that the present radiolabeling method using a strain-promoted copper-free click reaction will be useful for the efficient and convenient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-containing nanomaterials.

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

A detailed procedure for the synthesis of a 125I-labeled azide and the radiolabeling of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-group-conjugated, 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction is described.

Bir Kullanarak Altın Nanopartiküller Verimli Radyoaktif bir Optimize Protokolü<sup&gt; 125</sup&gt; I-etiketli Azid Protez Grubu

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient ...

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and other border protection agencies globally. Color testing is a presumptive identification technique indicating the presence or absence of a particular drug class using rapid and uncomplicated chemical methods. Owing to their relatively recent emergence, a color test for the specific identification of synthetic cathinones is not currently available. In this study, we introduce a protocol for the presumptive identification of synthetic cathinones, employing three aqueous reagent solutions: copper(II) nitrate, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine) and sodium acetate. Small pin-head sized amounts (approximately 0.1-0.2 mg) of the suspected drugs are added to the wells of a porcelain spot plate, and each reagent is then added dropwise sequentially before heating on a hotplate. A color change from very light blue to yellow-orange after 10 min indicates the likely presence of synthetic cathinones. The highly stable and specific test reagent has the potential for use in the presumptive screening of unknown samples for synthetic cathinones in a forensic laboratory. However, the nuisance of an added heating step for the color change result limits the test to laboratory application and decreases the likelihood of an easy translation to field testing.

Here we present a simple, inexpensive, and selective chemical spot test protocol for the detection of synthetic cathinones, a class of new psychoactive substances. The protocol is suitable for use in various areas of law enforcement that encounter illicit material.

Renk sentetik Cathinones hızlı tespiti için meşru bir araç olarak nokta testi

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and ...

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group analysis as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This tutorial demonstrates methods for optimization of the sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis of synthetic polymers using MALDI-TOF MS. Critical parameters during sample preparation include the selection of the matrix, identification of an appropriate cationization salt, and tuning the relative proportions of the matrix, cation, and analyte. The acquisition parameters, such as mode (linear or reflector), polarization (positive or negative), acceleration voltage, and delay time, are also important. Given some knowledge of the chemistry involved to synthesize the polymer and optimizing both the data acquisition parameters and the sample preparation conditions, spectra should be obtained with sufficient resolution and mass accuracy to enable the unambiguous determination of the end groups of most homopolymers (masses below 10,000) in addition to the repeat unit mass and the overall molecular weight distribution. Though demonstrated on a limited set of polymers, these general techniques are applicable to a much wider range of synthetic polymers for determining mass distributions, though end group determination is only possible for homopolymers with narrow dispersity.

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

A protocol for the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) characterization of synthetic polymers is described including the optimization of sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis.

Matris ile sentetik polimerler karakterizasyonu Lazer Desorpsiyon iyonlaşma zaman uçuş (MALDI-TOF) kütle spektrometresi destekli

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group ...

Light-driven Molecular Motors on Surfaces for Single Molecular Imaging

The design and synthesis of a synthetic system that aims for the direct visualization of a synthetic rotary motor at the single molecule level on surfaces are demonstrated. This work requires careful design, considerable synthetic effort, and proper analysis. The rotary motion of the molecular motor in solution is shown by 1H NMR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy techniques. In addition, the method to graft the motor onto an amine-coated quartz is described. This method helps to gain more insight into molecular machines.

The manuscript describes how to synthesize and graft a molecular motor on surfaces for single molecular imaging.

Işık odaklı moleküler motorlar yüzeylerde tek moleküler görüntüleme için

The design and synthesis of a synthetic system that aims for the direct visualization of a synthetic rotary motor at the single molecule level on surfaces ...

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of materials is highly related to its photocatalytic performance, it is necessary to standardize the synthetic methods in order to obtain the most functional architectures and, thus, the highest photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we report a reliable route to obtain BiOI microspheres via the solvothermal process, using Bi(NO3)3 and potassium iodide (KI) as precursors, and ethylene glycol as a template. The synthesis is standardized in a 150 mL autoclave, at 126 &#176;C for 18 h. This results in 2-3 &#181;m-sized mesoporous microspheres, with a relevant specific surface area (61.3 m2/g). Shortening the reaction times in the synthesis results in amorphous structures, while higher temperatures lead to a slight increase in the porosity of the microspheres, with no effect in the photocatalytic performance. The materials are photo-active under UV-A/visible light irradiation for the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in water. This method has demonstrated to be effective in interlaboratory tests, obtaining similar BiOI microspheres in Mexican and Chilean research groups.

This article describes a synthetic method to obtain bismuth oxyiodide microspheres, which are highly functional to perform the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants, such as ciprofloxacin, in water under UV-A/visible light irradiation.

Bizmut Oxyiodide mikroküreler çok fonksiyonel su Depuration Fotokatalitik işlemleri için elde etmek için bir Facile sentetik yöntemi

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of ...