Yazarlar mali destek SMA NINDS, FightSMA ve aileleri kabul etmek istiyoruz. Segl NINDS eğitim bursu # 5T32NS077984-02 tarafından desteklenmektedir.

Protokolde belirtilen tüm işlemler Ohio Devlet Üniversitesi Hayvan Kullanım ve Bakım komitesi (IACUC) Enstitüsü onaylanmıştır. Çalışma alanı hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Çöp, bir mikroskop, 90 ° enjeksiyon (bir ışık kaynağı kullanımı bir açıyla yerleştirilmiş bir ışık kaynağından barajı ayırmak için, boş bir kafes fare yavrular uyutmak için ıslak buz toplamak &#160; enjeksiyon yerinde açı ven), enjeksiyon için hayvan yerleştirmek için temiz bir yüzey, pamuklu, 3/8 &quot;30 G iğne (hayvan başına) ve% 1 Evans Blue Dye ile 3/10 cc insülin şırınga (gizlemektedir eğitim için fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS)) çözeltisi ile yapılır. </li><li> Yavrular işlenirken ayrı bir kafese baraj çıkarın. </li></ol> 2. Enjeksiyon Yöntemi <ol><li> Hayvan uyutmak için 30-60 saniye boyunca ıslak buz üzerinde doğrudan bir tek yavru yerleştirin. T bırakmayınnedeniyle ventriküler fibrilasyon, doku hipoksi ve metabolik asidoz dahil hipotermi ile ilişkili komplikasyonların riski çok uzun buz üzerinde o hayvan. NOT: tecrübemiz 30-60 saniyelik bir enjeksiyonu sağlamak için yavru hareketleri yavaş için yeterli olmasıdır. Derin anestezi gerekiyorsa, bu tür 1-2 izofluran% olarak inhalantların uygun olabilir. </li><li> Hayvan buz üzerinde iken, Evans mavi boya, 30 ul şırınga yükleyin. </li><li> Hayvan tamamen uyuşturulduktan zaman, hala nefes alırken buz üzerinde hareket eksikliği tarafından onaylandıktan mikroskop altında hareket ettirin. Sağ elli bir enjeksiyon için sağa hayvanın ağzını yüz. Kulak tomurcuk parmağı ve orta parmak (Şekil 1) arasında olacak şekilde kulak tomurcuk namlu ve sol orta parmak kuyruğu üzerinde sol işaret parmağını yerleştirin. </li><li> Sadece cilt manipüle edildiğinde hareket yüzeysel kılcal için kulak tomurcuk ön Schulabschluss. Bu kılcal Ancak, hedef değilkimlik zamansal damar tanınmasında önemlidir. Sonra, ne olursa olsun cilt pozisyon sabit kalır kılcal aşağı bir karanlık, karanlık ven bulun. Temporal damar, gölgeli görünür dorsal ventral çalışır ve juguler ven (Şekil 1) beslenir. </li><li> Iğne konik yukarı zamansal ven girin. Doğru takılırsa, o iğne konik deri yoluyla kan ile doldurmak görmek mümkündür. Sonra yavaş yavaş piston bastırın ve not yüzün tarafında aşağı ven beyazlaşma. </li><li> Iğne injectant geri akmasını önlemek için ilave bir 10-15 saniye ven içinde kalmasını sağlar. </li></ol> 3. Post-enjeksiyon <ol><li> Uygun bir enjeksiyondan sonra, yavru hemen mavi dönmelidir. İğneyi çıkarın ve kan pıhtıları kadar enjeksiyon yerinde bir pamuklu bir bez uygulamak için yumuşak güç kullanmayın. </li><li> Sıkıntı belirtileri yavru izleyin. Yavru 2-3 dk kurtarmak ve yeniden ısıt için izin ver, ryavru kafesine dönmeden önce, bilinçli dik ve hareketli olduğunda ecognize. Kupa araştırmacının eldivenli elinde yavrular gerekirse kazanılmasında yardımcı uygun sıcaklık sağlamak için. Alternatif olarak, enjekte yavru ısınma kolaylaştırmak için evde kafes altında bir ısıtma yastığı yerleştirin. Genellikle, bir Evans mavisi enjeksiyonundan sonra, yavrular euthanize. Test malzemesi enjekte ederken boya dahil etmeyin. </li><li> Geri eve kafese yavru yerleştirin ve yavru baraj tarafından reacceptance sağlamak için yatak ve / veya nestlet ile kaplanmış olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Sterilite korumak için her yavru için yeni bir şırınga ve pamuklu çubuk kullanın. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nature. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li><li>Dominguez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+scAAV9+delivery+of+a+codon-optimized+SMN1+sequence+rescues+SMA+mice.">Intravenous scAAV9 delivery of a codon-optimized SMN1 sequence rescues SMA mice.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 681-693 (2011).</li><li>Rahim, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+AAV2/9+to+the+fetal+and+neonatal+mouse+leads+to+differential+targeting+of+CNS+cell+types+and+extensive+transduction+of+the+nervous+system.">Intravenous administration of AAV2/9 to the fetal and neonatal mouse leads to differential targeting of CNS cell types and extensive transduction of the nervous system.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 25, 3505-3518 (2011).</li><li>Foust, K. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+neonatal+intravascular+injections:+modeling+newborn+disease.">Murine neonatal intravascular injections: modeling newborn disease.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS. 46, 50-54 (2007).</li><li>Glascock, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+therapeutic+agents+through+intracerebroventricular+(ICV)+and+intravenous+(IV)+injection+in+mice.">Delivery of therapeutic agents through intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous (IV) injection in mice.</a> J. vis. Exp. (56), (2011).</li><li>Sands, M. S., Barker, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+intravenous+injection+in+neonatal+mice.">Percutaneous intravenous injection in neonatal mice.</a> Laboratory animal science. 49, 328-330 (1999).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+heart+failure+in+the+SMNDelta7+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+and+correction+by+postnatal+scAAV9-SMN+delivery.">Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 3895-3905 (2010).</li><li>Valori, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+scAAV9+expressing+SMN+prolongs+survival+in+a+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Systemic delivery of scAAV9 expressing SMN prolongs survival in a model of spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Science translational medicine. 2, (2010).</li><li>Foust, K. D., Poirier, A., Pacak, C. A., Mandel, R. J., Flotte, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+intraperitoneal+or+intravenous+injections+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+type+8+transduce+dorsal+root+ganglia+and+lower+motor+neurons.">Neonatal intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 8 transduce dorsal root ganglia and lower motor neurons.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 19, 61-70 (2008).</li><li>Guggenbuhl, P., Grosbois, B., Chales, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaucher+disease.">Gaucher disease.</a> Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 75, 116-124 (2008).</li><li>Daly, T. M., Vogler, C., Levy, B., Haskins, M. E., Sands, M. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+systemic+clinical+disease+in+MPS+VII+mice+following+AAV-mediated+neonatal+gene+transfer.">Prevention of systemic clinical disease in MPS VII mice following AAV-mediated neonatal gene transfer.</a> Gene Ther. 8, 1291-1298 (2001).</li><li>Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Juvenile+neuronal+ceroid+lipofuscinoses.">Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.</a> Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 724, 138-142 (2012).</li><li>Forsythe, E., Beales, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bardet-Biedl+syndrome.">Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a> European journal of human genetics. 21, 8-13 (2013).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+gene+delivery+in+large+species+for+targeting+spinal+cord,+brain,+and+peripheral+tissues+for+pediatric+disorders.">Systemic gene delivery in large species for targeting spinal cord, brain, and peripheral tissues for pediatric disorders.</a> Mol Ther. 19, 1971-1980 (2011).</li><li>Yardeni, T., Eckhaus, M., Morris, H. D., Huizing, M., Hoogstraten-Miller, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retro-orbital+injections+in+mice.">Retro-orbital injections in mice.</a> Lab animal. 40, 155-160 (2011).</li><li>Saunders, N. R., Joakim Ek, C., Dziegielewska, K. 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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Merkezi sinir sistemine veya tüm vücutta maddelerin damar yoluyla verilmesi hastalık yenidoğan sıçan modellerinde zordur. Açıklanan protokol intravenöz minimal teçhizatı gereksinimleri ile yenidoğan farelerin içine çözümleri yönetmek için hızlı, nispeten non-invaziv bir yoludur. Zamansal yüz damar çıplak gözle görülebilir rağmen, enjeksiyonlar özellikle bir unpracticed enjektör, mikroskop ve fiber-optik ışık kaynağı kullanımı ile daha doğru olabilir. Yenidoğan farelerde damar içine...

Pediatrik hastalığı olan kemirgen modellerinde merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS) için terapötiklere teslimi bir sorundur. Model yenidoğan hastalık durumları doğrudan merkezi sinir sistemi içinde uygun yapıların enjekte etmek zor olabilir, bu nedenle cılız ve gelişimsel olgunlaşmamış ve olduğunu fareler. Terapötik maddelerin damar içi enjeksiyonu CNS 1-5 ve 3,5-9 retinanın da dahil olmak üzere bütün vücuda hücreleri, uyuşturucu ya da viral vektörler sunmak için invazif olmayan, iyi tolere edilen bir yöntemdir. Önceki yayınlar bir diseksiyon mikroskobu 11,12 olmadan, bir transilluminator 10,11 kullanarak zamansal yüz damar enjeksiyonu tarif veya iki birey gerektiren 10 enjekte etmek. Tek tek yavrular enjekte edebilir ve ışık kaynağı zamansal damar, yavru değen bir sabit yüzeye göre bir ameliyat bandı duyulan ihtiyacı ya da bir yavru yapışmalarını ortadan kaldırmamaktadır görüntülemek için, bu protokol açıklanan enjeksiyon tekniği avantajlıBir transilluminator 11 gibi. Farelerde adeno-ilişkili viral vektör serotip 9 (AAV9) teslim beyin ve omurilik (Şekil 1) boyunca nöronlar ve astrositlerde sağlam ifadesini üretir. Yüzeysel zamansal yüz damar içine viral vektörlerin damar yoluyla verilmesi güvenilir bir çocuk nöromüsküler bozukluğun spinal kas atrofisi (SMA) 2,4,13,14 tedavi etmek için yeni doğan farelerin çeşitli çalışmalarda kullanılan ve sonunda tedavi edilen farelerin ömrünü arttırılmıştır. Neonatal farelerin damar içi enjeksiyonu, aynı zamanda etkin bir şekilde, periferal sinir sistemi ve periferal organların (Şekil 2) hedefler. AAV enjeksiyonunun ardından, dorsal kök gangliyon, karaciğer, kalp, iskelet kası, akciğer, gut miyenterik pleksus transdüksiyon 1,3,6,7,15 gözlenmiştir. MSS ve çevrenin yaygın transdüksiyon küresel ifadesini gerektiren hastalıklar için enjeksiyon bu ideal yöntem yaparBu tür Gaucher hastalığı 16 ve diğer lizozomal depo hastalıkları 17,18, geçinmek hastalığı ve ilişkili nöronal seroıd lipofuksinoz, 19 ve Bardet-Biedl sendromu, erken çocukluk 20 meydana gelen belirtilerle başlayan bir genetik multisistemik bozukluk gibi bir transgen. Yenidoğan farelere damar içi enjeksiyonu, aynı zamanda modelleme sistem genelinde çocuk hastalıkları için yeni bir metod olarak kabul edilmelidir. Bu teknik büyük hayvan modellerinde 5,21 için tercüme edilmiştir ve damar içi enjeksiyon zaten terapötikleri teslim klinik olarak kabul edilebilir bir yöntem olarak var. Geçerli protokol doğum sonrası 2. gün Enjeksiyon daha geç yüzeysel zamansal yüz damar yoluyla yenidoğan farelere ajanları sunan basit, etkili bir yöntem tanımlayan bir tek tamamlanabilir, bireysel uygulanan ve iyi yavrular ve barajlar ikisi tarafından iyi tolere edilir. Yavrular az sıkıntı yaşayabilirsiniz ve hızlı bir şekilde kurtarmak. ImportanTLY, Başarılı bir enjeksiyon olarak uygulanan maddenin küresel uygulanmasına neden olur. Bu protokol, viral vektörler, yeni doğmuş farelerin farmasötik maddelerin veya bir hücre sağlanması için uygun değildir.

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			<td style="width:103px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thinpro Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Terumo</td>
			<td>SS30M3009</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">3/10cc, 3/8&#34; needle, 30G, 1 per mouse</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Evans Blue Dye</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2129</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Dilute to 1% with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fiber Optic Light Source&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-562-36</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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intravenous injections in neonatal mice

İntravenöz enjeksiyon, terapötikleri sunmak için bir klinikte uygulanabilir tarzıdır. Yetişkin kemirgenler ve büyük hayvanlar için, intravenöz enjeksiyon teknik olarak mümkün ve rutin vardır. Ancak, bazı fare modelleri potansiyel tedavilerin uygulanması zorlaştırır hızlı ilerlemesi ile hastalığının erken başlangıçlı olabilir. Temporal (veya yüz) ven sadece farelerde kulak tomurcuk ön ve bir mikroskop kullanarak başın iki tarafında doğumdan sonra da açıkça ilk iki gün boyunca görünür durumdadır. Bu pencerede, zamansal damar 50 ul hacme kadar enjekte edilebilir. Enjeksiyonu güvenli ve iyi yavrular ve barajlar ikisi tarafından tolere edilir. Tipik bir enjeksiyon yöntemi yavru kafese bunun ardından 1-2 dakika içinde tamamlanır. Üçüncü doğum sonrası gün ven görselleştirmek için zordur ve enjeksiyon prosedür teknik güvenilmez hale gelir. Bu teknik, adeno-ilişkili virüs (AAV) Vect verilmesi için kullanılmaktadırbu da seçilen viral serotip bağlı olarak hayvanın yaşam için yaklaşık vücut geniş dengeli transgen ekspresyonunu sağlayabilir ORS.

Uygun bir enjeksiyon sırasında, damar anlık açık veya blanch dönmelidir. Boya enjekte Eğer tüm yavru saniye içinde mavi dönmelidir. Bir yanlış enjeksiyon meydana gelmiş ise, genellikle enjeksiyon yerinde dışarı sızabilir baş veya boyun ve injectant bir konsantre subkutan bolus var. Yanlış enjeksiyonları da boğaz çevresinde morarma görünüme neden olabilir. (Enjeksiyon tam ven teslim edilmedi yani) genellikle hiçbir kötü yan etkileri karşılaşabilirsiniz ve düzgün enjekte fareler ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Pediatrik hastalığın hayvan modelleri erken başlangıçlı ve agresif hastalığın ilerlemesini yaşayabilirsiniz. Klinik genç fare modelleri ile ilgili tedavi teslimat teknik olarak zor olabilir. Bu protokol, yaşamın ilk iki doğum sonrası gün içinde yeni doğmuş fareler için invazif olmayan bir damar içi enjeksiyon yöntemi tarif etmektedir.

Yenidoğan Farelerde intravenöz enjeksiyonlar

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

57.8K Görüntüleme.  Ohio State University.  Pediatrik hastalığın hayvan modelleri erken başlangıçlı ve agresif hastalığın ilerlemesini yaşayabilirsiniz. Klinik genç fare modelleri ile ilgili tedavi teslimat teknik olarak zor olabilir. Bu protokol, yaşamın ilk iki doğum sonrası gün içinde yeni doğmuş fareler için invazif olmayan bir damar içi enjeksiyon yöntemi tarif etmektedir. 

Video: Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

Farelerde Heterotopik Kalp Nakli

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Biyoloji

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Farelerde Küçük Bağırsak Nakli

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 TAC initially leads to compensated hypertrophy of the heart, which often is associated with a temporary enhancement of cardiac contractility. Over time, however, the response to the chronic hemodynamic overload becomes maladaptive, resulting in cardiac dilatation and heart failure.2 The murine TAC model was first validated by Rockman et al.1, and has since been extensively used as a valuable tool to mimic human cardiovascular diseases and elucidate fundamental signaling processes involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response and heart failure development. When compared to other experimental models of heart failure, such as complete occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, TAC provides a more reproducible model of cardiac hypertrophy and a more gradual time course in the development of heart failure. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform surgical TAC in mice. To determine the level of pressure overload produced by the aortic ligation, a high frequency Doppler probe is used to measure the ratio between blood flow velocities in the right and left carotid arteries.3, 4 With surgical survival rates of 80-90%, transverse aortic banding is an effective technique of inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in mice.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

Farelerde Enine Aort Konstrüksiyon

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

Farelerde ambulatuvar EKG Kaydı

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography.  We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.

We describe a technique of microinjecting the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, into 2 days post-fetilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). We also describe a method for whole mount immunohistochemistry, plastic embedding and sectioning of zebrafish larvae to visualize the AKI mediated damage.

Akut Böbrek Sakatlık Eğitim Zebra balığı Larva İntravenöz Microinjections

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Yenidoğan Fareler Pulmoner Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Kültür

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

İzolasyon ve Kültür Yenidoğan Fare kardiyomiyositlerin

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

Yenidoğan fareler ile Pulmoner Arter Düz Kas Hücre İzolasyonu

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

Farelerde Hızlı noninvaziv Lomber İntratekal enjeksiyon yoluyla Vivo siRNA&#39;nın Transfaksiyon ve Omurilik Gen demonte olarak

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.