Biz sinek stokları sağlamak için Bloomington Drosophila Stok Merkezi&#39;ne teşekkür ederiz. Biz de antikorlar sağlamak için Gelişim Çalışmaları Hibridoma Bankası ve Dr. Lynn Cooley (Yale Üniversitesi) teşekkür ederim. Özel bir teşekkür yazının üzerine ona yardım için AhHyun Yoo gider. Bu çalışma Doğa Bilimleri ve Kanada&#39;nın Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi (Krieger), William ve Ada Isabelle Çelik Fonu (Krieger) ve Kanada Sağlık Araştırma Enstitüleri (Harden) hibe ile desteklenmiştir.

1. Vücut Duvar Hazırlık . NOT: Daha önce Brent ve arkadaşları 10, ya da Ramachandran ve Budnik ağacının 11,12 tarif edildiği gibi (vücut duvarı kasları innerve NMJs bir çalışma için), üçüncü evre larvaların gövde duvarları hazırlanması ancak bazı tadilatlar ile, gerçekleştirildi. <ol><li> Teşrih <ol><li> Standart prosedürler kullanılarak 13 beş-altı gün boyunca 25 ° C&#39;de sinek stokları ve haçlar kaldırın. </li><li> İnce forseps kullanarak şişeleri ya da şişe Üçüncü dönem larva tarama seçin. </li><li> Herhangi bir gıda parçacıkları çıkarmak için fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) ihtiva eden küçük bir Petri kabındaki larvaları yıkayın. </li><li> Sylgard diske tek larva yerleştirilir ve buz soğukluğunda PBS birkaç damla içinde bırakın. Buz gibi soğuk PBS işlemek için daha kolay hale larva stun yardımcı olacaktır kullanma. Diseksiyon boyunca, hazırlık her zaman kurumasını önlemek için PBS batmış olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> La yerleştirindorsal tarafı, iki trakea yolları bir mikroskop (Şekil 2A) altında görünür şekilde yukarı bakacak şekilde RVA. Forseps kullanarak, bir minutien pimi kavramak spiracles (Şekil 2B) yakınında arka ucunda larva aşağı pin. Başka bir iğne ile, ağız kanca yakın ön ucundaki manikür delip. Yavaşça, sonra boyuna larva germek (Şekil 2B) aşağı pin. </li><li> Mikrodissek- makas kullanarak, küçük bir açıklık oluşturmak için pin yakın arka ucunu çimdik. kesi sadece manikür geçmesine yeterli yüzeysel olmalıdır. </li><li> İki trakea yolları (Şekil 2C) arasındaki dorsal orta hat uzunluğu boyunca kesilmiş, kesi içine makas alt bıçak ucu yerleştirilmesi. Ventral vücut duvarı kasları zarar vermemek için keserken hafifçe yukarı doğru makas bıçakları yöneltin. </li><li> Biraz mesaja ön bir küçük yatay kesi yapmakeriorly yerleştirilmiş pim (Şekil 2C). Benzer başka bir kesi biraz öne yerleştirilmiş pim (Şekil 2C) posterior olun. kesiler sadece manikür geçmelidir. NOT: Bir benzemelidir kombine adımlar 1.1.7 ve 1.1.8 üç kesiler &quot; <img fo:content-width="0.09in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52139/52139_letter_I.jpg" width="15px" /> Tamamlandığında &quot;, yani, larva vücudunun sırt tarafında bir sol ve sağ kanat imal edilmelidir. </li><li> Dikkatle forseps ile iç organları dışarı temizleyin. PBS birkaç damla kuvvetli ekleme, larva vücut dışına organları yerinden böylece daha kolay bunları kaldırmak için yapım yardımcı olacaktır. Vücut duvarı kasları zarar verir gibi larva vücudu alay kaçının. </li><li> Açık larva vücudu fora ve aşağı köşeleri (Şekil 2B) pin. Iğneleme zaman eşit olarak gerilmiş bir dikdörtgen oluşturmak üzere yatay ve dikey olarak gövde duvarını streç (see Şekil şekil için 2G), dikkat çekici sürecinde vücut duvarı kasları gözyaşı değil. </li><li> Kalan iç organları (Şekil 2E) kaldırarak bitirin. </li></ol></li><li> Sabitleme ve Permeabilization <ol><li> Bouin Çözüm birkaç damla tutturulmuş beden duvarları daldırın. Buz üzerinde 15 dakika süreyle inkübe edin. Seçenek olarak ise, alternatif bir sabitleyici olarak% 4 paraformaldehit (PFA) kullanır; 30 dakika kuluçkada bırakın. </li><li> Triton Fosfat Tamponu Tuzlu Su (PBT) ile üç kez yıkayın. </li><li> Ince forseps kullanarak, dikkatli işaretçilerine kaldırmak ve bir silikonlu 0.65 ml mikrosantrifüj tüp içine köşesinden beden duvarları aktarın. </li><li> PLA için hazır olana kadar 4 ° C&#39;de PBT gövde duvarı saklayın. En iyi sonuçlar için, bir gün veya diseksiyon iki içinde beden duvarları immün başlar. NOT: reaktif tasarruf etmek ve tüm vücut duvarları tahlil sırasında eşit muamele sağlamak için, farklı genotip tek yerleştirilebilirtüp. Genotipleri (örnekler için Şekil 2F bakınız) farklı beden duvarları köşelerini keserek ayırt edilebilir. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. İmmünohistokimya Not:. Üçüncü instar larva gövde duvarlarının immün önce Brent ve diğerleri, 14 ve Ramachandran ve Budnik ağacının 11&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi gerçekleştirildi, ancak bazı değişiklikler 11,14 ile yapıldı. NOT: Aksi belirtilmedikçe, oda sıcaklığında ve yumuşak çalkalama ile tüm adımları. <ol><li> Bloke etme <ol><li> 10 dakika her PBT ile üç kez vücut duvarları yıkayın. </li><li> 1 saat süre ile% 1 Sığır Serum Albümini (BSA) ile bloke edin. </li></ol></li><li> Immün <ol><li> İlgili iki proteinlere karşı fare, tavşan, birincil antikorlar ile gövde duvarı inkübe, oda sıcaklığında 2 saat, ya da gece boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de (% 1 BSA içinde seyreltilmiş). 250 tavşan a: Bu durumda, 01:10 Fare anti-Dlg 1 kullanımınti-HtsM 15,16. Olmayan fare ya da tavşan yapılır markerlere karşı antikorlar da dahil edilebilir - örneğin 1 kullanın: 200 keçi anti-HRP nöronal membranları araştırmak. </li><li> 10 dakika her PBT ile üç kez yıkayın. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 2 saat, ya da gece boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de (% 1 BSA içinde seyreltilmiş) ile markalama maddeleri tespit etmek için florofor-konjuge sekonder antikor ile inkübe edin. Keçi anti-HRP antikoru saptamak için 200, FITC-konjuge anti-keçi, örn: 1 kullanmak - PLA sinyali, daha sonra kırmızı bir florofor ile görüntülenmiştir, başka bir flüorofor işaretleyici tespit etmek için kullanılmalıdır. Nedeniyle ışığa duyarlı reaktiflerin kullanılması ile, Bu noktadan itibaren karanlıkta tüpleri tutun. NOT: PLA konfokal mikroskobu altında kırmızı kanalda görsel sinyal ile, fare ve tavşan büyüdü primer antikorlar arasında gerçekleştirilecek için kullanılan kiti izin verir. Arzu edildiği takdirde, diğer kitleri deney primadonnanın ile yapılması için izin vardırry antikorlar diğer türlerde kaldırdı, ve sinyal diğer kanallar görsel. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Proximity ligasyon Testi NOT: Aksi belirtilmedikçe, oda sıcaklığında ve yumuşak çalkalama ile tüm adımları. <ol><li> PLA Sondalar <ol><li> 10 dakika her PBT ile üç kez vücut duvarları yıkayın. </li><li> 37 ° C&#39;de 2 saat süre ile (5 seyrelti,% 1 BSA içinde, her biri 1) PLA probları ile inkübe edin. Bu durumda, 5-10 gövde duvarlarının doğru daldırma ve karışmasını sağlamak için PLA sistemi anti-fare eksi 40 ul, PLA sistemi anti-tavşan PLUS 40 ul% 1 BSA, 120 ul kullanın. PLA bir prob 1:25 seyreltme kadar devam (bu deney için, yani,) uygun bir sinyal-gürültü oranı elde edilmesine neden olabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Ligasyon <ol><li> 5 dakika her biri için iki kez Yıkama Tampon A ile gövde duvarı yıkanır. </li><li> 1 saat için a bağlama çözeltisi (bağlama tamponu içinde Ligase 1:40 seyreltme) ile inkübeT, 37 ° C&#39;dir. Bu durumda, 5-10 gövde duvarlarının doğru daldırma ve karışmasını sağlamak için Ligase 5 ul, 5 ligasyonu tampon maddesi 40 ul ve yüksek saflıkta su 155 ul kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Amplifikasyon <ol><li> 2 dakika her iki Yıkama Tampon A ile beden duvarları yıkayın. </li><li> 37 ° C&#39;de 2 saat boyunca amplifikasyon solüsyonu (Amplifikasyon tamponu Polimeraz 1:80 seyreltme) ile inkübe edin. Bu durumda, 5-10 gövde duvarlarının doğru daldırma ve karışmasını sağlamak için Polimeraz 2.5 ul 5 Amplifikasyon tamponu 40 ul ve yüksek saflıkta su 157,5 ul kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Görüntüleme için hazırlık <ol><li> 10 dakika her biri için iki kez Yıkama Tampon B ile gövde duvarı yıkanır. </li><li> 1 dakika boyunca bir kez 0.01x Yıkama Tampon B ile yıkayın. </li><li> Montaj önce en az 30 dakika boyunca monte çözeltisinin bir kaç damlası dengeye ya da 4 ° C&#39;de bir gece boyunca muhafaza ediniz. </li><li> Ince forseps kullanarak, dikkatli bir platformu slayt w üzerine beden duvarları aktarmaki kendi tırnak etlerini aşağı bakacak. Satır ve mountant bir damla ya da iki içinde aynı yönde beden duvarları yerleştirin. Daha sonra şeffaf tırnak cilası ile slayt mühür, hava kabarcıkları üretmek için değil hazırlık alarak bakım üzerinde 22 mm x 40 mm lamel yerleştirin. </li><li> Konfokal görüntüleme için hazır olana kadar -20 ° C&#39;de karanlıkta slaytlar saklayın. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu rapor PLA Drosophila larva NMJ uygulanabilir gösterilmiştir. Deney NMJ endojen protein-protein etkileşimlerini tespit etmek amacıyla larva vücut duvarı kaslarında gerçekleştirilir. Bu teknik ile, Dlg ve Hts birbirine yakın olması ve bu nedenle, özellikle postsinaptik bölge 27&#39;de, bir kompleks içinde bulunması gösterilmektedir. Bu sonucun desteklemek, bir önceki çalışmada aşağıdaki verileri ile dernek kanıtlar sunmuştur: Dlg ve Hts immünoreaktif dağılımları larva N...

Büyük Drosophila Diskler (DLG), plazma membranının belirli bölgelerde büyük protein komplekslerinin montaj orkestra yardımcı proteinleri iskele ve zara bağlı guanilat kinaz ailesinin bir korunmuş üyesidir. Bir tümör baskılayıcı protein, Dlg epitel apicobasal polarite 1,2,3 önemli bir belirleyicisi olarak hizmet gibi Başlangıçta belirledi. Dlg da larva gelişimi 4 sırasında glutamaterjik motor nöron nöromüsküler bileşke (NMJ) bir ana iskele modülü olarak hizmet vermektedir. Dlg larva NMJ farklı roller oynar ve onun pleyotropizm birden proteinler 5,6 ile ilişkilendirmek için kendi yeteneklerine bağlıdır. Böyle bir protein, Hu-Li Tai shao (HTS), esas olarak, 7 hücre iskeleti aktin-spektrin düzenlemedeki rolleri ile ilgili olarak tarif edilmiştir, memeli adducins bir homologudur. Daha önce Dlg ve Hts, in vitro göre birbirleri ile bir kompleks meydana getirebilir gösterilmiştir </em&gt; Bütün yetişkin sinek lizatlarını 8 içeren ko-immünopresipitasyon deneyleri. Bu sonuçların bir eksiklik, ancak, bu karmaşık formlar göstermemektedir olmasıdır. Immünhistokimyasal kullanımı ile, Dlg ve Hts dağılımları larva NMJs postsinaptik membran üst üste görülmektedir, ancak bu bölgede 8 bir kompleks vardır? Son zamanlarda gösterilen ve daha burada ayrıntılı olarak, Proximity ligasyon Testi (PLA) larva NMJ 27 de özellikle Dlg ve Hts arasındaki in situ dernek bir bakmak için kullanılır. PLA çok yerinde 9, protein-protein etkileşimlerini tespit edebilir, hücre ve doku kültürü içinde kullanılan nispeten yeni bir tekniktir. Bu deneyde, ilgi konusu iki protein karşı birincil antikor türe spesifik antikorlarla bir çift tespit edilir, oligonükleotidlere konjüge olduğu PLA problar olarak adlandırılan (Şekil 1A, B). İki protein halindes, bağlı PLA sondaları arasındaki mesafe iki ek bağlayıcı oligonükleotidler (Şekil 1C) melezlenmesi ile köprülenebilir (nanometre bir kaç on içindeki) birbirine yakın temas içindedir. Bu uyum, bağlayıcı oligonükleotidler serbest uçları, her biri bir diğeri ile temas için yeterince yakın olan ve bir kapalı dairesel bir DNA molekülü, in situ ligasyon (Şekil 1D) üzerine oluşturulabilir. dairesel bir DNA molekülü PLA probları (Şekil 1E) konjüge edilmiş oligonükleotidlerin bir kişi tarafından hazırlanmış olan yerinde yuvarlanan çember amplifikasyonu için bir şablon olarak hizmet vermektedir. Elde edilen çoğaltılmış, concatemeric DNA ürününün içinde sekanslar daha sonra floresan etiketli tamamlayıcı oligonükleotid prob (Şekil 1F) ile görselleştirilebilir. Yükseltilmiş DNA PLA problarının bir protein-protein etkileşimi withi hücre içi lokalizasyonu bağlı kalır yanana doku kolayca tespit edilebilir. Çeşitli yöntemler yaygın olarak, ko-immünopresipitasyon olarak in vitro teknikler de dahil olmak üzere protein-protein etkileşimlerini tespit (-aşağı çekme deneyleri ve maya iki-hibrid eleme ve bu Förster Rezonans Enerji Transferi (FRET) ve Biyomoleküller Floresan tamamlama gibi in vivo teknikler kullanılır BiFC). In vitro teknikler hatadır etkileşimi endojen nerede oluştuğunu Anılan in vivo teknikleri kendi endojen meslektaşları yerli davranışını yansıtmıyor olabilir füzyon proteinlerinin yapay ifadesini içerir iken onlar, tespit kalmamasıdır. PLA bir avantaj da FR karşılaştırılabilir olan bir sinyal üretmek için gerekli olan yakınlık derecesine sahip, bir doku içinde, birbirine çok yakın olan ve büyük olasılıkla bir kompleks oluşturan endojen protein uygulayıcı hücre içi lokalizasyonu belirleme kapasitesine sahip olmasıdırET ve BiFC. PLA nedeniyle antikor tanıma ve DNA amplifikasyonu bağlanması yüksek özgüllük ve duyarlılık ile etkileşimleri algılayabilir. Böylece, tahlil etkileşim kesin konumunu ortaya puncta şeklinde ayrık, parlak sinyaller üretebilir. Buna ek olarak, zor görülen antijenler tespit edilebilir. Son olarak, PLA gerçekleştirmek için nispeten basit bir tekniktir ve tamamlamak için standart bir immünohistokimyasal prosedürde daha uzun sürer. Bu nedenle, PLA genellikle uzun hazırlık süreleri ve kapsamlı sorun giderme ile boğulmuş diğer protein-protein etkileşimleri deneyleri üzerinde bir teknik avantaj sağlar. Bu protokol, PLA yerinde endojen protein-protein etkileşimlerini tespit etmek amacıyla, Drosophila larva NMJ uygulanabilir gösterilmiştir. Burada, PLA Dlg ve Hts gerçekten NMJs postsinaptik bölgede bir kompleks var olduğu gösterilmiştir larva vücut duvarı kas hazırlıkları yapılır. PLA önce larva NMJ incelemek için kullanılan olmamıştır, ve Drosophila dokusunda bu testte kullandık yayınlanan bildiri sadece bir avuç şu anda vardır. Bu Drosophila topluma PLA daha pozlama başka, daha yaygın olarak kullanılan protein-protein etkileşimleri deneyleri tamamlamak için ek bir araç olarak artan kullanımı neden olacağı ümit edilmektedir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="630">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:211px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:211px;">Forceps (fine #5)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Almedic</td>
			<td>A10-704</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="133">
			<td height="133" style="height:133px;width:211px;">Sylgard Disc</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>SYLG184</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Mix elastomer base and curing agent in a 10:1 ratio. Set for 30 min. Pour into a mold (e.g. use a 12-well cell culture plate). Let cure for at least 24 hr. Adhere to the lid of a 60x15mm petri dish lid when dissecting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">Minutien Pins (0.0125 mm tip diameter)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:211px;">Microdissection Scissors (ultra fine)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15200-00</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="95">
			<td height="95" style="height:95px;width:211px;">Platform Slides</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Glue two 22x22mm coverslips onto a microscope slide with clear nail polish, leaving a &#60;20mm gap in between for sample mounting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="95">
			<td height="95" style="height:95px;width:211px;">w1118</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">3605</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="95">
			<td height="95" style="height:95px;width:211px;">hts01103</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">10989</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stock was re-balanced over a GFP balancer so that homozygous mutants can be selected based on the absence of GFP signal.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="76">
			<td height="76" style="height:76px;width:211px;">1x PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline): 3mM NaH2PO4, 7mM Na2HPO4, 130mM NaCl, pH 7.0</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">NaH2PO4 (Caledon Laboratories - 8180-1), Na2HPO4 (Caledon - 8120-1), NaCl (Caledon - 7560-1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">Bouin&#39;s Solution</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">HT10132</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="114">
			<td height="114" style="height:114px;width:211px;">4% PFA (Paraformaldehyde): 4% PFA in 1x PBS</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">PFA (Anachemia Science - 66194-300). See doi:10.1101/pdb.rec9959 Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2006 for instructions on how to make the solution.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:211px;">1x PBT (Phosphate Buffered Saline with Triton): 1x PBS with 0.01% Triton</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich - T8787)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">1% BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin): 1% BSA in 1x PBT</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BSA (Bioshop Canada - ALB001). Store at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:211px;">mouse anti-Dlg (Discs large)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>4F3</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Use at a 1:10 dilution in 1% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:211px;">rabbit anti-HtsM (Hu-li tai shao)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Provided by Dr. Lynn Cooley (Yale University). Use at a 1:250 dilution in 1% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="76">
			<td height="76" style="height:76px;width:211px;">rabbit anti-Pak (p21-activated kinase)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Provided by Dr. Nicholas Harden (Simon Fraser University). Use at a 1:500 dilution in 1% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:211px;">mouse anti-Wg (Wingless)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">4D4</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Use at a 1:5 dilution in 1% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">goat anti-Hrp (Horseradish peroxidase)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Jackson&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">123-065-021</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Use at a 1:200 dilution in 1% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">FITC-conjugated donkey anti-goat</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Jackson&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">705-095-003</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Use at a 1:200 dilution in 1% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">Duolink In Situ PLA Probe anti-mouse MINUS</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DUO92004</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">Duolink In Situ PLA Probe anti-rabbit PLUS</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DUO92002</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Red</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>DUO92008</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="76">
			<td height="76" style="height:76px;width:211px;">1x Wash Buffer A: 0.01M Tris, 0.15M NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DUO82049</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Tris (Caledon Laboratories - 8980-1), NaCl (Caledon - 7560-1), Tween 20 (Fisher Scientific - BP337)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:211px;">1x Wash Buffer B: 0.2M Tris, 0.1M NaCl, pH 7.5</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DUO82049</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Tris (Caledon Laboratories - 8980-1), NaCl (Caledon - 7560-1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:211px;">0.01x Wash Buffer B: 2mM Tris, 1mM NaCl, pH 7.5</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DUO82049</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Tris (Caledon Laboratories - 8980-1), NaCl (Caledon - 7560-1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:211px;">Duolink In Situ Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DUO82040</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of in situ protein-protein complexes at the drosophila larval neuromuscular junction using proximity ligation assay

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. Previous studies have shown that the postsynaptic distribution of Dlg at the larval NMJ overlaps with that of Hu-li tai shao (Hts), a homologue to the mammalian adducins. In addition, Dlg and Hts are observed to form a complex with each other based on co-immunoprecipitation experiments involving whole adult fly lysates. Due to the nature of these experiments, however, it was unknown whether this complex exists specifically at the NMJ during larval development.
Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) is a recently developed technique used mostly in cell and tissue culture that can detect protein-protein interactions in situ. In this assay, samples are incubated with primary antibodies against the two proteins of interest using standard immunohistochemical procedures. The primary antibodies are then detected with a specially designed pair of oligonucleotide-conjugated secondary antibodies, termed PLA probes, which can be used to generate a signal only when the two probes have bound in close proximity to each other. Thus, proteins that are in a complex can be visualized. Here, it is demonstrated how PLA can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval NMJ. The technique is performed on larval body wall muscle preparations to show that a complex between Dlg and Hts does indeed exist at the postsynaptic region of NMJs.

Yabani tip Üçüncü dönem larva NMJs ise, Dlg ağırlıklı tipi boutons mı daha Dlg immünoreaktivite düzeyleri tip Ib boutons daha belirgin olmak, tip I glutamaterjik boutons postsinaptik membranda bulunan (Şekil 3A) 4. Hts kas boyunca mevcut ama Hts immünoreaktivite düzeyleri hem tip I boutons eşit görünen ile postsinaptik bölgede yoğunlaşır ve aynı zamanda (Şekil 3A &#39;) 8,17 presynaptically bulunur. Dlg ve Hts dağılımları ölçüde posts...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay at JoVE.com

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

Bu protokol Proximity ligasyon Testi Drosophila larva nöromüsküler kavşakta yerinde protein-protein etkileşimleri tespit etmek için nasıl kullanılabileceğini gösteriyor. Bu teknikle, Diskler, büyük ve Hu-li tai shao postsinaptik bölgede bir kompleks, daha önce birlikte immunoprecipitation ile tespit dernek kurma gösterilmiştir.

Algılama<em&gt; In Situ</emEn&gt; Protein-protein kompleksleri<em&gt; Drosophila</emProximity ligasyon Testi Kullanımı&gt; Larva Nöromüsküler Junction

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval ...

detection-situ-protein-protein-complexes-at-drosophila-larval

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

13.0K Görüntüleme.  Simon Fraser University.  Bu protokol Proximity ligasyon Testi Drosophila larva nöromüsküler kavşakta yerinde protein-protein etkileşimleri tespit etmek için nasıl kullanılabileceğini gösteriyor. Bu teknikle, Diskler, büyük ve Hu-li tai shao postsinaptik bölgede bir kompleks, daha önce birlikte immunoprecipitation ile tespit dernek kurma gösterilmiştir. 

Video: Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

Visualization of Larval Segmental Nerves in 3rd Instar Drosophila Larval Preparations

Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a powerful model system for studying the development and function of the nervous system, particularly because of its convenient genetics and fully sequenced genome. Additionally, the larval nervous system is an ideal model system to study mechanisms of axonal transport as the larval segmental nerves contain bundles of axons with their cell bodies located within the brain and their nerve terminals ending along the length of the body. Here we describe the procedure for visualization of synaptic vesicle proteins within larval segmental nerves. If done correctly, all components of the nervous system, along with associated tissues such as muscles and NMJs, remain intact, undamaged, and ready to be visualized. 3rd instar larvae carrying various mutations are dissected, fixed, incubated with synaptic vesicle antibodies, visualized and compared to wild type larvae. This procedure can be adapted for several different synaptic or neuronal antibodies and changes in the distribution of a variety of proteins can be easily observed within larval segmental nerves.

Visualization of Larval Segmental Nerves in 3rd Instar Drosophila Larval Preparations

Drosophila melanogaster larvae provide an ideal model system to investigate the mechanisms of axonal transport within larval segmental nerves. Using this procedure, 3rd instar larvae carrying various mutations can be compared to wild type larvae.

3 Larvaların segmental sinirler Görselleştirme Rd Instar Drosophila Larvaların Hazırlıkları

Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a powerful model system for studying the development and function of the nervous system, particularly because of ...

Nörobilim

In vivo Visualization of Synaptic Vesicles Within Drosophila Larval Segmental Axons

Elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport has shown to be very important in determining how defects in long distance transport affect different neurological diseases. Defects in this essential process can have detrimental effects on neuronal functioning and development. We have developed a dissection protocol that is designed to expose the Drosophila larval segmental nerves to view axonal transport in real time. We have adapted this protocol for live imaging from the one published by Hurd and Saxton (1996) used for immunolocalizatin of larval segmental nerves. Careful dissection and proper buffer conditions are critical for maximizing the lifespan of the dissected larvae. When properly done, dissected larvae have shown robust vesicle transport for 2-3 hours under physiological conditions. We use the UAS-GAL4 method 1 to express GFP-tagged APP or synaptotagmin vesicles within a single axon or many axons in larval segmental nerves by using different neuronal GAL4 drivers. Other fluorescently tagged markers, for example mitochrondria (MitoTracker) or lysosomes (LysoTracker), can be also applied to the larvae before viewing. GFP-vesicle movement and particle movement can be viewed simultaneously using separate wavelengths.

In vivo Visualization of Synaptic Vesicles Within Drosophila Larval Segmental Axons

This protocol discusses the live dissection of Drosophila larvae for the purpose of imaging the movement of GFP tagged axonal vesicles on microtubule tracks.

Drosophila Larvaların segmental Aksonlar içinde Sinaptik veziküller in vivo Görselleştirme

Elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport has shown to be very important in determining how defects in long distance transport affect different ...

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The Drosophila larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila is well known for the ease of powerful genetic manipulations and the larval nervous system has proven particularly useful in studying not only normal function but also perturbations that accompany some neurological disease (Lloyd and Taylor, 2010). Many key synaptic molecules found in Drosophila are also found in mammals and like most CNS excitatory synapses in mammals, the Drosophila NMJ is glutamatergic and demonstrates activity-dependent remodeling (Kohet al. , 2000). Additionally, Drosophila neurons can be individually identified because their innervation patterns are stereotyped and repetitive making it possible to study identified synaptic terminals, such as those between motor neurons and the body-wall muscle fibers that they innervate (Keshishian and Kim, 2004). The existence of evolutionarily conserved synapse components along with the ease of genetic and physical manipulation make the Drosophila model ideal for investigating the mechanisms underlying synaptic function (Budnik, 1996).
The active zones at synaptic terminals are of particular interest because these are the sites of neurotransmitter release. NC82 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the Drosophila protein Bruchpilot (Brp), a CAST1/ERC family member that is an important component of the active zone (Waghet al. , 2006). Brp was shown to directly shape the active zone T-bar and is responsible for effectively clustering Ca2+ channels beneath the T-bar density (Fouquetet al. , 2009). Mutants of Brp have reduced Ca2+ channel density, depressed evoked vesicle release, and altered short-term plasticity (Kittelet al. , 2006). Alterations to active zones have been observed in Drosophila disease models. For example, immunofluorescence using the NC82 antibody showed that the active zone density was decreased in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (Ratnaparkhiet al. , 2008; Zweieret al. , 2009). Thus, evaluation of active zones, or other synaptic proteins, in Drosophila larvae models of disease may provide a valuable initial clue to the presence of a synaptic defect.
Preparing whole-mount dissected Drosophila larvae for immunofluorescence analysis of the NMJ requires some skill, but can be accomplished by most scientists with a little practice. Presented is a method that provides for multiple larvae to be dissected and immunostained in the same dissection dish, limiting environmental differences between each genotype and providing sufficient animals for confidence in reproducibility and statistical analysis.

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila melanogaster is an important model system for studying normal synaptic function as well as perturbations to synaptic function found in certain neurological diseases. We present a protocol for dissection of the Drosophila larval motor system and immunostaining for active zone proteins within the NMJ.

Aktif Bölgeleri Diseksiyon ve Görüntüleme Drosophila Nöromüsküler Junction

The Drosophila  larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila  is well known for ...

Sequential Photo-bleaching to Delineate Single Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system and has served as guiding model to study synaptic structure and function. In mouse NMJs motor axon terminals form pretzel-like contact sites with muscle fibers. The motor axon and its terminal are sheathed by SCs. Over the past decades, several transgenic mice have been generated to visualize motor neurons and SCs, for example Thy1-XFP1 and Plp-GFP mice2, respectively.
Along motor axons, myelinating axonal SCs are arranged in non-overlapping internodes, separated by nodes of Ranvier, to enable saltatory action potential propagation. In contrast, terminal SCs at the synapse are specialized glial cells, which monitor and promote neurotransmission, digest debris and guide regenerating axons. NMJs are tightly covered by up to half a dozen non-myelinating terminal SCs - these, however, cannot be individually resolved by light microscopy, as they are in direct membrane contact3.
Several approaches exist to individually visualize terminal SCs. None of these are flawless, though. For instance, dye filling, where single cells are impaled with a dye-filled microelectrode, requires destroying a labelled cell before filling a second one. This is not compatible with subsequent time-lapse recordings3. Multi-spectral "Brainbow" labeling of SCs has been achieved by using combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins4. However, this technique requires combining several transgenes and is limited by the expression pattern of the promoters used. In the future, expression of "photo-switchable" proteins in SCs might be yet another alternative5. Here we present sequential photo-bleaching, where single cells are bleached, and their image obtained by subtraction. We believe that this approach - due to its ease and versatility - represents a lasting addition to the neuroscientist's technology palette, especially as it can be used in vivo and transferred to others cell types, anatomical sites or species6.
In the following protocol, we detail the application of sequential bleaching and subsequent confocal time-lapse microscopy to terminal SCs in triangularis sterni muscle explants. This thin, superficial and easily dissected nerve-muscle preparation7,8 has proven useful for studies of NMJ development, physiology and pathology9. Finally, we explain how the triangularis sterni muscle is prepared after fixation to perform correlated high-resolution confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural examinations.

Visualizing individual cells in densely packed tissues, such as terminal Schwann cells (SCs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), is challenging. "Sequential photo-bleaching" allows delineating single terminal SCs, for instance in the triangularis sterni muscle explant, a convenient nerve-muscle preparation, where sequential bleaching can be combined with time-lapse imaging and post-hoc immunostainings.

Sıralı Nöromusküler Kavşağı&#39;nda Tek Schwann Hücreleri belirginleştiren Photo-beyazlatma

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

Içinde larvaların Devre Fonksiyonel Analiz Drosophila</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. Structural changes at the NMJ can result in neurotransmission failure, resulting in weakness, atrophy and even death of the muscle fiber. Many studies have investigated how genetic modifications or disease can alter the structure of the mouse NMJ. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to directly compare findings from these studies because they often employed different parameters and analytical methods. Three protocols are described here. The first uses maximum intensity projection confocal images to measure the area of acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-rich postsynaptic membrane domains at the endplate and the area of synaptic vesicle staining in the overlying presynaptic nerve terminal. The second protocol compares the relative intensities of immunostaining for synaptic proteins in the postsynaptic membrane. The third protocol uses Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to detect changes in the packing of postsynaptic AChRs at the endplate. The protocols have been developed and refined over a series of studies. Factors that influence the quality and consistency of results are discussed and normative data are provided for NMJs in healthy young adult mice.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is altered in a variety of conditions that can sometimes culminate in synaptic failure. This report describes fluorescence microscope-based methods to quantify such structural changes.

Nöromusküler Kavşak: Ölçme Synapse Boyut, Konfokal Floresan Mikroskobu kullanılarak sinaptik Protein Yoğunluk Parçalanma ve Değişiklikler

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

En fenotip Karakterizasyonu: Niceleme Matters Neden<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva Nöromüsküler Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) functionality plays a pivotal role when studying diseases in which the communication between motor neuron and muscle is impaired, such as aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we describe an experimental protocol that can be used to measure NMJ functionality by combining two types of electrical stimulation: direct muscle membrane stimulation and the stimulation through the nerve. The comparison of the muscle response to these two different stimulations can help to define, at the functional level, potential alterations in the NMJ that lead to functional decline in muscle.
Ex vivo preparations are suited to well-controlled studies. Here we describe an intensive protocol to measure several parameters of muscle and NMJ functionality for the soleus-sciatic nerve preparation and for the diaphragm-phrenic nerve preparation. The protocol lasts approximately 60 min and is conducted uninterruptedly by means of a custom-made software that measures the twitch kinetics properties, the force-frequency relationship for both muscle and nerve stimulations, and two parameters specific to NMJ functionality, i.e. neurotransmission failure and intratetanic fatigue. This methodology was used to detect damages in soleus and diaphragm muscle-nerve preparations by using SOD1G93A transgenic mouse, an experimental model of ALS that ubiquitously overexpresses the mutant antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1).

A functional assessment of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) can provide essential information on the communication between muscle and nerve. Here we describe a protocol to comprehensively evaluate both the NMJ and muscle functionality using two different muscle-nerve preparations, i.e. soleus-sciatic and diaphragm-phrenic.

Nöromüsküler kavşak işlevleri ölçme

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) functionality plays a pivotal role when studying diseases in which the communication between motor neuron and muscle is ...

Two Algorithms for High-throughput and Multi-parametric Quantification of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction Morphology

Synaptic morphology is tightly related to synaptic efficacy, and in many cases morphological synapse defects ultimately lead to synaptic malfunction. The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a well-established model for glutamatergic synapses, has been extensively studied for decades. Identification of mutations causing NMJ morphological defects revealed a repertoire of genes that regulate synapse development and function. Many of these were identified in large-scale studies that focused on qualitative approaches to detect morphological abnormalities of the Drosophila NMJ. A drawback of qualitative analyses is that many subtle players contributing to NMJ morphology likely remain unnoticed. Whereas quantitative analyses are required to detect the subtler morphological differences, such analyses are not yet commonly performed because they are laborious. This protocol describes in detail two image analysis algorithms "Drosophila NMJ Morphometrics" and "Drosophila NMJ Bouton Morphometrics", available as Fiji-compatible macros, for quantitative, accurate and objective morphometric analysis of the Drosophila NMJ. This methodology is developed to analyze NMJ terminals immunolabeled with the commonly used markers Dlg-1 and Brp. Additionally, its wider application to other markers such as Hrp, Csp and Syt is presented in this protocol. The macros are able to assess nine morphological NMJ features: NMJ area, NMJ perimeter, number of boutons, NMJ length, NMJ longest branch length, number of islands, number of branches, number of branching points and number of active zones in the NMJ terminal.

Two Algorithms for High-throughput and Multi-parametric Quantification of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction Morphology

Two image analysis algorithms, "Drosophila NMJ Morphometrics" and "Drosophila NMJ Bouton Morphometrics" were created, to automatically quantify nine morphological features of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

Yüksek throughput ve Çok parametrik Nicelik için iki Algoritmalar<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Nöromusküler Junction Morfoloji

Synaptic morphology is tightly related to synaptic efficacy, and in many cases morphological synapse defects ultimately lead to synaptic malfunction. The ...

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal macropatch recordings of synaptic currents from visualized boutons at the Drosophila larval NMJ. This technique requires customized fabrication of recording micropipettes, as well as a compound microscope equipped with a high magnification, long-distance water immersion objective, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, and a fluorescent attachment. The recording electrode is positioned on the top of a selected synaptic bouton visualized with DIC optics, epi-fluorescence, or both. The advantage of this technique is that it allows monitoring the synaptic activity of a limited number of sites of release. The recording electrode has&#160;a diameter of several microns, and the release sites positioned outside of the electrode rim do&#160;not significantly affect the recorded currents. The recorded synaptic currents have fast kinetics and can be readily resolved. These advantages are especially important for the studies of mutant fly lines with enhanced spontaneous or asynchronous synaptic activity.

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic currents can be recorded focally from visualized synaptic boutons at the Drosophila third instar larvae neuromuscular junction. This technique enables monitoring the activity of a single synaptic bouton.

Drosophila larva nöromüsküler kavşak sinaptik akımlardan Fokal Macropatch kayıtları

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal ...