The authors thank Dr. Lynda Partridge for the provision of advice and laboratory facilities.

Celi Line 1) hazırlanması: <ol><li> At FcεRI α ifade RBL-2H3.1 hücre çizgisi Geliştirme: <ol><li> 28: tek tabakalı hücre hatları için temel doku kültürü teknikleri kullanılarak, at FcεRIα gen (Y18204.1 Gen Bankası) taşıyan, pEE6 plasmidi kullanılarak ebeveyn RBL-2H3.1 hücreleri transfekte. 1.2 x10 7 hücreleri mi -1 yoğunluğunda hücreler 0.8 ml 2 ug plasmid DNA ug ul -1 ekleyin. Hemen ardından 10 dakika süreyle buz üzerinde inkübe 0.4 cm&#39;lik bir electrocuvette kullanılarak, 250 V 960 uF&#39;de hücrelerin elektroporasyonu. </li><li> Genetisin G418 sülfat 0.4 g içeren bir ortam kullanılarak dönüştürülmüş hücreler daha sonra da bir floresan IgE antikorları ile etiketleyerek FACS yoluyla geri kalan canlı hücreler sıralamak. Soruşturma 2, 3, at FcεRIα hücre hattı ifade edilen RBL-2H3.1 kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Ön testi, antikor hassasiyeti: <ol><li&gt; Hasat birleşen bir Petri kabı at FcεRIα hücrelerini ifade RBL-2H3.1. 5x10 hücre 5 mi -1 değerinde bir hücre yoğunluğu kültür ortamı içinde hücrelerin yeniden askıya yıkayın. </li><li> , 1 ng mL -1 nihai konsantrasyona kadar süspanse hücrelerine ilgi IgE ekleyin daha sonra sütun 1-6 bir 96 kuyulu bir levha üzerine hücre, 100 ul plaka ve 37 ° C ila +% 5 CO2 ile + 90% inkübe 16 saat süre bağıl nem. İnkübasyon süresinden sonra, ve salım deneyi gerçekleştirmeden önce, iyi bir karışmaya ve hücre yapışması için bir mikroskop altında kuyu edin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2) Salma Deneyi: <ol><li> Hücreleri Yıkama: <ol><li> Sıcak salınım tamponu 37 ° C &#39;de (25 mM PIPES, 120 mM sodyum klorür, 5 mM potasyum klorid, 0.04 mM magnezyum klorür, 1 mM kalsiyum klorür), nazik bir hücre yıkama için izin vermek. </li><li> Hücre ortamı çıkarmak için plaka iterek ve sıcak 100 ul ekleyerek 3 hücreleri yıkayın7 ° C, çıkış tamponu. Iki kez tekrarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Antigen ile karşılaşmadan: <ol><li> Antijenin bir seri seyreltme 0 ng ml -1, mililitre başına 0,1 ng mi -1, 1 ng mL -1, 10 ng mi -1, 100 ng mi -1 (NIP-HSA ve DNP-HSA), 1.000 ng ml hazırlayın -1, 10,000 ng açma tamponu mi -1 ve 37 ° C&#39;de ısıtın. </li><li> Ikinci hücre yıkamadan sonra, ortam atmak ve antijen çözümler 100 ul ile değiştirilir. Aynı sıradaki çukurlar (örneğin A1-6) &#39;ü ilave aynı antijen konsantrasyonu olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> 0 ng ml -1 antijeni ekleyerek satır A negatif kontrol kurmak. Triton-X tamponu (% 5 Triton X-100), H sırası hücreleri içinde hücreleri lize etmek için, ardından sıra (BG) aşağı doğru artan antijen konsantrasyonu ekleme, bir pozitif kontrol olarak kullanılır. 20 dakika sonra, hücreler, kendi aracıları bırakma izin vermek için 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Birey kontrolleri ayarlama: <ol><li> İnkübasyondan sonra, levha, diğer yarısı (kuyular A1-6 kuyu A7-12 için, vs.), hücre süpernatan 50 ul transfer. Süpernatant geri kalan 50 ul atın ve sütun 1-6 hücrelerin içindeki toplam aracıların yüzdesi de sütun 7-12 her serbest aracıların niceliğin ölçülmesini sağlamak için Triton-X tampon maddesi 50 ul ile değiştirin . </li></ol></li><li> Enzim alt-tabaka: </li><li> Β-heksosaminidaz alt-tabaka (50 mM 4-nitrofenil N-asetil-β-D-glükozaminit sitrat tamponu 0.2 M sitrik asit ve 0.2 M sodyum asetat ilave edilmesi ile 2 mM&#39;ye kadar seyreltilir DMSO içinde hazırlanmış, pH 4.5) 50 ul ekle Tüm oyuklara β-heksosaminidaz enzim ile 4-nitrofenol için alt-tabaka dönüşümünü kolaylaştırdı. 2 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 2.4.1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52222/52222fig241.jpg" width = &quot;400&quot; /&gt; <ol start="5"><li> Reaksiyonu Sonlandırma: <ol><li> Her bir ilave 150 ul Tris tamponu (1 M Tris-HCI, pH 9) ayrıca tampon yüksek pH ile reaksiyonu durdurun reaksiyonu durdurur ve bir sarı renk içine 4-nitrofenol döner. </li></ol></li><li> Sonuçları Okuma ve analiz: <ol><li> Sarı renk içine çekmeyi ölçmek üzere 405 nm &#39;de bir plakalı spektrofotometresi kullanılarak, plaka okuyun. Aşağıdaki formül kullanılarak serbest β-heksosamınıdaz yüzdesi hesaplanmıştır: </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Şekil 2.6.1" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52222/52222fig261.jpg" width="100" /><ol start="2"><li> Ortalama her satır için alınır sonra her kuyuya, bu formülü uygulayın. A1 ve A7 96 oyuklu bir plaka içerisinde kuyu konumunu temsil eder. Agai (toplam mediatör salınımı karşılık) β-heksosaminidaz salımının yüzde grafiğenst antijen konsantrasyonu 2, 3. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests in this paper.

Özetle bu soruşturmanın sonuçları at FcεRIα ifade RBL-2H3.1 hücreleri, bir antijen tarafından at IgE ile duyarlı ve meydan, onlar içinde arabulucu toplam miktarın% 4.88 ± 36,68% bir zirve mediatör salınımını vermek olduğunu gösterdi Hücreler, RBL-2H3.1 göre ana hücreler ekuin FcεRIα ifade değildir. Dolayısıyla, bu tahlil soruşturma ve in vitro at alerjik yanıtları incelemek için yararlı bir araç sağlar. Onun mast hücresi / bazofil soy hücreleri t...

Alerji bin beri bilinmektedir. Bir astım tedavisi Ebers Papirüs (~ 1550 BCE) olarak bilinen Antik Mısır tıbbi metinde açıklanan ve 7 tedavisinde bitkisel ilaçlar tartışıldı. Günümüzde alerji T yardımcı hücre tür 2 (T H 2), bağışıklık sistemi kolu alerjenler olarak adlandırılan, çevresel antijenlere yanıt olarak immünoglobülin E (IgE) antikorlarının üretimi yön, bir tip I hipersensitivite cevabı olarak sınıflandırılır. Bunlar yaygın olarak bağışıklık sistemi hücreleri ile etkileşen ve IgE sentezi, sigara dumanı ya da dizel egzoz parçacıklar içinde parçacıklar geliştirmek göstermemektedir gibi interlökin-4 ve interlökin-13 8, 9 da dahil olmak üzere sentez ve pro-inflamatuar sitokinlerin salgılanmasını uyaran çeşitli maddelerdir 10. Son 50 yılda sanayileşmiş ülkelerde alerjik belirtiler de artış etkisi bir arada atfedilmiştir&#39;Hijyen Hipotezi&#39; 11 tarafından önerilen TH 2 sitokinler tarafından baskın bir profil yönünde immün yanıtı kaydırmaya birleştirmek çevresel kirleticiler ve daha dezenfekte çevre için bir eğilim,. Yukarıda belirtildiği gibi, insanlar alerjiden muzdarip olan tek memeli değildir. Özellikle atlar ve köpekler de klasik alerjik tepkiler geliştirebilir ve at alerji genetik ve çevresel faktörlere atfedilen insanlarda olduğu gibi 12 tarafından bir çalışma olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu hayvanlar bir kez klinik bulgular koymuş alerji genetik ve çevresel nedenler, hastalığa karşı duyarlılık onun ilerlemesi ve olası müdahale stratejileri arasındaki etkileşimi incelemek için iyi modeller sunuyoruz 1887 yılında, Stömmer, at kardiyovasküler sistem üzerindeki histamin etkisi insan ve at astım 13 arasındaki benzerliği açıklamak için ilk kişi olduİnsanlarda 14 çok benzer. Atlar da 15 yıllık 115.000.000.000 $ ABD bir bahis cirosu ile değer US $ 72 milyar at yarışı endüstrisinin temel taşı vardır. En çağdaş yarış atları itibaren 1878 Lady Anne Blunt tarafından yetiştirilen Arap atları az sayıda torunlarıdır. Modern yarış atları yaygın performans yetenekleri seçmek için akrabası olan. Bunlar, allerjik tepkileri monte duyarlılıkları bunlardan biri genetik bozukluklar, yatkındır. Onlar da bile en ciddi alerjik insanlarda 16 1000 kat daha yüksek serum IgE seviyeleri var. At alerjik tepkiler genellikle böcek ısırığı hipersensitivitesi (IBH) 17, 18 olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sebebiyle sokması dermatit IBH sonuçlar cinsi Culicoides böcekler oluşturur. At alerjik hastalığın diğer bir şekli tekrarlayan solunum yolu tıkanmaları (RAO), bu akciğerlerde ve solunum yollarında tecelli olmasıdır. Hışıltı ve laboratuarı ile karakterizedirORed nefes. RAO sık mantar sporlarına tepki olarak ortaya çıkar ve başka bir soruşturma bu 20 teyit edilmemiş olmasına rağmen, yüksek alerjen spesifik IgE düzeyleri bir çalışmada 19 RAO muzdarip atların kaydedilmiştir. At alerjisi çalışmalar girişimi izlemeyi ve anti-at IgE monoklonal antikorları (mAb &#39;ler) 21, 22 geliştirerek ekuin IgE nötralize etrafında dönmektedir. Bundan başka, 23 tarafından yapılan çalışmada at yüksek afiniteli Fc reseptörün α hücre dışı etki üretimini tartışmaktadır at serumu IgE tespit etmek ve miktarını belirlemek için bir girişim zincirli (FcεRIα) reseptörü. Ledin 24 ile ilgili bir çalışma öz / non-self immünojenlerini kullanarak bağışıklık sistemini astarlanırsa serum IgE nötralize amaçlayan yeni bir yaklaşım anlatılmaktadır. Tüm bu çalışmalar, ancak, kendi protokollerinin güvenliğini ve etkinliğini test etmek etkili bir tahlil yoktu. Bu makalede, biz şimdi böyle bir tahlil sys sunmakβ-heksosaminidaz bırakma, hücre arabulucu degranülasyonunun bir göstergesi olarak, at FcεRIα ifade RBL-2H3.1 hücreleri üzerinde değerlendirilmiştir at sistemi ile ilgili tanı ve tedavi stratejilerinin çalışmaya uygulanabilir tem. Bu protokol, farklı türlerden elde edilen IgE için yüksek afinite reseptörünün IgE bağlama alanını kodlayan gen ile transfekte edilmiş, RBL hücrelerinde ve mühendislik tarif Önceki yayınlarda 25, 4, 5, 2, 3 dayanır. Protokol, sonuçları üçlü deneylerde standart sapma ± ortalama olarak sunulan bir β-heksosaminidaz salım deneyi gerçekleştirmek açıklar. Salınım testi ilk Siraganian tarafından geliştirilen ve insan alerji incelemek için 25 Hook edildi. Dr. Reuben Siraganian liderliğindeki laboratuar grubu da RBL hücre hattı geliştirdi. Bu RBL hücreler, insan FcεRIα ifade geliştirilmiş ve protokol 4 tarafından yayınlandı. Son parçasıDeney 4-hidroksi-3 hapten hedef bir IgE değişken bölgesi için bir fare geninin aşağısında ağır zincir genini klonlayarak, bir IgE antikorlarının üretimini tarif Neuberger 26 ile kağıt pSV plazmidin gelişimi ile gelen bölgesinin -nitro-fenasetil (NP), elde edilen kimerik antikor, tam fonksiyonel. Ayrıca bazofil hücre degranülasyonu ölçmek için yararlı bir protokol verme deneyinin standardizasyon sonuçlanan RBL hücrelerinde yüzeyi reseptörüne klonlanması ise becerisi aynı hapten hedefleme IgE geliştirmektir. Tahlil artıları ve eksileri var. Analizin artıları, bizim laboratuvar böylece insan, köpek ve at sistemleri degranülasyonunu test etmek için kullanılan olan herhangi bir memeli sistemi içinde kullanılmak üzere olan uyum ve bu basit bir organizmanın IgE sentezlenmesi ve bunun reseptörü klonlama ile elde edilebilir RBL hücrelerinde yüzeyi üzerine. Diğer taraftan,Tahlil dezavantajları, RBL hücrelerinde bunların Aynı deney içinde degranülasyon seviyelerinin varyasyonu elde yapma, termal, mekanik ve pH değişikliklerine karşı çok duyarlı olmasıdır. Bu nedenle kuvvetli tahliller zaman, üç kez tekrar edilir ve daha sonra bir ortalama onlardan alınır tavsiye edilir. Ayrıca, RBL hücreleri kendi bakım hantal hale uzun bir zaman (&gt; 10 haftalık) 27 doku kültürü içinde kalması durumunda olmayan serbest fenotipe doğru kayma eğilimindedir. Onlar da bir ışık mikroskobu görünmez ve hücrenin morfolojisi değişmez mikoplazma bakterilerin neden olduğu enfeksiyonların, eğilimli, ama büyük ölçüde onların degranülasyona düzeylerini değiştirmek istiyorum. Böylece düzenli mikoplazma testleri gereklidir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RBL-2H3.1 Expressing Equine Fc&#949;RI&#945;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Produced in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equine IgE anti NIP-HSA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Produced in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well Plate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS3595</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi Channel Pipette</td>
			<td>Anachem</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Galaxy R</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4Hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenylacetic acid</td>
			<td>Cambridge Research Biochemicals</td>
			<td>N-1070-1</td>
			<td>NIP-OH was conjugated with Human Serum Albumin to make NIP-HSA in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dinitrophenyl Conjugated to Human Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6661</td>
			<td>Abbreviated DNP-HSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Anthos Labtec HT2</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1851</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2670</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton x100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-&#946;-D-glucosaminide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N9376</td>
			<td>Stock solution called &#946;-hexosaminidase substrate was 50mM prepared in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>251275</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7670</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5941</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of equus caballus ige with its high-affinity receptor fc&#949;ri

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated allergic reactions. As a consequence of the high affinity binding between IgE and Fc&#949;RI, along with the continuous production of IgE by B cells, allergies usually persist throughout life, with currently no permanent cure available. Horses, especially race horses, which are commonly inbred, are a species of mammals that are very prone to the development of hypersensitivity responses, which can seriously affect their performance. Physiological responses to allergic sensitization in horses mirror that observed in humans and dogs. In this paper we describe the development of an in situ assay system for the quantitative assessment of the release of mediators of the allergic response pertaining to the equine system. To this end, the gene encoding equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; was transfected into and expressed onto the surface of parental Rat Basophil Leukemia (RBL-2H3.1) cells. The gene product of the transfected equine &#945;-chain formed a functional receptor complex with the endogenous rat &#946;- and &#947;-chains 1. The resultant assay system facilitated an assessment of the quantity of mediator secreted from equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; transfected RBL-2H3.1 cells following sensitization with equine IgE and antigenic challenge using &#946;-hexosaminidase release as a readout 2, 3. Mediator release peaked at 36.68% &#177; 4.88% at 100 ng ml-1 of antigen. This assay was modified from previous assays used to study human and canine allergic responses 4, 5. We have also shown that this type of assay system has multiple applications for the development of diagnostic tools and the safety assessment of potential therapeutic intervention strategies in allergic disease 6, 2, 3.

Ebeveyn RBL-2H3.1 hücreleri ve at FcεRIα reseptörü geni ile transfekte edilmiş olan birinci fare IgE anti-DNP-HSA ile duyarlı ve DNP-HSA antigen ile tehdit edildi. Fare IgE her iki hücre içinde endojen fare reseptörüne bağlanan ve bu nedenle mediatörler (Şekil 1 A) &#39;serbest bırakmak için, her iki hücre çizgilerinin salma canlılığını test etmek için bir kontrol olarak işlev görür. Bu önemli bir kontroldür ve hücre kültüründe uzatılmış (&gt; 10 hafta) geçmesi üzer...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcÎµRI at JoVE.com

Development of an &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; model system for studying the interaction of &lt;em&gt;Equus&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;caballus&lt;/em&gt; IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&amp;#949;RI

The current study describes the development and applications of a genetically engineered assay system based on the transfection of rat basophilic leukemia cells with the equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; gene. Transfected cells express a functional receptor where the release of mediators of the allergic response can be activated by IgE and antigen.

Bir Geliştirilmesi<em&gt; In vitro</emEtkileşimini incelemek için&gt; bir model sistem<em&gt; Equus</em&gt;<em&gt; Caballus</emYüksek afiniteli reseptör FcεRI&gt; ile IgE

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated ...

development-an-vitro-model-system-for-studying-interaction-equus

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&#949;RI

12.3K Görüntüleme.  King Abdulaziz University. The current study describes the development and applications of a genetically engineered assay system based on the transfection of rat basophilic leukemia cells with the equine FcεRIα gene. Transfected cells express a functional receptor where the release of mediators of the allergic response can be activated by IgE and antigen.

Video: Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&#949;RI

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the up- and down-regulation of gene expression rely on the transfection of stably maintained plasmids. While these have increased our understanding of Entamoeba virulence factors, the capacity to integrate exogenous DNA into genome, which would allow reverse genetics experiments, would be a significant advantage in the study of this parasite. The challenges presented by this organism include inability to select for homologous recombination events and difficulty to cure episomal plasmid DNA from transfected trophozoites. The later results in a high background of exogenous DNA, a major problem in the identification of trophozoites in which a bona fide genomic integration event has occurred. We report the development of a negative selection system based upon transgenic expression of a yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyl transferase chimera (FCU1) and selection with prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The FCU1 enzyme converts non-toxic 5-FC into toxic 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate. E. histolytica lines expressing FCU1 were found to be 30 fold more sensitive to the prodrug compared to the control strain.

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

We report development of a negative selection system in E. histolytica based upon transgenic expression of a chimeric protein (FCU1) and selection with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine. The FCU1 protein is a fusion of yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. Expression of FCU1 resulted in increased E. histolytica sensitivity towards 5-fluorocytosine.

Negatif Seçilebilir Marker Geliştirme Entamoeba histolytica</em

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

8-iyi Odası Slayt in vitro Biyofilm Oluşumu

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable alternative to animal model systems for the study of a specific step of microbial pathogen infection. A human monocytic cell line THP-1 which, upon phorbol ester treatment, is differentiated into macrophages, has previously been used to study virulence strategies of many intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we discuss a protocol to enact an in vitro cell culture model system using THP-1 macrophages to delineate the interaction of an opportunistic human yeast pathogen Candida glabrata with host phagocytic cells. This model system is simple, fast, amenable to high-throughput mutant screens, and requires no sophisticated equipment. A typical THP-1 macrophage infection experiment takes approximately 24 hr with an additional 24-48 hr to allow recovered intracellular yeast to grow on rich medium for colony forming unit-based viability analysis. Like other in vitro model systems, a possible limitation of this approach is difficulty in extrapolating the results obtained to a highly complex immune cell circuitry existing in the human host. However, despite this, the current protocol is very useful to elucidate the strategies that a fungal pathogen may employ to evade/counteract antimicrobial response and survive, adapt, and proliferate in the nutrient-poor environment of host immune cells.

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

The current article outlines a protocol to establish an in vitro cell culture model system to study the interaction of a facultative intracellular human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata with human macrophages which will be a useful tool to advance our knowledge of fungal virulence mechanisms.

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways activated during cardiovascular pathologies are, however, limited by the lack of robust and physiologically relevant methods. In order to model pathological vascular events we have developed an in vitro assay for studying the interaction between endothelium and whole blood. The assay consists of primary human endothelial cells, which are placed in contact with human whole blood. The method utilizes native blood with no or very little anticoagulant, enabling study of delicate interactions between molecular and cellular components present in a blood vessel.
We investigated functionality of the assay by comparing activation of coagulation by different blood volumes incubated with or without human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Whereas a larger blood volume contributed to an increase in the formation of thrombin antithrombin (TAT) complexes, presence of HUVEC resulted in reduced activation of coagulation. Furthermore, we applied image analysis of leukocyte attachment to HUVEC stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF&#945;) and found the presence of CD16+ cells to be significantly higher on TNF&#945; stimulated cells as compared to unstimulated cells after blood contact. In conclusion, the assay may be applied to study vascular pathologies, where interactions between the endothelium and the blood compartment are perturbed.

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The accessibility of reliable models to investigate vascular blood interactions in humans is lacking. We present an in vitro model of cultured primary human endothelial cells combined with human whole blood to investigate cellular interactions both in the blood (ELISA) and the vascular compartment (microscopy).

A Novel<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; İnsan Tüm Kan ve Endotelyumunun Arasındaki Etkileşimler incelenmesi için Model

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in mice. Recently, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling was shown to be important for initial T cell priming and memory T cell development during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. In this study, two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) &#8211; were utilized to assess dendritic cells (DCs) and T cell functions. In the T cell priming assay, cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry following co-culture of DCs from both groups of mice with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) - labeled CD4+ T cells of OTII transgenic mice. This approach provided an accurate determination of the percentage of proliferating CD4+ T cells with significantly improved overall sensitivity than the traditional assays with radioactive reagents. A microcentrifuge tube system was used in both cell culture and cytokine staining procedures of the ICS protocol. Compared to the traditional tissue culture plate-based system, this modified procedure was easier to perform at biosafety level (BL) 3 facilities. Moreover, WNV- infected cells were treated with paraformaldehyde in both assays, which enabled further analysis outside BL3 facilities. Overall, these in vitro immunological assays can be used to efficiently assess cell-mediated immune responses during WNV infection.

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to measure antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cell responses to a West Nile virus mutant infection in mice.

Batı Nil Virüsü Mutant Soy Enfeksiyon MyD88-aracılı Hücresel Bağışıklık Tepki Vitro Analizi

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

Bir<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; HIV Co-enfeksiyon Bağlamında Sıtma için Bağışıklık Yanıtları Ölçüm Modeli

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Studying host-pathogen interaction enables us to understand the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenicity during microbial infection. The prognosis of the host depends on the involvement of an adapted immune response against the pathogen1. Immune response is complex and results from interaction of the pathogens and several immune or non-immune cellular types2. In vitro studies cannot characterise these interactions and focus on cell-pathogen interactions. Moreover, in the airway3, particularly in patients with suppurative chronic lung disease or in mechanically ventilated patients, polymicrobial communities are present and complicate host-pathogen interaction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are both problem pathogens4, frequently isolated from tracheobronchial samples, and associated to severe infections, especially in intensive care unit5. Microbial interactions have been reported between these pathogens in vitro but the clinical impact of these interactions remains unclear6. To study the interactions between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, a murine model of C. albicans airways colonization, followed by a P. aeruginosa-mediated acute lung infection was performed.

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

While in vitro study of host-pathogen interactions allow the characterization of specific immune responses, in vivo models are required to observe the effects of complex responses. Using Candida albicans exposure followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated lung infection, we established a murine model of microbial interactions involved in ventilator-associated pneumonia pathogenicity.

Mikrobiyal Toplulukları incelenmesi<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt;: Arası Ana aracılı Etkileşim Modeli<em&gt; Candida albicans</em&gt; Ve<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Airways

Studying host-pathogen interaction enables us to understand the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenicity during microbial infection. The prognosis of ...

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This process is characterized by the transmigration of activated T cells across brain endothelial cells (ECs), the main constituents of the BBB. However, the consequences on brain EC function upon interaction with such T cells are largely unknown. Here we describe an assay that allows for the evaluation of primary mouse brain microvascular EC (MBMEC) function and barrier integrity during the interaction with T cells over time. The assay makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, a powerful tool for studying EC monolayer integrity and permeability, by measuring changes in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell layer capacitance (Ccl). In direct contact with ECs, stimulated but not na&#239;ve T cells are capable of inducing EC monolayer dysfunction, as visualized by a decrease in TEER and an increase in Ccl. The assay records changes in EC monolayer integrity in a continuous and automated fashion. It is sensitive enough to distinguish between different strengths of stimuli and levels of T cell activation and it enables the investigation of the consequences of a targeted modulation of T cell-EC interaction using a wide range of substances such as antibodies, pharmacological reagents and cytokines. The technique can also be used as a quality control for EC integrity in in vitro T-cell transmigration assays. These applications make it a versatile tool for studying BBB properties under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Here, we describe an in vitro murine model of the blood-brain barrier that makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, with a focus on the consequences on endothelial cell integrity and permeability upon interaction with activated T cells.

bir<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Empedans Spektroskopisi kullanarak kan-beyin bariyerinin Model: T Hücre-endotelyal hücre Etkileşim Üzerine Bir Odak

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the development and persistence of many health related infections. One of the most well described and studied biofilms in human disease occurs in chronic pulmonary infection of cystic fibrosis patients. When studying biofilms in the context of the host, many factors can impact biofilm formation and development. In order to identify how host factors may affect biofilm formation and development, we used a static chambered coverglass method to grow biofilms in the presence of host-derived factors in the form of sputum supernatants. Bacteria are seeded into chambers and exposed to sputum filtrates. Following 48 hr of growth, biofilms are stained with a commercial biofilm viability kit prior to confocal microscopy and analysis. Following image acquisition, biofilm properties can be assessed using different software platforms. This method allows us to visualize key properties of biofilm growth in presence of different substances including antibiotics.

This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

Bir odacıklı coverglass Modeli Kullanılarak Biyofilm Kalkınma Sputum Etkilerinin görselleştirme

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

Development of an Economical DNA Delivery System by "Acufection" and its Application to Skin Research

Dysregulation of immune response in skin is associated with numerous human skin disorders. Direct transfer of immune-related genes into skin tissue is a fascinating approach to investigate immune modulation of cutaneous inflammation in mouse models of human diseases. Here we present a cost-effective protocol that delivered naked DNA in mouse skin and leads to transgene expression. The method is coined &#34;acufection&#34;, denoting acupuncture-mediated DNA transfection. To perform acufection, mouse skin was first infused with DNA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then pricked lightly with a bundle of acupuncture needles to facilitate the absorption of DNA and transfection into cells. The plasmid DNA is presumably taken up by the keratinocyte and dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin and expressed into protein. Mechanical prick with the needles per se did not cause skin damage or induce keratinocyte activation. The expression of the transfected genes was detected in the skin at both transcriptional and translational levels following acufection for 2 days and maintained up to 7 days. The primary goal for the development of this acufection method was to investigate a previously undefined isoform of IL-15. Using this method, an alternatively spliced IL-15 isoform with partially deleted exon 7 (IL-15&#916;E7) was expressed in the skin and subsequently treated with a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, imiquimod (IMQ), to induce inflammation. Acufection-delivered IL-15&#916;E7 in skin suppressed keratinocyte proliferation, epidermal thickness and neutrophil recruitment in IMQ-induced cutaneous inflammation. With increasing interest in identifying the regulatory mechanisms of cutaneous inflammation, the protocol described here provides a cost effective and versatile alternative to the gene gun system or microseeding for DNA delivery in vivo. It may potentially allow discovery of the function of a novel gene in the skin or for investigating new treatment for cutaneous diseases.

Development of an Economical DNA Delivery System by &quot;Acufection&quot; and its Application to Skin Research

This protocol is a cost-effective alternative for expressing naked plasmid DNA in mouse skin. The overall goal of the protocol is to deliver immune-related genes into skin tissue to delineate the functional role of a specific gene in cutaneous inflammation.

&quot;Acufection&quot; ve Cilt Araştırmaları onun Uygulaması tarafından bir Ekonomik DNA Yerleştirme Sisteminin Geliştirilmesi

Dysregulation of immune response in skin is associated with numerous human skin disorders. Direct transfer of immune-related genes into skin tissue is a ...