The authors thank Drs. Hukriede and Tsang for discussions. M.K. was supported by an NIH training grant (T32EB001026). This work was supported in part by grants from the American Liver Foundation, the March of Dimes Foundation (5-FY12-39), and the NIH (DK101426) to D.S.

Zebra balığı, standart prosedüre göre kaldırdı ve yetiştirilen; Deneyler Pittsburgh Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. Embriyolar / larva hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Zamanlanmış çiftleşmelerin kurmak yetişkin erkek ve bayan Tg (fabp10a: CFP-NTR) yürütmek için s931 hemizigot veya homozigot balıklar O / N ve aralarında bir bölücü yerleştirin. Çiftleşme istendiğinde bu bölücü ertesi sabah çıkarın. Ince plastik örgü süzgeç kullanarak suyun süzme ile embriyolar toplayın. </li><li> Baş aşağı süzgeci çevirin ve bir sıkmak şişe dağıtılan yumurta su ince bir dere ile örgü yüzeyi durulayın. Yumurta 25 ml su ile birlikte 100 mm petri kabı içine 100 embriyolar aktarın. Petri başına en fazla 100 embriyolar tutun ve 28 ° C&#39;de onları yükseltmek. </li><li> Pigmentasyon inhibe etmek için, 10 saat sonrası fertilizasyon (hpf) öncesinde petri kutularının içine feniltiyoüre (PTU) ekleyin ve e yükseltmek80 hpf kadar mbryos / larva. PTU nihai konsantrasyonu 0.2 mM&#39;dir. DİKKAT: PTU zehirlidir. Uygun kullanım talimatlarına uygun olarak kullanın. </li><li> Petri tabaklara, 0.016% bir nihai konsantrasyonda, 3-amino-benzoik asit etil ester (Tricaine) eklenerek larvaları anestezisi. Sonra bir Epifloresans mikroskop, sıralama CFP-pozitif larvaları kullanılarak. Benzer bir karaciğer boyutu ile larvaları kullanın ve daha küçük veya daha büyük karaciğer olanlar atın. NOT: hemizigot ve homozigoz larvaları arasındaki hepatosit ablasyon ölçüde bir fark yoktur, çünkü herhangi bir CFP pozitif larvaları, bağımsız olarak yoğunluğu, kullanılabilir. DİKKAT: tricaine toksiktir. Uygun kullanım talimatlarına uygun olarak kullanın. </li><li> Tricaine içeren yumurta suyu çıkarın ve 0.2 mM PTU ile desteklenmiş yumurta su ekleyin. 28 ° C embriyolar / larva tutun. </li></ol> 2. Mtz Tedavisi <ol><li> In 1 Mtz tozu 0.171 g çözülmesiyle taze 10 mM Mtz çözeltisi hazırlayın00 ml yumurta su% 0.2 DMSO ve 0.2 mM PTU ile desteklenmiş. Tamamen MTZ çözünmesi için 20-30 dakika süreyle hızlı bir şekilde karıştırılarak oda sıcaklığında çözelti karıştırılır. MTZ hazırlarken MTZ çözünür yardımcı olmak ve larva haline Mtz nüfuz artırmak için, DMSO ekleyin. DİKKAT: Uzun süreli maruz kalma veya MTZ artan konsantrasyon zehirlidir. Uygun kullanım talimatlarına uygun olarak kullanın. </li><li> İki farklı 100 mm petri veya çok plaka içine larva istenen sayıda transfer ederek kontrolü ve deneysel gruba larvaları ayırın. Deney grubunda, 10 mM Mtz çözeltisi içinde larvaları tutmak; Kontrol grubu için,% 0.2 DMSO içeren yumurta su saklayın. </li><li> Plakaları veya MTZ foto etkisiz hale getirilmesinin önlenmesi için alüminyum folyo ile Mtz çözeltisi ihtiva eden petri çanakları Kapak, ve 28 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilir. Mtz tedavi süresi larva aşamasında ve transjenik hattı bağlıdır. </li><li> Benzer şiddetli hepatosit ablasyonu gözlemlemek için <em&gt; Tg (fabp10a: CFP-NTR) hattı, (36 saat süreyle) ya da 5 dpf&#39;e itibaren (24 saat süreyle) ya 3.5 gün sonrası fertilizasyon (dpf) den Mtz çözümü ile larva davranın. </li></ol> Safra odaklı Karaciğer Yenilenme 3. Analiz <ol><li> Ablasyon süresinin sonunda, plakalardan Mtz uzaklaştırın. Yumurta 25 ml su ekleyerek Mtz ile tedavi edilen larvalar yıkayın. Yumurta su atılmadan önce larva yıkamak için plaka 2-3 kez girdap. Üç kez tekrarlayın ve sonra bir kez daha yumurta suya larva batırmayın. Larva hareketsiz hale getirmek için,% 0.008 bir nihai konsantrasyonda, Tricaine daha düşük bir konsantrasyonda ekleyin Mtz-, muamele edilmiş larvalarda, kalp ödem ve larva ölümü önlemek için. </li><li> Karaciğer analizi için, OBP filtreli bir Epifloresans mikroskop altında Mtz tedavi edilen larvaların karaciğer boyutunu incelemek. Göreceli karaciğer boyutuna göre hepatosit ablasyon düzeylerini değerlendirmek: Büyük (non-ablasyon;% 0-10 larva), orta (kısmen ablasyon; 02/10% 0), ve tam ablasyon (çok küçük;% 80-90). </li><li> Olmayan ablasyon veya kısmen ablazeydi karaciğerler ile larva çıkarın. Sadece şiddetli hepatosit ablasyon göstergesidir küçük bir karaciğer ile larva tutmak. Rejenerasyon 0 saat zaman noktasında (R0h) karaciğer analizi için, Mtz arınma ve OBP sıralama sonra larva hasat. Aksi takdirde, hasat için hazır olana kadar 0.2 mM PTU ile desteklenmiş yumurta su sıralanır larva tutun. </li><li> 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüp içine hasat larvaları aktarın ve PEM tamponunda% 3 formaldehit tespit çözeltisi ile yumurta suyu değiştirin. Çevirici göre O / N 4 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin tüpü. </li><li> PBSDT 1 ml sabitleme çözeltisi yerine ve 5 dakika rotator larvaları içeren tüp döndürün. </li><li> Elle mikroskop altında yumurta sarısı ve göğüs yüzgeçleri kaldırmak, bir 100 mm petri PBSDT içeren ve forseps kullanarak içine sabit larva aktarın. 1.5 ml tüp içine 20 disseke larva tp kadar aktarın. </li> &lt;li&gt; bloke çözeltinin 1 ml&#39;si ile PBSDT çözeltisi yerine ve 2 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında, bir döndürücü üzerinde tüp sallayın. </li><li> Primer antikorları içeren çözüm engelleme 100 ul ile çözüm engelleme değiştirin. Yavaş yavaş bir döndürücü göre O / N 4 ° C&#39;de tüpü sallayın. </li><li> 10 dakika, her seferinde 5 kez birincil antikor çözeltisi çıkarın ve PBSDT ile yıkayın. Daha sonra ikincil antikorlar ihtiva eden ve 2 st için oda sıcaklığında, bir döndürücü üzerine kaya bloke etme çözeltisi 100 ul ilave edin. </li><li> Bir karıştırıcı üzerine sallanarak, oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika, her seferinde PBSDT ile 5 kez yıkayın. </li><li> Bir mikroskop lamı üzerine yanal olarak larvaları Doğu ve montaj ortamı bir damla ekleyin. Dikkatlice bir cam kapak ile onları karşılamak ve bir çivi parlatıcı ile cam kapak mühür. Şimdi, konfokal mikroskopi için hazır hale gelir. </li></ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını olduğunu beyan ederim.

Şiddetli, ama hafif değil, hepatosit ablasyon safra odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu ortaya çıkarır. CFP-NTR transgen: Bu nedenle, Mtz tedavi ve annma süresini takiben, bu fabp10a gelen iç CFP floresan tespit edilebilir Mtz-, muamele edilmiş larvalarda, karaciğer boyutu incelenmesi önemlidir. Olmayan ablasyon (% 0-5) ya da kısmen (% 10-20) karaciğerler kesilip gösterecektir Mtz ile tedavi edilen larvalar küçük bir yüzdesi için, bu sıralamak ve sadece çok küçük bir karaciğer ile ...

Karaciğer oldukça rejeneratif organdır. Karaciğer rejenerasyon sırasında, hepatositler yenileyici, karaciğer parenşimal hücrelerinin, önceden mevcut olan hepatositler (hepatosit güdümlü karaciğer rejenerasyonu) ya da becs (safra güdümlü karaciğer rejenerasyonu) 1,2 elde edilir. Karaciğer hasarı genellikle önceden varolan hepatositlerin çoğalmasını ortaya çıkarır; hepatosit çoğalması tehlikeye ancak, BECS 2-4, hepatositlerin katkıda bulunabilir. Karaciğer rejenerasyon bu iki mod klinik olarak anlamlı olan. (Nedeniyle karaciğer tümörü veya canlı donörlerde örneğin,), insan karaciğer bir kısmının cerrahi olarak çıkarılmasından sonra, geri kalan karaciğerde hepatositler kayıp karaciğer kütlesinin kurtarmak için çoğalır. BECS veya karaciğer progenitör hücrelerin (LPCs) yenileyici hepatositlere 5,6 katkıda görünecek şekilde tersine, ciddi karaciğer hastalığı olan hastalarda, hepatosit proliferasyonu büyük ölçüde tehlikeye düşer. kemirgen 2/3 kısmi hepatektomi modeli, hangihepatositler kayıp karaciğer kitle kurtarmak için çoğalırlar, önemli ölçüde hepatosit odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu 7,8 güncel anlayışına katkıda bulunmuştur. Ancak, yenileyici hepatositlerde ağırlıklı BECS türetilmiş olan hiçbir geçerli kemirgen modeli yoktur. Bazı kemirgen karaciğer toksini modelleri safra odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyon 2-4 belirlenmesine yol açmıştır, ancak fareler son soyu takip çalışmalar, bu modellerde 9,10 hepatositleri rejenere etmek BECS asgari bir katkı göstermektedir. Parsiyel hepatektomide 11-13 ve Acetaminophen-induced karaciğer hasarı 14,15 dahil olmak üzere, kemirgen karaciğer zedelenmesi modelleri, bazı zebra balığı uygulanır ve karaciğer rejenerasyonunda oynayan yeni genler veya yolların tespit edilmesine neden olmuştur. Ancak, hepatosit odaklı, ama BEC odaklı değil, karaciğer rejenerasyonu bu Zebra balığı karaciğer hasarı modellerinde oluşur. Bu nedenle, yeni bir karaciğer zedelenme modeli, burada BECS yoğun REGENERAT katkıdahepatositleri ing BEC odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyon daha iyi anlaşılması için gereklidir. hepatosit ablasyon modelinin genel amaçları (1) BECS yoğun yenileyici hepatositlere katkıda ve (2) BEC odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu altında yatan moleküler ve hücresel mekanizmaları aydınlatmak olduğu bir karaciğer hasarı modeli oluşturmak için vardır Burada anlatılan. Biz yaralanmanın şiddeti karaciğer rejenerasyonu modunu belirler hipotezi; Böylece, biz safra odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu ağır hepatosit hasarı üzerine başlatmak olacağını öngördü. Bu hipotezi test etmek için, bir transgen doğru, üreten bir zebra balığı karaciğer hasarı modeli geliştirdik, Tg (fabp10a: CFP-NTR) s931, son derece hepatosit özgü fabp10a altında mavi floresan proteinin (CFP) ile birleştirilmiş bakteriyel nitroredüktaz (NTR) eksprese promoteri. NTR bir sitotoksik ilaç haline toksik olmayan ön ilacı, metronidazol (Mtz) dönüştürür olduğundan, sadece amaçlanan ablates NTR-Bu durumda, hücreler 16-18 ifade hepatositler. Mtz tedavi süresini işleyerek, hepatosit ablasyon miktarı kontrol edilebilir. Bu modeli kullanarak, son zamanlarda ciddi hepatosit kaybı üzerine, BECS yoğun daha diğer iki bağımsız çalışmalarla 20,21 tarafından doğrulandı yenileyici hepatositlere 19, yol bildirdi. Bu nedenle, yukarıda belirtilen kemirgen ve Zebra balığı karaciğer hasarı modellere kıyasla, bizim hepatosit ablasyon modeli BEC odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu incelemek için daha avantajlıdır. Bu protokol zebrabalıkları hepatosit ablasyon modeli kullanılarak karaciğer rejenerasyonu deneyler prosedürünü tanımlamaktadır. Bu model safra güdümlü karaciğer rejenerasyonu yatan mekanizmaları belirlemek için kimyasal ekranlar bastırmak veya karaciğer rejenerasyonu artırabilir küçük molekülleri tanımlamak için uygun olacaktır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3-amino benzoic acid ethyl ester (Tricaine) powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5040</td>
			<td>Make 0.4% (15 mM) tricaine stock : Bring 0.4 g tricaine to 100 mL with egg water. Adjust to pH 7.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metronidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>252549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium sulfate dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Phenylthiourea (PTU)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting media (Vectashield)</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x 15 mm petri dish&#160;</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>M5300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clear nail polish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50949071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fine forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass slide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-544-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass coverslip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-540-A and 12-542-A</td>
			<td>18 x 18 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zn-5 (mouse anti-Alcam)</td>
			<td>ZIRC</td>
			<td>zn-5</td>
			<td>1:10 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-Hnf4a</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-6556 (C-19)</td>
			<td>1:50 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rat anti-RFP</td>
			<td>Allele Biotechnology</td>
			<td>ACT-CM-MRRFP10</td>
			<td>1:300 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlexaFluor 647 AffiniPure Donkey Anti-goat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td>705-605-147</td>
			<td>1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlexaFluor 647 AffiniPure Goat Anti-mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21240</td>
			<td>1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3 donkey anti-rat IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td>712-165-150</td>
			<td>1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>S6F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>epifluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>M205FA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>egg water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.3 g/L of sea salts &#8216;Instant Ocean&#8217; and 0.5 mM CaSO4 in distilled water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>25.6 g Na2HPO4&#183;7H2O, 80 g NaCl, 2 g KCl, 2 g KH2PO4.&#160; Bring to 1 L with distilled water.&#160; Adjust pH 7.&#160; Autoclave for 20 min at 121&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X PBSDT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.2% Triton X-100 and 0.2% DMSO in 1 X PBS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEM buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>30.2 g PIPES, 761 mg EGTA, 1 mM MgSO4.&#160; Bring to 1 L with distilled water.&#160; Adjust pH 7.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 1 ml of heat-inactivated horse serum with 9 ml of 1X PBSDT.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hepatocyte-specific ablation in zebrafish to study biliary-driven liver regeneration

Karaciğer yenilemek için büyük bir kapasiteye sahiptir. Hepatocyte- veya safra odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu: Hepatositler, karaciğer parankim hücreleri, iki yoldan biriyle yeniden olabilir. Safra odaklı rejenerasyonunda, rejenere hepatositler safra epitel hücreleri (BECS) elde edilir, buna karşın, hepatosit odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyon olarak, rejenere hepatositler, önceden var olan hepatositler elde edilir. Hepatosit odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu için, önemli ölçüde karaciğer rejenerasyonu güncel anlayışa katkıda bulunan mükemmel kemirgen modelleri vardır. Ancak, bu tür kemirgen modeli safra odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyonu için var. Biz son zamanlarda BECS yoğun şiddetli hepatosit kaybı üzerine hepatositlere doğuran hangi bir zebrabalıkları karaciğer yaralanması modelinde bildirdi. Bu modelde, hepatositler, özellikle bir farmakogenetik ile hassa bir şekilde çıkartılır. Burada hepatositlerini aşındırılması için ve BEC odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyon süreci analiz etme yöntemlerini detaylı olarak sunuyoruz.Bu hepatosit özgü ablasyon modeli daha safra odaklı karaciğer rejenerasyon altında yatan moleküler ve hücresel mekanizmalar keşfetmek için kullanılabilir. Dahası, bu yöntemler, arttırmak ya da karaciğer rejenerasyonu bastırmak küçük molekülleri tanımlamak için kimyasal ekranlar uygulanabilir.

3.5 dpf 5 dramatik azalma karaciğer boyutu (Şekil 1B) 36 saat (A36h, A ablasyon anlamına gelmektedir) için Mtz tedavisi. CFP-NTR ve fabp10a: Mtz arınma sonra, karaciğer rejenerasyonu (R), güçlü fabp10a başlangıcı olarak kabul DsRed ifadesi 30 saat (Şekil 1B) içinde göründü. intrahepatik safra ağı BECS 22 zarda mevcut olan ALCAM ifadesi ile değerlendirildiği gibi, başlangıçta çöktü, ancak 54 saat sonra-arınma (R54h) (Şekil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hepatocyte-specific Ablation in Zebrafish to Study Biliary-driven Liver Regeneration at JoVE.com

Hepatocyte-specific Ablation in Zebrafish to Study Biliary-driven Liver Regeneration

To help assess the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish biliary-driven liver regeneration, we established a liver injury model in which the nitroreductase-expressing hepatocytes are genetically ablated upon metronidazole treatment. In this protocol, we describe how to adeptly manipulate, monitor and analyze hepatocyte ablation and biliary-driven liver regeneration.

Biliyer odaklı Karaciğer Rejenerasyon Eğitim Zebra balığı hepatosite özgü Ablasyon

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or ...

hepatocyte-specific-ablation-zebrafish-to-study-biliary-driven-liver

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Unit 1

Regeneration and Repair

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8.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Pittsburgh. To help assess the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish biliary-driven liver regeneration, we established a liver injury model in which the nitroreductase-expressing hepatocytes are genetically ablated upon metronidazole treatment. In this protocol, we describe how to adeptly manipulate, monitor and analyze hepatocyte ablation and biliary-driven liver regeneration.

Video: Hepatocyte-specific Ablation in Zebrafish to Study Biliary-driven Liver Regeneration

Kidney Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish by Gentamicin Induced Injury

The kidney is essential for fluid homeostasis, blood pressure regulation and filtration of waste from the body. The fundamental unit of kidney function is the nephron. Mammals are able to repair existing nephrons after injury, but lose the ability to form new nephrons soon after birth. In contrast to mammals, adult fish produce new nephrons (neonephrogenesis) throughout their lives in response to growth requirements or injury. Recently, lhx1a has been shown to mark nephron progenitor cells in the adult zebrafish kidney, however mechanisms controlling the formation of new nephrons after injury remain unknown. Here we show our method for robust and reproducible injury in the adult zebrafish kidney by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of gentamicin, which uses a noninvasive visual screening process to select for fish with strong but nonlethal injury. Using this method, we can determine optimal gentamicin dosages for injury and go on to demonstrate the effect of higher temperatures on kidney regeneration in zebrafish.

Here we present a reliable method to study adult kidney regeneration by inducing acute kidney injury by gentamicin injection. We show that injury is dependent on gentamicin dosage and environmental temperature using in situ hybridization to label lhx1a+ developing new nephrons.

Gentamisin Kaynaklı Sakatlık tarafından Yetişkin Zebra balığı Böbrek Rejenerasyon

The kidney is essential for fluid homeostasis, blood pressure regulation and filtration of waste from the body. The fundamental unit of kidney function is ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Use of the TetON System to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Zebrafish Regeneration

The zebrafish has become a very important model organism for studying vertebrate development, physiology, disease, and tissue regeneration. A thorough understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved requires experimental tools that allow for inducible, tissue-specific manipulation of gene expression or signaling pathways. Therefore, we and others have recently adapted the TetON system for use in zebrafish. The TetON system facilitates temporally and spatially-controlled gene expression and we have recently used this tool to probe for tissue-specific functions of Wnt/beta&#8211;catenin signaling during zebrafish tail fin regeneration. Here we describe the workflow for using the TetON system to achieve inducible, tissue-specific gene expression in the adult regenerating zebrafish tail fin. This includes the generation of stable transgenic TetActivator and TetResponder lines, transgene induction and techniques for verification of tissue-specific gene expression in the fin regenerate. Thus, this protocol serves as blueprint for setting up a functional TetON system in zebrafish and its subsequent use, in particular for studying fin regeneration.

Here we outline the workflow for using the TetON system to achieve tissue-specific gene expression in the adult regenerating zebrafish tail fin.

Teton Sisteminin Kullanımı Moleküler Mekanizmalar Zebra balığı Yenilenme Eğitim için

The zebrafish has become a very important model organism for studying vertebrate development, physiology, disease, and tissue regeneration. A thorough ...

Development of an Ethanol-induced Fibrotic Liver Model in Zebrafish to Study Progenitor Cell-mediated Hepatocyte Regeneration

Sustained liver fibrosis with continuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein build-up results in the loss of cellular competency of the liver, leading to cirrhosis with hepatocellular dysfunction. Among multiple hepatic insults, alcohol abuse can lead to significant health problems including liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, the identity of endogenous cellular sources that regenerate hepatocytes in response to alcohol has not been properly investigated. Moreover, few studies have effectively modeled hepatocyte regeneration upon alcohol-induced injury. We recently reported on establishing an ethanol (EtOH)-induced fibrotic liver model in zebrafish in which hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) gave rise to hepatocytes upon near-complete hepatocyte loss in the presence of fibrogenic stimulus. Furthermore, through chemical screens using this model, we identified multiple small molecules that enhance hepatocyte regeneration. Here we describe in detail the procedures to develop an EtOH-induced fibrotic liver model and to perform chemical screens using this model in zebrafish. This protocol will be a critical tool to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how hepatocyte regenerates in the fibrotic liver. Furthermore, these methods will facilitate potential discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease in vivo.

Sustained fibrosis with deposition of excessive extracellular matrix proteins leads to cirrhosis. Alcohol abuse is one of the main causes of severe liver disease. We established an ethanol-induced zebrafish fibrotic liver model to study the mechanisms and strategies of promoting hepatocyte regeneration upon alcohol-induced injury.

Zebra balığı bir Etanol kaynaklı Fibrotik Karaciğer Modelinin Geliştirilmesi progenitör hücre-aracılı Hepatosit Rejenerasyon Eğitim

Sustained liver fibrosis with continuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein build-up results in the loss of cellular competency of the liver, leading ...

Surgical Ablation Assay for Studying Eye Regeneration in Planarians

In the study of adult stem cells and regenerative mechanisms, planarian flatworms are a staple in vivo model system. This is due in large part to their abundant pluripotent stem cell population and ability to regenerate all cell and tissue types after injuries that would be catastrophic for most animals. Recently, planarians have gained popularity as a model for eye regeneration. Their ability to regenerate the entire eye (comprised of two tissue types: pigment cells and photoreceptors) allows for the dissection of the mechanisms regulating visual system regeneration. Eye ablation has several advantages over other techniques (such as decapitation or hole punch) for examining eye-specific pathways and mechanisms, the most important of which is that regeneration is largely restricted to eye tissues alone. The purpose of this video article is to demonstrate how to reliably remove the planarian optic cup without disturbing the brain or surrounding tissues. The handling of worms and maintenance of an established colony is also described. This technique uses a 31 G, 5/16-inch insulin needle to surgically scoop out the optic cup of planarians immobilized on a cold plate. This method encompasses both single and double eye ablation, with eyes regenerating within 1-2 weeks, allowing for a wide range of applications. In particular, this ablation technique can be easily combined with pharmacological and genetic (RNA interference) screens for a better understanding of regenerative mechanisms and their evolution, eye stem cells and their maintenance, and phototaxic behavioral responses and their neurological basis.

This protocol shows how to consistently excise planarian eyes (optic cups) without disturbing surrounding tissues. Using an insulin needle and syringe, either one or both eyes can be ablated to facilitate investigations into the mechanisms regulating eye regeneration, the evolution of visual regeneration, and the neural basis of light-induced behavior.

Cerrahi Ablasyon Tahlili Planaryalar Göz Rejenerasyon incelenmesi için

In the study of adult stem cells and regenerative mechanisms, planarian flatworms are a staple in vivo model system. This is due in large part to their ...

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality and affects more than 2 million people in the United States. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury is crucial for developing effective treatment for ALD. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis after just 24 h of exposure to 2% ethanol, making them useful for the study of acute alcoholic liver injury. This work describes the procedure for acute ethanol treatment in zebrafish larvae and shows that it causes steatosis and swelling of the hepatic blood vessels. A detailed protocol for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) staining that is optimized for the histological analysis of the zebrafish larval liver, is also described. H&#38;E staining has several unique advantages over immunofluorescence, as it marks all liver cells and extracellular components simultaneously and can readily detect hepatic injury, such as steatosis and fibrosis. Given the increasing usage of zebrafish in modeling toxin and virus-induced liver injury, as well as inherited liver diseases, this protocol serves as a reference for the histological analyses performed in all these studies.

This protocol describes histological analyses of the livers from zebrafish larvae that have been treated with 2% ethanol for 24 h. Such acute ethanol treatment results in hepatic steatosis and swelling of the hepatic vasculature.

Zebra balığıda Akut Alkollü Karaciğer Hasarının Histolojik Analizi

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related ...

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

Cells need to be able to regenerate their parts to recover from external perturbations. The unicellular ciliate Stentor coeruleus is an excellent model organism to study wound healing and subsequent cell regeneration. The Stentor genome became available recently, along with modern molecular biology methods, such as RNAi. These tools make it possible to study single-cell regeneration at the molecular level. The first section of the protocol covers establishing Stentor cell cultures from single cells or cell fragments, along with general guidelines for maintaining Stentor cultures. Culturing Stentor in large quantities allows for the use of valuable tools like biochemistry, sequencing, and mass spectrometry. Subsequent sections of the protocol cover different approaches to inducing regeneration in Stentor. Manually cutting cells with a glass needle allows studying the regeneration of large cell parts, while treating cells with either sucrose or urea allows studying the regeneration of specific structures located at the anterior end of the cell. A method for imaging individual regenerating cells is provided, along with a rubric for staging and analyzing the dynamics of regeneration. The entire process of regeneration is divided in three stages. By visualizing the dynamics of the progression of a population of cells through the stages, the heterogeneity in regeneration timing is demonstrated.

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

The giant ciliate, Stentor coeruleus, is an excellent system to study regeneration and wound healing. We present procedures for establishing Stentor cell cultures from single cells or cell fragments, inducing regeneration by cutting cells, chemically inducing the regeneration of membranellar band and oral apparatus, imaging, and analysis of cell regeneration.

Rejenerasyon Stentor içinde çalışma yöntemleri

Cells need to be able to regenerate their parts to recover from external perturbations. The unicellular ciliate Stentor coeruleus is an excellent model ...

Quantifying Liver Size in Larval Zebrafish Using Brightfield Microscopy

In several transgenic zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatomegaly can be observed during early larval stages. Quantifying larval liver size in zebrafish HCC models provides a means to rapidly assess the effects of drugs and other manipulations on an oncogene-related phenotype. Here we show how to fix zebrafish larvae, dissect the tissues surrounding the liver, photograph livers using bright-field microscopy, measure liver area, and analyze results. This protocol enables rapid, precise quantification of liver size. As this method involves measuring liver area, it may underestimate differences in liver volume, and complementary methodologies are required to differentiate between changes in cell size and changes in cell number. The dissection technique described herein is an excellent tool to visualize the liver, gut, and pancreas in their natural positions for myriad downstream applications including immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization. The described strategy for quantifying larval liver size is applicable to many aspects of liver development and regeneration.

Here we demonstrate a method for quantifying liver size in larval zebrafish, providing a way to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacologic manipulations on liver growth and development.

Brightfield Mikroskobu Kullanan Larva Zebrabalığında Karaciğer Boyutunun Ölçülmesi

In several transgenic zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatomegaly can be observed during early larval stages. Quantifying larval ...

Confocal Microscope-Based Laser Ablation and Regeneration Assay in Zebrafish Interneuromast Cells

Hair cells are mechanosensory cells that mediate the sense of hearing. These cells do not regenerate after damage in humans, but they are naturally replenished in non-mammalian vertebrates such as zebrafish. The zebrafish lateral line system is a useful model for characterizing sensory hair cell regeneration. The lateral line is comprised of hair cell-containing organs called neuromasts, which are linked together by a string of interneuromast cells (INMCs). INMCs act as progenitor cells that give rise to new neuromasts during development. INMCs can repair gaps in the lateral line system created by&#160;cell death. A method is described here for selective INMC ablation using a conventional laser-scanning confocal microscope and transgenic fish that express green fluorescent protein in INMCs. Time-lapse microscopy is then used to monitor INMC regeneration and determine the rate of gap closure. This represents an accessible protocol for cell ablation that does not require specialized equipment, such as a high-powered pulsed ultraviolet laser. The ablation protocol may serve broader interests, as it could be useful for the ablation of additional cell types, employing a tool set that is already available to many users. This technique will further enable the characterization of INMC regeneration under different conditions and from different genetic backgrounds, which will advance the understanding of sensory progenitor cell regeneration.

Laser ablation is a widely applicable technology for studying regeneration in biological systems. The presented protocol describes use of a standard laser-scanning confocal microscope for laser ablation and subsequent time-lapse imaging of regenerating interneuromast cells in the zebrafish lateral line.

Zebrabalığı İnternöromast Hücrelerinde Konfokal Mikroskop Tabanlı Lazer Ablasyon ve Rejenerasyon Tonu

Hair cells are mechanosensory cells that mediate the sense of hearing. These cells do not regenerate after damage in humans, but they are naturally ...

Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, the muscle stem cell is activated and undergoes cell proliferation to generate a pool of myoblasts, which subsequently differentiate to form new muscle fibers. In many muscle wasting conditions, including muscular dystrophy and ageing, this process is impaired resulting in the inability of muscle to regenerate. The process of muscle regeneration in zebrafish is highly conserved with mammalian systems providing an excellent system to study muscle stem cell function and regeneration, in muscle wasting conditions such as muscular dystrophy. Here, we present a method to examine muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease. The first step involves the use of a genotyping platform that allows the determination of the genotype of the larvae prior to eliciting an injury. Having determined the genotype, the muscle is injured using a needle stab, following which polarizing light microscopy is used to determine the extent of muscle regeneration. We therefore provide a high throughput pipeline which allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

Skeletal muscle regeneration is driven by tissue resident muscle stem cells, which are impaired in many muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy, and this results in the inability of muscle to regenerate. Here, we describe a protocol that allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

Kas Hastalığının Zebra Balığı Modellerinde Kas Yenilenmesinin İncelenmesi

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, ...

hiPSC kaynaklı endotel hücrelerinin farklılaşması ve mekanik stimülasyonu

In Vitro Model of Fetal Human Vessel On-chip to Study Developmental Mechanobiology

The heart is the first organ to be functionally established during development, thus initiating blood circulation very early in gestation. Besides transporting oxygen and nutrients to ensure fetal growth, fetal circulation controls many crucial developmental events taking place within the endothelial layer through mechanical cues. Biomechanical signals induce blood vessel structural changes, establish arteriovenous specification, and control the development of hematopoietic stem cells. The inaccessibility of the developing tissues limits the understanding of the role of circulation in early human development; therefore, in vitro models are pivotal tools for the study of vessel mechanobiology. This paper describes a protocol to differentiate endothelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells and their subsequent seeding into a fluidic device to study their response to mechanical cues. This approach allows for long-term culture of endothelial cells under mechanical stimulation followed by&#160;retrieval of the endothelial cells for phenotypical and functional characterization. The in vitro model established here will be instrumental to elucidate&#160;the intracellular molecular mechanisms that transduce the signaling mediated by mechanical cues, which ultimately orchestrate vessel development during human fetal life.

Yazar Spot Işığı: Akışkan Aracılı Mekanik Stimülasyon Altında Kültürlenen hiPSC'den Türetilmiş Endotel Hücrelerinin İncelenmesi 

Described here is a simple workflow to differentiate endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells followed by a detailed protocol for their mechanical stimulation. This allows for the study of the developmental mechanobiology of endothelial cells. This approach is compatible with downstream assays of live cells collected from the culture chip after mechanical stimulation.