The authors would like to thank Professor Yuzuru Takashima at the University of Arizona for discussions on optical imaging, Mr. Karl Urbanek for assistance with high power lasers, and Max Yuen for discussions of Brownian motion. The authors send further thanks to Professor Kenneth Crozier at Harvard University for helpful discussions on optical trapping experiments. Funding was provided in part by the United States National Science Foundation (award number 1028372).

<ol>
	<li>Ashkin, A., Dziedzic, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Trapping+and+Manipulation+Of+Viruses+and+Bacteria.">Optical Trapping and Manipulation Of Viruses and Bacteria.</a> Science. 235 (4795), 1517-1520 (1987).</li><li>Svoboda, K., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+Applications+of+Optical+Forces.">Biological Applications of Optical Forces.</a> Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23 (1), 247-285 (1994).</li><li>Neuman, K., Block, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Trapping.">Optical Trapping.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 (9), 2787-2809 (2004).</li><li>Fazal, F. M., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Tweezers+Study+Life+Under+Tension.">Optical Tweezers Study Life Under Tension.</a> Nat. Photonics. 5 (6), 318-321 (2011).</li><li>Bockelmann, U., Thomen, P., Essevaz-Roulet, B., Viasnoff, V., Heslot, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unzipping+DNA+with+Optical+Tweezers:+High+Sequence+Sensitivity+and+Force+Flips.">Unzipping DNA with Optical Tweezers: High Sequence Sensitivity and Force Flips.</a> Biophys. J. 82 (3), 1537-1553 (2002).</li><li>Pang, Y., Gordon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Trapping+of+Single+Protein.">Optical Trapping of Single Protein.</a> Nano Lett. 12 (1), 402-406 (2012).</li><li>Dholakia, K., C&#780;izm&#780;ar&#769;, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shaping+the+Future+of+Manipulation.">Shaping the Future of Manipulation.</a> Nat. Photonics. 5 (6), 335-342 (2011).</li><li>Grier, D. G., Roichman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Holographic+Optical+Trapping.">Holographic Optical Trapping.</a> Appl. Opt. 45 (5), 880-887 (2006).</li><li>Korda, P. T., Taylor, M. B., Grier, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetically+Locked-in+Colloidal+Transport+in+an+Array+of+Optical+Tweezers.">Kinetically Locked-in Colloidal Transport in an Array of Optical Tweezers.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (12), 128301 (2002).</li><li>Pelton, M., Ladavac, K., Grier, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+and+Fractionation+in+Periodic+Potential-energy+Landscapes.">Transport and Fractionation in Periodic Potential-energy Landscapes.</a> Phys. Rev. E. 70 (3), 031108 (2004).</li><li>Eriksson, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Microfluidic+System+in+Combination+with+Optical+Tweezers+for+Analyzing+Rapid+and+Reversible+Cytological+Alterations+in+Single+Cells+upon+Environmental+Changes.">A Microfluidic System in Combination with Optical Tweezers for Analyzing Rapid and Reversible Cytological Alterations in Single Cells upon Environmental Changes.</a> Lab Chip. 7 (1), 71-76 (2007).</li><li>Applegate, R. W., Squier, J., Vestad, T., Oakey, J., Marr, D. W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Optical Trapping, Manipulation, and Sorting of Cells and Colloids in Microfluidic Systems with Diode Laser. 12 (19), 4390-4398 (2004).</li><li>MacDonald, G. C., Spalding, G. C., Dholakia, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+Sorting+in+an+Optical+Lattice.">Microfluidic Sorting in an Optical Lattice.</a> Nature. 426 (6965), 421-424 (2003).</li><li>Neale, S. L., MacDonald, M. P., Dholakia, K., Krauss, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-optical+Control+of+Microfluidic+Components+using+Form.">All-optical Control of Microfluidic Components using Form.</a> Nat. Mater. 4 (7), 530-533 (2005).</li><li>Juan, M. L., Righini, M., Quidant, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmon+Nano-optical+Tweezers.+.">Plasmon Nano-optical Tweezers. .</a> Nat. Photonics. 5 (6), 349-356 (2011).</li><li>Kwak, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Trapping+with+Integrated+Near-Field+Apertures.">Optical Trapping with Integrated Near-Field Apertures.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 108 (36), 13607-13612 (2004).</li><li>Righini, M., Zelenina, A. S., Girard, C., Quidant, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parallel+and+Selective+Trapping+in+a+Patterned+Plasmonic+Landscape.">Parallel and Selective Trapping in a Patterned Plasmonic Landscape.</a> Nat. Phys. 3 (7), 477-480 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, W., Huang, L., Santschi, C., Martin, O. J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapping+and+Sensing+10+nm+Metal+Nanoparticles+using+Plasmonic+Dipole+Antennas.">Trapping and Sensing 10 nm Metal Nanoparticles using Plasmonic Dipole Antennas.</a> Nano Lett. 10 (3), 1006-1011 (2010).</li><li>Wang, K., Schonbrun, E., Steinvurzel, P., Crozier, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapping+and+Rotating+Nanoparticles+using+a+Plasmonic+Nano-tweezer+with+an+Integrated+Heat+Sink.">Trapping and Rotating Nanoparticles using a Plasmonic Nano-tweezer with an Integrated Heat Sink.</a> Nat. Commun. 2, 469 (2011).</li><li>Shi, X., Hesselink, L., Thornton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrahigh+Light+Trans-+mission+through+a+C-shaped+Nanoaperture.">Ultrahigh Light Trans- mission through a C-shaped Nanoaperture.</a> Opt. Lett. 28 (15), 1320-1322 (2003).</li><li>Chen, K., Lee, A., Hung, C., Huang, J., Yang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+and+Trapping+in+Two-Dimensional+Nanoscale+Plasmonic+Optical+Lattice.">Transport and Trapping in Two-Dimensional Nanoscale Plasmonic Optical Lattice.</a> Nano Lett. 13, 4118-4122 (2013).</li><li>Cuche, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorting+Nanoparticles+with+Intertwined+Plasmonic+and+Thermo-Hydrodynamical+Forces.">Sorting Nanoparticles with Intertwined Plasmonic and Thermo-Hydrodynamical Forces.</a> Nano Lett. 13, 4230-4235 (2013).</li><li>Hansen, P., Zheng, Y., Ryan, J., Hesselink, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-Optical+Conveyor+Belt,+Part+I:+Theory.">Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt, Part I: Theory.</a> Nano Lett. 14, 2965-2970 (2014).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-Optical+Conveyor+Belt,+Part+II:+Demonstration+of+Handoff+Between+Near-Field+Optical+Traps.">Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt, Part II: Demonstration of Handoff Between Near-Field Optical Traps.</a> Nano Lett. 14, 2971-2976 (2014).</li><li>Vogel, N., Zieleniecki, J., Koper, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=As+flat+as+it+gets:+Ultrasmooth+Surfaces+from+Template-stripping+Procedures.">As flat as it gets: Ultrasmooth Surfaces from Template-stripping Procedures.</a> Nanoscale. 4 (13), 3820-3832 (2012).</li><li>Zhu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafine+and+Smooth+Full+Metal+Nanostructures+for+Plasmonics.">Ultrafine and Smooth Full Metal Nanostructures for Plasmonics.</a> Adv. Mater. 22 (39), 4345-4349 (2010).</li><li>Kaleli, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+Beam+Lithography+of+HSQ+and+PMMA+Resists+and+Importance+of+their+Properties+to+Link+the+Nano+World+to+the+Micro+World.">Electron Beam Lithography of HSQ and PMMA Resists and Importance of their Properties to Link the Nano World to the Micro World.</a> , 105-108 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

NOCB sadece geleneksel odaklanmış ışın teknikleri için uzun müsait parçacıklar, taşıma güçlü yakalama kuvvetleri ve yeteneği ile plasmonik yaklaşımların küçük tuzak boyutunu birleştirir. NOCB Benzersiz, sistemin yakalama ve taşıma özellikleri yüzey şekillendirilmesinin bir sonucu olan ve olmayan aydınlatma ışını şekillendirme. Sağlanan aydınlatma yeterince parlak ve onun polarizasyon veya dalga boyu, modüle edilebilir parçacıklar tutulan ya da yüzeyde karmaşık protokoller hareket...

Yakalama, sorgulama ve tek nanopartiküllerin manipülasyon nanoteknoloji önemi artan vardır. Optik cımbız böyle tek DNA moleküllerinin 4 ve mekanik özelliklerinin ölçümü gibi atılım deneyleri sağladı moleküler biyoloji 1-4, kimya 5-7 ve nano-montaj 7-10, deneyler için özellikle başarılı manipülasyon tekniği haline gelmiştir optik özelliklerinin 11,12 ile hücrelerin sıralama. Bu sınırlara Keşifler daha küçük sistemlerin çalışma açmak ve yeni pratik yararlı ürün ve teknikleri mühendisliği için yol yapmak. Buna karşılık, bu eğilimin yeni teknikler daha küçük, daha ilkel parçacıkların işlemek için ihtiyaç sürücüler. Buna ek olarak, dışarı kimyasal ve biyolojik testler getirmek için daha ucuza ve daha küçük bir paket içinde bu işlevleri gerçekleştirmek için &#39;lab-on-a-chip&#39; cihazlar oluşturmak için bir itme varlaboratuar ve tıbbi ve diğer amaçlar için 13,14 alana. Ne yazık ki, geleneksel optik yakalama (COT) nanoteknolojinin artan talepleri karşılamak mümkün değil. COT optik yoğunluk ve elektromanyetik alan enerjisi yüksek geçişlerini yerelleştirilmiş bir zirve oluşturarak, sıkı bir odak lazer ışığı getirmek için bir yüksek sayısal açıklık (NA) objektif lens kullanarak mekanizması çalışır. Bu enerji yoğunluğu gradyanlar genellikle odak merkezine doğru onları çekiyor ışık saçılma parçacıklar üzerinde net kuvvet uygularlar. Daha küçük parçacıklar Yakalama yüksek optik güç ya da sıkı bir odaklanmayı gerektirir. Ancak, ışık odaklanmış ışınlar odak noktasının minimum boyutunu sınırlar ve enerji yoğunluğu degrade bir üst sınır koyar saptırma prensibi, itaat edin. Verimli COT olamaz tuzak küçük nesneleri ve COT, bir yakalama çözünürlüğü sorun birbirine yakın parçacıklar arasında ayrım vardır: Bu iki anlık sonuçları yoktursınırlama &#39;şişman parmak&#39; sorunu olarak bilinir. Buna ek olarak, COT ile birden parçacık yakalama uygulanması büyük ölçüde bir optik yakalama sisteminin maliyet ve karmaşıklığını artırmak ışın direksiyon optik veya uzaysal ışık modülatörlerinin, bileşenlerin sistemlerini gerektirir. Işığın geleneksel odaklı ışınlarının temel sınırlamaları aşmak için bir yolu, uzak alanda yerine yakın alanda optik elektromanyetik enerji geçişlerini istismar olduğunu yaymak dedi. Yakın alan katlanarak uzak elektromanyetik alanların, kaynaklarından oldukça bu kaynaklardan lokalize değil sadece anlamına gelir çürür, ama aynı zamanda, enerji yoğunluğu çok yüksek eğimler sergiler. Bu tür fiyonk deliklerin, nano sütunlar ve C-şekilli gravürler gibi nano-metalik rezonatörler, yakın alan, yakın infr daha ileri altın ve gümüş plasmonik etkisi ile geliştirilmiş elektromanyetik enerji, olağanüstü konsantrasyonlarını sergiledikleri gösterilmiştirared ve optik dalga boylarında. Bu rezonatörler yüksek verim ve çözünürlük 15-22 kapanı, son derece küçük parçacıkların için kullanılmıştır. Bu tekniğin küçük parçacıkların yakalama de etkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır, aynı zamanda yakın alan sistemler uzak alan sistemleri veya Mikroakiskan ile arayüz eğer gerekli kayda değer aralığı üzerinde partikülleri taşımak kabiliyeti sınırlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda, bizim grup bu soruna bir çözüm önerdi. Rezonatörler birbirine çok yakın yerleştirildiğinde, bir tanecik prensipte yüzeyinden salınan olmadan sonraki bir yakın alan optik tuzaktan geçirebilirsiniz. Bitişik tuzakları kapalı ayrı açık ve olabilir eğer taşıma yönü belirlenebilir. Her rezonatör komşularının bu bir kutuplaşma ya da hafif farklı dalga boyu duyarlı olduğu üç veya daha fazla adreslenebilir rezonatörlerin, bir doğrusal dizi, nanoparti taşınması, optik konveyör bant gibi çalışırbir çip üzerinde birkaç mikronluk bir mesafe boyunca ması durumunda. Yerine parçacıkları tutabilir, ama aynı zamanda desenli yolları boyunca yüksek hızda taşıyabilirsiniz, toplamak veya parçacıkların dağıtmak değil, sadece sözde &#39;Nano-Optik Konveyör Bant&#39; (NOCB), plasmonik rezonatör yakalama planları arasında benzersizdir mix ve onları sıraya ve hatta onların hareketlilik 23 olarak özelliklerine göre bunları sıralamak. Bu işlevlerin tümü ışını direksiyon optik için bir gerek olmadan, aydınlatma polarizasyon veya dalga boyu tarafından kontrol edilmektedir. Yakın bir alan optik tuzak olarak çözünürlük yakalama NOCB geleneksel odaklanmış ışın optik tuzakları daha yüksek olduğu, bu nedenle yakın parçacıklar ayırt edebilir; bir de yakalama içine ışık konsantre metal nano yapısını kullandığı için, güç-verimli ve böyle bir yüksek NA objektif olarak pahalı optik bileşenleri gerektirmez. Ayrıca, birçok NOCBs yüksek paketleme den de paralel olarak çalıştırılabilir1200 23 delikleri üzerinde versitesi, aynı alt tabaka üzerine ve güç 1 W sürebilirim. Son zamanlarda düzgün bir şekilde geri ve ileri 4,5 um iz 24 boyunca bir nanoparçacık itilmesi ilk polarizasyon odaklı NOCB göstermiştir. Bu yazıda optik cihazı tasarlamak ve imal etmek gerekli adımları sunuyoruz etkinleştirmek ve ulaşım deney yeniden. Biz bu tekniğin daha yaygın olarak kullanılabilir hale mikroakışkanlar, uzak alan optik ve nano ölçekli cihazlar ve deneyler arasındaki boyut köprü yardımcı olacağını umuyoruz.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>HSQ e-beam resist</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>XR-1541-006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMMA</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>950A2 M230002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast curing optical adhesive</td>
			<td>Norland Optical Adhesive</td>
			<td>NOA 81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent carboxyl microspheres</td>
			<td>Bangs Laboratories</td>
			<td>FC02F, FC03F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent carboxylate-modified microspheres</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>F-8888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz slide</td>
			<td>SPI Supplies</td>
			<td>1020-AB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>ECLIPSE TE2000-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nd:YAG laser</td>
			<td>Lightwave Electronics</td>
			<td>221-HD-V04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sCMOS camera</td>
			<td>PCO</td>
			<td>EDGE55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>Watec</td>
			<td>WAT-120N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zero-order half-wave plate</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>WPH05M-1064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Si Wafer</td>
			<td>Silicon Quest International</td>
			<td>708069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical lenses</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and operation of a nano-optical conveyor belt

Küçük parçacıklar üzerindeki kuvvetleri yakalamak için odaklanmış lazer ışınları kullanılarak ve sarf tekniği son birkaç on yılda nano ölçekli biyolojik ve fiziksel bilimlerde pek çok önemli keşifler sağladı. Bu alanda kaydedilen ilerleme daha kolay dağıtılan ve daha yaygın olarak kullanılabilir yapılabilir araçları, daha küçük sistemler ve daha büyük bir ölçekte daha fazla çalışma davet ediyor. Ne yazık ki, kırınım temel yasaları tuzak sabit çaplı bir yarım dalga boyundan daha küçük parçacıklar yapan bir lazer ışınının odak noktasının en az boyutunu sınırlamak ve genel olarak bir yarısından daha yakın olan parçacıklar arasındaki ayrım bir operatöre önler -wavelength. Bu, birçok yakın aralıklı nanopartiküller optik manipülasyon engeller ve optik-mekanik sistemlerin çözünürlüğü sınırlar. Ayrıca, odaklanmış ışınlar kullanarak manipülasyon çok hantal ve pahalı olabilir ışın şekillendirme veya direksiyon optik gerektirir. Adresegeleneksel optik yakalama laboratuarımızda sistem ölçeklenebilirlik bu sınırlamalar bir çip üzerinde partikülleri taşımak için yakın alan optik kullanan alternatif bir teknik tasarladı. Bunun yerine uzak alanda lazer ışınlarını odaklama, plasmonik rezonatörlerin optik yakın alan kırınım kısıtlamaları aşmak ve daha yüksek çözünürlükte parçacıkları işlemek için gerekli yerel optik yoğunluk artışı üretir. Yakından aralıklı rezonatörler bir konveyör bant-benzeri bir şekilde birinden diğerine parçacıkların el bırakma aracılık hitap edilebilir güçlü optik tuzakları üretir. Burada, biz tasarım ve plasmonik C-şekilli rezonatörlerin ve nasıl süper çözünürlük nanoparçacık manipülasyon ve taşıma ulaşmak için polarize lazer ışığı ile çalıştırmak için desenli altın yüzey kullanarak bir konveyör kayışı üretmek için nasıl açıklar. Nano-optik taşıyıcı bant çip litografi teknikleri kullanılarak üretilmektedir ve kolay bir şekilde paketlenebilir ve dağıtılabilir.

Şekil 7 Final aygıtın bir resmi vardır. 1 cm x 1 cm altın yüzey merkezinde ancak açılı bir görünümde görülebileceği CSE ve taşıyıcı desenleri matriksidir. 6 son cihazın bir örneği, CSE modeli bir tarama elektron mikroskobu görüntüsüdür Şekil. Uzunluğunda bir nano-optik taşıyıcı bant 5 um arasında seyahat eden bir 390 nm polistiren boncuk parçacık hareketi, Şekil 9&#39;da gösterilmiştir....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Bir Nano-Optik Konveyör Bant imalatı ve İşletilmesi

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

fabrication-and-operation-of-a-nano-optical-conveyor-belt

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Physics

Engineering

Unit 1

Electromagnetic Waves

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.4K Görüntüleme.  Stanford University. The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Video: Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

3D Karbon Nanotube mikroyapılar, Üretimi, Yoğunlaştırma ve Replica Kalıp

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

Mühendislik

Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

This paper discusses fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic analysis setup. These structures are based on the formation of a fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) coating on the channel surface of a conventional microcapillary. Silicon QDs are especially attractive for this application, owing in part to their negligible toxicity compared to the II-VI and II-VI compound QDs, which are legislatively controlled substances in many countries. While the ensemble emission spectrum is broad and featureless, an Si-QD film on the channel wall of a capillary features a set of sharp, narrow peaks in the fluorescence spectrum, corresponding to the electromagnetic resonances for light trapped within the film. The peak wavelength of these resonances is sensitive to the external medium, thus permitting the device to function as a refractometric sensor in which the QDs never come into physical contact with the analyte. The experimental methods associated with the fabrication of the fluorescent-core microcapillaries are discussed in detail, as well as the analysis methods. Finally, a comparison is made between these structures and the more widely investigated liquid-core optical ring resonators, in terms of microfluidic sensing capabilities.

Fluorescent-core microcavity sensors employ a high-index quantum-dot coating in the channel of silica microcapillaries. Changes in the refractive index of fluids pumped into the capillary channel cause shifts in the microcavity fluorescence spectrum that can be used to analyze the channel medium.

Refraktometrik Algılama Floresan çekirdekli mikro kavitasyonlar sentezi ve İşletilmesi

This paper discusses  fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic  analysis setup. These structures are based on the ...

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we present the fabrication protocol for a multilayered SAW acoustic counterflow device. The device is fabricated starting from a lithium niobate (LN) substrate onto which two interdigital transducers (IDTs) and appropriate markers are patterned. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel cast on an SU8 master mold is finally bonded on the patterned substrate. Following the fabrication procedure, we show the techniques that allow the characterization and operation of the acoustic counterflow device in order to pump fluids through the PDMS channel grid. We finally present the procedure to visualize liquid flow in the channels. The protocol is used to show on-chip fluid pumping under different flow regimes such as laminar flow and more complicated dynamics characterized by vortices and particle accumulation domains.

In this video we first describe fabrication and operation procedures of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustic counterflow device. We then demonstrate an experimental setup that allows for both qualitative flow visualization and quantitative analysis of complex flows within the SAW pumping device.

Yüzey-akustik dalga odaklı Akustik-ters akışlı Mikroakiskan Fabrikasyon, İşletme ve Akış Görselleştirme

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

Fabrikasyon ve mikroakışkan optomechanical Osilatörler Testi

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

Silikon tabanlı Dielektrik Elastomer Aktüatörler Fabrikasyon Süreci

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must be smaller than the incident wavelength of sound and the width of the fluidic channels are typically tens to hundreds of micrometers across, acoustofluidic devices typically use ultrasonic waves generated from a piezoelectric transducer pulsating at high frequencies (in the megahertz range). At characteristic frequencies that depend on the geometry of the device, it is possible to induce the formation of standing waves that can focus particles along desired fluidic streamlines within a bulk flow. Here, we describe a method for the fabrication of acoustophoretic devices from common materials and clean room equipment. We show representative results for the focusing of particles with positive or negative acoustic contrast factors, which move towards the pressure nodes or antinodes of the standing waves, respectively. These devices offer enormous practical utility for precisely positioning large numbers of microscopic entities (e.g., cells) in stationary or flowing fluids for applications ranging from cytometry to assembly.

Acoustofluidic devices use ultrasonic waves within microfluidic channels to manipulate, concentrate and isolate suspended micro and nanoscopic entities. This protocol describes the fabrication and operation of such a device supporting bulk acoustic standing waves to focus particles in a central streamline without the aid of sheath fluids.

Fabrikasyon ve Acoustofluidic Cihazlarının Çalışma Parçacıkların yoğunlaşırken Sheathless için Toplu Akustik Daimi Dalgalar desteklenmesi

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

Süperiletken Rezonatörler Fabrikasyon ve Karakterizasyonu

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each thermoplastic of interest. Solvent bonding is a simple and versatile method that can be used to fabricate devices from a variety of plastics. An appropriate solvent is added between two device layers to be bonded, and heat and pressure are applied to the device to facilitate the bonding. By using an appropriate combination of solvent, plastic, heat, and pressure, the device can be sealed with a high quality bond, characterized as having high bond coverage, bond strength, optical clarity, durability over time, and low deformation or damage to microfeature geometry. We describe the procedure for bonding devices made from two popular thermoplastics, poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA), and cyclo-olefin polymer (COP), as well as a variety of methods to characterize the quality of the resulting bonds, and strategies to troubleshoot low quality bonds. These methods can be used to develop new solvent bonding protocols for other plastic-solvent systems.

Solvent bonding is a simple and versatile method for fabricating thermoplastic microfluidic devices with high quality bonds. We describe a protocol to achieve strong, optically clear bonds in PMMA and COP microfluidic devices that preserve microfeature details, by a judicious combination of pressure, temperature, an appropriate solvent, and device geometry.

PMMA İmalat ve COP mikroakışkan Cihazlar için çözücü Bağlar

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each ...

Construction and Operation of a Light-driven Gold Nanorod Rotary Motor System

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and artificial nanomotors and may provide new routes towards single cell analysis, studies of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and mechanical actuation of nanoscale systems. A facile way to drive rotation is to use focused circularly polarized laser light in optical tweezers. Using this approach, metallic nanoparticles can be operated as highly efficient scattering-driven rotary motors spinning at unprecedented rotation frequencies in water.
In this protocol, we outline the construction and operation of circularly-polarized optical tweezers for nanoparticle rotation and describe the instrumentation needed for recording the Brownian dynamics and Rayleigh scattering of the trapped particle. The rotational motion and the scattering spectra provides independent information on the properties of the nanoparticle and its immediate environment. The experimental platform has proven useful as a nanoscopic gauge of viscosity and local temperature, for tracking morphological changes of nanorods and molecular coatings, and as a transducer and probe of photothermal and thermodynamic processes.

Plasmonic gold nanorods can be trapped in liquids and rotated at kHz frequencies using circularly-polarized optical tweezers. Introducing tools for Brownian dynamics analysis and light scatteringspectroscopy leads to a powerful system for research and application in numerous fields of science.

İnşaat ve ışık tahrik altın Nanorod Rotary Motor sistemi

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and ...

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

The use of microfluidic devices has emerged as a defining tool for biomedical applications. When combined with modern microscopy techniques, these devices can be implemented as part of a robust platform capable of making simultaneous complementary measurements. The primary challenge created by the combination of these two techniques is the mismatch in refractive index between the materials traditionally used to make microfluidic devices and the aqueous solutions typically used in biomedicine. This mismatch can create optical artifacts near the channel or device edges. One solution is to reduce the refractive index of the material used to fabricate the device by using a fluorinated polymer such as MY133-V2000 whose refractive index is similar to that of water (n = 1.33). Here, the construction of a microfluidic device made out of MY133-V2000 using soft lithography techniques is demonstrated, using O2 plasma in conjunction with an acrylic holder to increase the adhesion between the MY133-V2000 fabricated device and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The device is then tested by incubating it filled with cell culture media for 24 h to demonstrate the ability of the device to maintain cell culture conditions during the course of a typical imaging experiment. Finally, quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) is used to measure the distribution of mass within the live adherent cells in the microchannel. This way, the increased precision, enabled by fabricating the device from a low index of refraction polymer such as MY133-V2000 in lieu of traditional soft lithography materials such as PDMS, is demonstrated. Overall, this approach for fabricating microfluidic devices can be readily integrated into existing soft lithography workflows in order to reduce optical artifacts and increase measurement precision.

This protocol describes the fabrication of microfluidic devices from MY133-V2000 to eliminate artifacts that often arise in microchannels due to the mismatching refractive indices between microchannel structures and an aqueous solution. This protocol uses an acrylic holder to compress the encapsulated device, improving adhesion both chemically and mechanically.

Biyomedikal Havacilik için refraktif Dizin eşleşen cihazların imalat

The use of microfluidic devices has emerged as a defining tool for biomedical applications. When combined with modern microscopy techniques, these devices ...